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Ariffin NS. Increased RUNX1 mutations in breast cancer disease progression. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155076. [PMID: 38219493 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in screening, therapy and surveillance, breast cancer remains threatening to women. Worst, patients suffer from side effects of treatments and cancer cells become resistant. The emergence of RUNX1 in breast cancer has put it in a spotlight due to its roles in the disease progression. It also plays important roles in normal mammary glands such as for cell growth, proliferation, migration and stemness. However, mutations in the RUNX1 gene have changed the regulation of these phenotypes and the full spectrum of its implications in breast cancer patients is unknown. In this study therefore, the pattern of RUNX1 mutations in breast cancer patients was examined to understand its fundamental impacts on the disease. The perturbation of RUNX1 and its mutations in breast cancer was elucidated through different studies reported in cBioPortal in the past ten years. From our analyses, the majority of RUNX1 mutations were found in the primary breast cancer, with women constituted most of the mutations, especially on the left side of the breast. Similarly, increased number of mutations was observed in ER-positive breast cancer patients and this was also the case at the early stage of the disease development. The level of RUNX1 mutations also increased gradually as patients got older and the peak was highest in the patients of 60-70 years old. Altogether, these data indicated that the mutated RUNX1 gene contributed to the progression of breast cancer and understanding of its regulatory mechanisms is crucial to therapeutically target this gene in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syamimi Ariffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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MAPKAPK2-centric transcriptome profiling reveals its major role in governing molecular crosstalk of IGFBP2, MUC4, and PRKAR2B during HNSCC pathogenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1292-1311. [PMID: 36817960 PMCID: PMC9929207 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been pivotal to comprehending the convoluted biology of HNSCC tumors. MAPKAPK2 or MK2 is a critical modulator of the mRNA turnover of crucial genes involved in HNSCC progression. However, MK2-centric transcriptome profiles of tumors are not well known. This study delves into HNSCC progression with MK2 at the nexus to delineate the biological relevance and intricate crosstalk of MK2 in the tumor milieu. We performed next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of HNSCC cells and xenograft tumors to ascertain mRNA expression profiles in MK2-wild type and MK2-knockdown conditions. The findings were validated using gene expression assays, immunohistochemistry, and transcript turnover studies. Here, we identified a pool of crucial MK2-regulated candidate genes by annotation and differential gene expression analyses. Regulatory network and pathway enrichment revealed their significance and involvement in the HNSCC pathogenesis. Additionally, 3'-UTR-based filtering recognized important MK2-regulated downstream target genes and validated them by nCounter gene expression assays. Finally, immunohistochemistry and transcript stability studies revealed the putative role of MK2 in regulating the transcript turnover of IGFBP2, MUC4, and PRKAR2B in HNSCC. Conclusively, MK2-regulated candidate genes were identified in this study, and their plausible involvement in HNSCC pathogenesis was elucidated. These genes possess investigative values as targets for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for HNSCC.
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Key Words
- 3'-UTR
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- AREs, Adenylate-uridylate-rich element(s)
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- ActD, Actinomycin D
- CISBP, Catalog of Inferred Sequence Binding Preferences
- Ct, Cycle Threshold
- DAP3, Death associated protein 3
- DEGs, Differentially expressed gene(s)
- Differentially expressed genes
- EHBP1, EH domain binding protein 1
- FC, Fold change
- FDR, False discovery rate
- FPKM, Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped
- GFP, Green fluorescent protein
- GO, Gene Ontology
- HKG, House-keeping genes
- HNSCC
- HNSCCs, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(s)
- HQ, High quality
- IAEC, Institutional animal ethics committee
- IFN, Interferon
- IGFBP2, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- IP6K2, Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2
- KD, Knockdown
- KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomics
- MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- MAPKAPK2
- MAPKAPK2 or MK2, Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2
- MELK, Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase
- MK2KD, MK2-knockdown
- MK2WT, MK2 wild-type
- MKP-1, Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1
- MUC4, Mucin 4
- NGS, Next generation sequencing
- NOD/SCID, Non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient
- PRKAR2B, Protein kinase CAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit beta
- QC, Quality control
- RBPs, RNA-binding protein(s)
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- RNA-seq, Ribose Nucleic Acid -sequencing
- RNA-sequencing
- RT-qPCR, Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- RUNX1, Runt-related transcription factor 1
- SLF2, SMC5-SMC6 complex localization factor 2
- TCGA, The cancer genome atlas
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TTP, Tristetraprolin
- Transcriptome
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WB, Western blotting
- WT, Wild type
- ZNF662, Zinc finger protein 662
- p27, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B
- shRNA, Short hairpin RNA
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Wu MM, Chen CW, Chen CY, Lee CH, Chou M, Hsu LI, Lee TC, Chen CJ. TIMP3 Gene Polymorphisms of -1296 T > C and -915 A > G Increase the Susceptibility to Arsenic-Induced Skin Cancer: A Cohort Study and In Silico Analysis of Mutation Impacts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314980. [PMID: 36499314 PMCID: PMC9735753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to arsenic may induce several human cancers, including non-melanoma skin cancer. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3, encoded by the TIMP3 gene, may inhibit tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis of several cancer types. In this study, we aimed to investigate effects of the TIMP3 -1296 T > C (rs9619311) and -915 A > G (rs2234921) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on skin cancer risk in an arsenic-exposed population, and to evaluate the influence of allele-specific changes by an in silico analysis. In total, 1078 study participants were followed up for a median of 15 years for newly diagnosed skin cancer. New cases were identified through linkage to the National Cancer Registry of Taiwan. A Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of TIMP3 variants. Transcription factor (TF) profiling of binding sites of allele-specific changes in SNPs was conducted using the JASPAR scan tool. We observed borderline associations between TIMP3 genotypes and skin cancer risk. However, when combined with high arsenic exposure levels, the rs9619311 C allele, rs2234921 G allele, or C-G haplotype groups exhibited a greater risk of developing skin cancer compared to the respective common homozygous genotype group. The in silico analysis revealed several TF motifs located at or flanking the two SNP sites. We validated that the C allele of rs9619311 attenuated the binding affinity of BACH2, MEIS2, NFE2L2, and PBX2 to the TIMP3 promoter, and that the G allele of rs2234921 reduced the affinity of E2F8 and RUNX1 to bind to the promoter. Our findings suggest significant modifications of the effect of the association between arsenic exposure and skin cancer risk by the TIMP3 rs9619311 and rs2234921 variants. The predicted TFs and their differential binding affinities to the TIMP3 promoter provide insights into how TIMP3 interacts with arsenic through TFs in skin cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Maan Wu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Master Program in Applied Molecular Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science, College of Sciences and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97430, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yi Chen
- Master Program in Applied Molecular Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83325, Taiwan
| | - Mark Chou
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ling-I Hsu
- Department of Research, Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chang Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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RUNX Proteins as Epigenetic Modulators in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223687. [PMID: 36429115 PMCID: PMC9688118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX proteins are highly conserved in metazoans and perform critical functions during development. Dysregulation of RUNX proteins through various molecular mechanisms facilitates the development and progression of various cancers, where different RUNX proteins show tumor type-specific functions and regulate different aspects of tumorigenesis by cross-talking with different signaling pathways such as Wnt, TGF-β, and Hippo. Molecularly, they could serve as transcription factors (TFs) to activate their direct target genes or interact with many other TFs to modulate chromatin architecture globally. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functions and regulations of RUNX proteins in different cancer types and highlight their potential role as epigenetic modulators in cancer.
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Lee YM. RUNX Family in Hypoxic Microenvironment and Angiogenesis in Cancers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193098. [PMID: 36231060 PMCID: PMC9564080 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is broadly implicated in tumorigenesis, as tumor cells interact with surrounding cells to influence the development and progression of the tumor. Blood vessels are a major component of the TME and are attributed to the creation of a hypoxic microenvironment, which is a common feature of advanced cancers and inflamed premalignant tissues. Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins, a transcription factor family of developmental master regulators, are involved in vital cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, cell lineage specification, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the RUNX family is involved in the regulation of various oncogenic processes and signaling pathways as well as tumor suppressive functions, suggesting that the RUNX family plays a strategic role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we have discussed the relevant findings that describe the crosstalk of the RUNX family with the hypoxic TME and tumor angiogenesis or with their signaling molecules in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Mie Lee
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Lab of Molecular Pathophysiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-8566; Fax:+82-53-950-8557
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6
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Ariffin NS. Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs of Steroid-Associated Complications in Patients With Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Clin Breast Cancer 2022; 22:499-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Lin TC. RUNX1 and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Wang T, Jin H, Hu J, Li X, Ruan H, Xu H, Wei L, Dong W, Teng F, Gu J, Qin W, Luo X, Hao Y. COL4A1 promotes the growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating FAK-Src signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:148. [PMID: 32746865 PMCID: PMC7398077 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagens are the most abundant proteins in extra cellular matrix and important components of tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have showed that aberrant expression of collagens can influence tumor cell behaviors. However, their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we screened all 44 collagen members in HCC using whole transcriptome sequencing data from the public datasets, and collagen type IV alpha1 chain (COL4A1) was identified as most significantly differential expressed gene. Expression of COL4A1 was detected in HCC samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Finally, functions and potential mechanisms of COL4A1 were explored in HCC progression. RESULTS COL4A1 is the most significantly overexpressed collagen gene in HCC. Upregulation of COL4A1 facilitates the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells through FAK-Src signaling. Expression of COL4A1 is upregulated by RUNX1 in HCC. HCC cells with high COL4A1 expression are sensitive to the treatment with FAK or Src inhibitor. CONCLUSION COL4A1 facilitates growth and metastasis in HCC via activation of FAK-Src signaling. High level of COL4A1 may be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and treatment with FAK or Src inhibitor for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, People's Republic of China.,Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Ruan
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Dong
- Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Teng
- Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianren Gu
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yujun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Sweeney K, Cameron ER, Blyth K. Complex Interplay between the RUNX Transcription Factors and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer: A Tango in the Night. Mol Cells 2020; 43:188-197. [PMID: 32041394 PMCID: PMC7057843 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are designed to be sensitive to a myriad of external cues so they can fulfil their individual destiny as part of the greater whole. A number of well-characterised signalling pathways dictate the cell's response to the external environment and incoming messages. In healthy, well-ordered homeostatic systems these signals are tightly controlled and kept in balance. However, given their powerful control over cell fate, these pathways, and the transcriptional machinery they orchestrate, are frequently hijacked during the development of neoplastic disease. A prime example is the Wnt signalling pathway that can be modulated by a variety of ligands and inhibitors, ultimately exerting its effects through the β-catenin transcription factor and its downstream target genes. Here we focus on the interplay between the three-member family of RUNX transcription factors with the Wnt pathway and how together they can influence cell behaviour and contribute to cancer development. In a recurring theme with other signalling systems, the RUNX genes and the Wnt pathway appear to operate within a series of feedback loops. RUNX genes are capable of directly and indirectly regulating different elements of the Wnt pathway to either strengthen or inhibit the signal. Equally, β-catenin and its transcriptional co-factors can control RUNX gene expression and together they can collaborate to regulate a large number of third party co-target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Sweeney
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- Glasgow Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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10
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Lie-a-ling M, Mevel R, Patel R, Blyth K, Baena E, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. RUNX1 Dosage in Development and Cancer. Mol Cells 2020; 43:126-138. [PMID: 31991535 PMCID: PMC7057845 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 first came to prominence due to its involvement in the t(8;21) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since this discovery, RUNX1 has been shown to play important roles not only in leukemia but also in the ontogeny of the normal hematopoietic system. Although it is currently still challenging to fully assess the different parameters regulating RUNX1 dosage, it has become clear that the dose of RUNX1 can greatly affect both leukemia and normal hematopoietic development. It is also becoming evident that varying levels of RUNX1 expression can be used as markers of tumor progression not only in the hematopoietic system, but also in non-hematopoietic cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of RUNX1 dosage in normal development of both hematopoietic and epithelial tissues and their associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lie-a-ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Rahima Patel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Esther Baena
- Cancer Research UK Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK10 TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
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Liu Y, Li YY, Ke XX, Lu Y. The primary pulmonary NUT carcinomas and some uncommon somatic mutations identified by next-generation sequencing: a case report. AME Case Rep 2020; 4:24. [PMID: 33178996 PMCID: PMC7608724 DOI: 10.21037/acr-19-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma (NUT-C) is an exceedingly rare and aggressive squamous tumor characterized by an acquired rearrangement of the NUT gene involving the NUTM1 (Nut midline carcinoma, family member 1, NUT) gene encoding the nuclear protein of the testis on 15q14. As a rare tumor, there is little information available on the clinicopathologic and molecular cytogenetic findings of NMC. We herein reported a case of a 69-year-old man diagnosed with lung NMC involving the rearrangement of chromosomal region 15q14 harboring the NUTM1 gene. It was exceptionally rare for the patient's involving of the lung but having the chance to be totally resected. After radical surgery, the patient accepted further four cycles of chemotherapy and remains disease-free after 10 months. The immunohistochemical staining of PDL1 was negative and next-generation sequencing technology identified genomic alterations in discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2), cyclin D1 (CCND1), B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (BCL1), colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) and death domain-associated protein 6 (DAXX6) from the paraffin-embedded tissue. This case will contribute to not only a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the primary pulmonary NUT carcinomas but also the potential therapeutic option for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ying Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Xuan Ke
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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RUNX family: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:3-19. [PMID: 31059069 PMCID: PMC6549079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer.
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Koyama T, Rhrissorrakrai K, Parida L. Analysis on GENIE reveals novel recurrent variants that affect molecular diagnosis of sizable number of cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:114. [PMID: 30709382 PMCID: PMC6359859 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Significant numbers of variants detected in cancer patients are often left labeled only as variants of unknown significance (VUS). In order to expand precision medicine to a wider population, we need to extend our knowledge of pathogenicity and drug response in the context of VUS’s. Methods In this study, we analyzed variants from AACR Project GENIE Consortium APG (Cancer Discov 7:818-831, 2017) and compared them to the COSMIC database Forbes et al. (Nucleic Acids Res 43:D805-811, 2015) to identify recurrent variants that would merit further study. We filtered out known hotspot variants, inactivating variants in tumor suppressors, and likely benign variants by comparing with COSMIC and ExAC Lee et al. (Science 337:967-971, 2012). Results We have identified 45,933 novel variants with unknown significance unique to GENIE. In our analysis, we found on average six variants per patient where two could be considered as pathogenic or likely pathogenic and the majority are VUS’s. More importantly, we have discovered 730 recurrent variants that appear more than 3 times in GENIE but less than 3 in COSMIC. If we combine the recurrences of GENIE and COSMIC for all variants, 2586 are newly identified as occurring more than 3 times than when using COSMIC alone. Conclusions Although it would be inappropriate to blindly accept these recurrent variants as pathogenic, they may warrant higher priority than other observed VUS’s. These newly identified recurrent variants might affect the molecular profiles of approximately 1 in 6 patients. Further analysis and characterization of these variants in both research and clinical contexts will improve patient treatments and the development of new therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5313-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Koyama
- IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA.
| | | | - Laxmi Parida
- IBM TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
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14
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Sarper SE, Kurosaka H, Inubushi T, Ono Minagi H, Kuremoto KI, Sakai T, Taniuchi I, Yamashiro T. Runx1-Stat3-Tgfb3 signaling network regulating the anterior palatal development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11208. [PMID: 30046048 PMCID: PMC6060112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx1 deficiency results in an anteriorly specific cleft palate at the boundary between the primary and secondary palates and in the first rugae area of the secondary palate in mice. However, the cellular and molecular pathogenesis underlying such regional specificity remain unknown. In this study, Runx1 epithelial-specific deletion led to the failed disintegration of the contacting palatal epithelium and markedly downregulated Tgfb3 expression in the primary palate and nasal septum. In culture, TGFB3 protein rescued the clefting of the mutant. Furthermore, Stat3 phosphorylation was disturbed in the corresponding cleft regions in Runx1 mutants. The Stat3 function was manifested by palatal fusion defects in culture following Stat3 inhibitor treatment with significant downregulation of Tgfb3. Tgfb3 is therefore a critical target of Runx1 signaling, and this signaling axis could be mediated by Stat3 activation. Interestingly, the expression of Socs3, an inhibitor of Stat3, was specific in the primary palate and upregulated by Runx1 deficiency. Thus, the involvement of Socs3 in Runx1-Tgfb3 signaling might explain, at least in part, the anteriorly specific downregulation of Tgfb3 expression and Stat3 activity in Runx1 mutants. This is the first study to show that the novel Runx1-Stat3-Tgfb3 axis is essential in anterior palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye E Sarper
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ono Minagi
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Kuremoto
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
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15
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A Regulatory Role for RUNX1, RUNX3 in the Maintenance of Genomic Integrity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:491-510. [PMID: 28299675 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
All human cells are constantly attacked by endogenous and exogenous agents that damage the integrity of their genomes. Yet, the ensuing damage is mostly fixed and very rarely gives rise to genomic defects that promote cancer formation. This is due to the co-ordinated functioning of DNA repair proteins and checkpoint mechanisms that accurately detect and repair DNA damage to ensure genomic fitness. According to accumulating evidence, the RUNX family of transcription factors participate in the maintenance of genomic stability through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms. RUNX1 and RUNX3 maintain genomic integrity in a transcriptional manner by regulating the transactivation of apoptotic genes following DNA damage via complex formation with p53. RUNX1 and RUNX3 also maintain genomic integrity in a non-transcriptional manner during interstand crosslink repair by promoting the recruitment of FANCD2 to sites of DNA damage. Since RUNX genes are frequently aberrant in human cancer, here, we argue that one of the major modes by which RUNX inactivation promotes neoplastic transformation is through the loss of genomic integrity. In particular, there exists strong evidence that leukemic RUNX1-fusions such as RUNX1-ETO disrupt genomic integrity and induce a "mutator" phenotype during the early stages of leukemogenesis. Consistent with increased DNA damage accumulation induced by RUNX1-ETO, PARP inhibition has been shown to be an effective synthetic-lethal therapeutic approach against RUNX1-ETO expressing leukemias. Here, in this chapter we will examine current evidence suggesting that the tumor suppressor potential of RUNX proteins can be at least partly attributed to their ability to ensure high-fidelity DNA repair and thus prevent mutational accumulation during cancer progression.
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16
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Abstract
In this chapter we summarize the pros and cons of the notion that Runx3 is a major tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Inactivation of TSGs in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago it was suggested that RUNX3 is involved in gastric cancer development, a postulate extended later to other epithelial cancers portraying RUNX3 as a major TSG. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. In contrast, RUNX3 is overexpressed in a significant fraction of tumor cells in various human epithelial cancers and its overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells promotes their migration, anchorage-independent growth and metastatic potential. Moreover, recent high-throughput quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models have unequivocally demonstrated that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Importantly, accumulating data demonstrated that RUNX3 functions in control of immunity and inflammation, thereby indirectly influencing epithelial tumor development.
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17
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Recouvreux MS, Grasso EN, Echeverria PC, Rocha-Viegas L, Castilla LH, Schere-Levy C, Tocci JM, Kordon EC, Rubinstein N. RUNX1 and FOXP3 interplay regulates expression of breast cancer related genes. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6552-65. [PMID: 26735887 PMCID: PMC4872732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx1 participation in epithelial mammary cells is still under review. Emerging data indicates that Runx1 could be relevant for breast tumor promotion. However, to date no studies have specifically evaluated the functional contribution of Runx1 to control gene expression in mammary epithelial tumor cells. It has been described that Runx1 activity is defined by protein context interaction. Interestingly, Foxp3 is a breast tumor suppressor gene. Here we show that endogenous Runx1 and Foxp3 physically interact in normal mammary cells and this interaction blocks Runx1 transcriptional activity. Furthermore we demonstrate that Runx1 is able to bind to R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) and Gap Junction protein Alpha 1 (GJA1) promoters. This binding upregulates Rspo3 oncogene expression and downregulates GJA1 tumor suppressor gene expression in a Foxp3-dependent manner. Moreover, reduced Runx1 transcriptional activity decreases tumor cell migration properties. Collectively, these data provide evidence of a new mechanism for breast tumor gene expression regulation, in which Runx1 and Foxp3 physically interact to control mammary epithelial cell gene expression fate. Our work suggests for the first time that Runx1 could be involved in breast tumor progression depending on Foxp3 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Recouvreux
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Present Address: Oncology Institute "Angel H Roffo", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Nicolás Grasso
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Present Address: Immunopharmacology Laboratory, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Luciana Rocha-Viegas
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucio Hernán Castilla
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Schere-Levy
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna Melisa Tocci
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edith Claudia Kordon
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Rubinstein
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Barutcu AR, Hong D, Lajoie BR, McCord RP, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein JL, Dekker J, Imbalzano AN, Stein GS. RUNX1 contributes to higher-order chromatin organization and gene regulation in breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1859:1389-1397. [PMID: 27514584 PMCID: PMC5071180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RUNX1 is a transcription factor functioning both as an oncogene and a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. RUNX1 alters chromatin structure in cooperation with chromatin modifier and remodeling enzymes. In this study, we examined the relationship between RUNX1-mediated transcription and genome organization. We characterized genome-wide RUNX1 localization and performed RNA-seq and Hi-C in RUNX1-depleted and control MCF-7 breast cancer cells. RNA-seq analysis showed that RUNX1 depletion led to up-regulation of genes associated with chromatin structure and down-regulation of genes related to extracellular matrix biology, as well as NEAT1 and MALAT1 lncRNAs. Our ChIP-Seq analysis supports a prominent role for RUNX1 in transcriptional activation. About 30% of all RUNX1 binding sites were intergenic, indicating diverse roles in promoter and enhancer regulation and suggesting additional functions for RUNX1. Hi-C analysis of RUNX1-depleted cells demonstrated that overall three-dimensional genome organization is largely intact, but indicated enhanced association of RUNX1 near Topologically Associating Domain (TAD) boundaries and alterations in long-range interactions. These results suggest an architectural role for RUNX1 in fine-tuning local interactions rather than in global organization. Our results provide novel insight into RUNX1-mediated perturbations of higher-order genome organization that are functionally linked with RUNX1-dependent compromised gene expression in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rasim Barutcu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Deli Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Bryan R Lajoie
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rachel Patton McCord
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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19
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Chimge NO, Little GH, Baniwal SK, Adisetiyo H, Xie Y, Zhang T, O'Laughlin A, Liu ZY, Ulrich P, Martin A, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Ellis MJ, Tripathy D, Groshen S, Liang C, Li Z, Schones DE, Frenkel B. RUNX1 prevents oestrogen-mediated AXIN1 suppression and β-catenin activation in ER-positive breast cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10751. [PMID: 26916619 PMCID: PMC4773428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent high-throughput studies revealed recurrent RUNX1 mutations in breast cancer, specifically in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumours. However, mechanisms underlying the implied RUNX1-mediated tumour suppression remain elusive. Here, by depleting mammary epithelial cells of RUNX1 in vivo and in vitro, we demonstrate combinatorial regulation of AXIN1 by RUNX1 and oestrogen. RUNX1 and ER occupy adjacent elements in AXIN1's second intron, and RUNX1 antagonizes oestrogen-mediated AXIN1 suppression. Accordingly, RNA-seq and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrate an ER-dependent correlation between RUNX1 and AXIN1 in tumour biopsies. RUNX1 loss in ER+ mammary epithelial cells increases β-catenin, deregulates mitosis and stimulates cell proliferation and expression of stem cell markers. However, it does not stimulate LEF/TCF, c-Myc or CCND1, and it does not accelerate G1/S cell cycle phase transition. Finally, RUNX1 loss-mediated deregulation of β-catenin and mitosis is ameliorated by AXIN1 stabilization in vitro, highlighting AXIN1 as a potential target for the management of ER+ breast cancer. The tumour suppressor RUNX1 is often lost or mutated in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. In this study, the authors demonstrate that the loss of RUNX1 unleashes oestrogen-mediated inhibition of AXIN1, a negative regulator of β-catenin, resulting in β-catenin signalling-mediated cancer cell proliferation and mitosis deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Gillian H Little
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Baniwal
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Helty Adisetiyo
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Ying Xie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Andie O'Laughlin
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Zhi Y Liu
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Peaches Ulrich
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Anthony Martin
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Debu Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Susan Groshen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Chengyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dustin E Schones
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Baruch Frenkel
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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20
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Browne G, Taipaleenmäki H, Bishop NM, Madasu SC, Shaw LM, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Runx1 is associated with breast cancer progression in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice and its depletion in vitro inhibits migration and invasion. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2522-32. [PMID: 25802202 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Runx1 is a transcription factor essential for definitive hematopoiesis, and genetic abnormalities in Runx1 cause leukemia. Runx1 is functionally promiscuous and acts as either an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in certain epithelial cancers. Recent evidence suggests that Runx1 is an important factor in breast cancer, however, its role remains ambiguous. Here, we addressed whether Runx1 has a specific pathological role during breast cancer progression and show that Runx1 has an oncogenic function. We observed elevated Runx1 expression in a subset of human breast cancers. Furthermore, throughout the course of disease progression in a classical mouse model of breast cancer (i.e., the MMTV-PyMT transgenic model), Runx1 expression increases in the primary site (mammary gland) and is further upregulated in tumors and distal lung metastatic lesions. Ex vivo studies using tumor epithelial cells derived from these mice express significantly higher levels of Runx1 than normal mammary epithelial cells. The tumor cells exhibit increased rates of migration and invasion, indicative of an aggressive cancer phenotype. Inhibition of Runx1 expression using RNA interference significantly abrogates these cancer-relevant phenotypic characteristics. Importantly, our data establish that Runx1 contributes to murine mammary tumor development and malignancy and potentially represents a key disease-promoting and prognostic factor in human breast cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Browne
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand & Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bishop
- Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sharath C Madasu
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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21
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Simões B, Conceição N, Matias AC, Bragança J, Kelsh RN, Cancela ML. Molecular characterization of cbfβ gene and identification of new transcription variants: implications for function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 567:1-12. [PMID: 25575784 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The CBFβ gene encodes a transcription factor that, in combination with CBFα (also called Runx, runt-related transcription factor) regulates expression of several target genes. CBFβ interacts with all Runx family members, such as RUNX2, a regulator of bone-related gene transcription that contains a conserved DNA-binding domain. CBFβ stimulates DNA binding of the Runt domain, and is essential for most of the known functions of RUNX2. A comparative analysis of the zebrafish cbfβ gene and protein, and of its orthologous identified homologous proteins in different species indicates a highly conserved function. We cloned eleven zebrafish cbfβ gene transcripts, one resulting in the known Cbfβ protein (with 187 aa), and three additional variants resulting from skipping exon 5a (resulting in a protein with 174 aa) or exon 5b (resulting in a protein with 201 aa), both observed for the first time in zebrafish, and a completely novel isoform containing both exon 5a and 5b (resulting in a protein with 188 aa). Functional analysis of these isoforms provides insight into their role in regulating gene transcription. From the other variants two are premature termination Cbfβ forms, while the others show in-frame exon-skipping causing changes in the Cbfβ domain that may affect its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Simões
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine/DCBM, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - N Conceição
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - A C Matias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine/DCBM, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - J Bragança
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine/DCBM, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - R N Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Claverton Down, United Kingdom
| | - M L Cancela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine/DCBM, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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22
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Lotem J, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Bauer O, Hantisteanu S, Dicken J, Groner Y. Runx3 at the interface of immunity, inflammation and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:131-43. [PMID: 25641675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago claims arose that the RUNX3 member of the RUNX transcription factor family is a major TSG inactivated in gastric cancer, a postulate extended later to other cancers. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. Here we critically re-appraise this paradigm in light of recent high-throughput, quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models. Collectively, these studies unequivocally demonstrate that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Accordingly, RUNX3 is not recognized as a TSG and is not included among the 2000 cancer genes listed in the "Cancer Gene Census" or "Network for Cancer Genes" repositories. In contrast, RUNX3 does play important functions in immunity and inflammation and may thereby indirectly influence epithelial tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lotem
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Omri Bauer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Hantisteanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joseph Dicken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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23
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van Bragt MPA, Hu X, Xie Y, Li Z. RUNX1, a transcription factor mutated in breast cancer, controls the fate of ER-positive mammary luminal cells. eLife 2014; 3:e03881. [PMID: 25415051 PMCID: PMC4381933 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 encodes a RUNX family transcription factor (TF) and was
recently identified as a novel mutated gene in human luminal breast cancers. We found
that Runx1 is expressed in all subpopulations of murine mammary
epithelial cells (MECs) except the secretory alveolar luminal cells. Conditional
knockout of Runx1 in MECs by MMTV-Cre led to a
decrease in luminal MECs, largely due to a profound reduction in the estrogen
receptor (ER)-positive mature luminal subpopulation, a phenotype that could be
rescued by the loss of either Trp53 or Rb1.
Mechanistically RUNX1 represses Elf5, a master regulatory TF gene
for alveolar cells, and regulates mature luminal TF/co-factor genes (e.g.,
Foxa1 and Cited1) involved in the ER program.
Collectively, our data identified a key regulator of the ER+ luminal
lineage whose disruption may contribute to the development of ER+
luminal breast cancer when under the background of either TP53 or
RB1 loss. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03881.001 Stem cells can develop into the many types of specialized cell found in the body.
Several proteins regulate these transformations by switching on and off the
expression of genes that are specific to different cell types. Disrupting these
proteins can cause the development of cells to go awry and can lead to cancer. A protein called RUNX1 controls gene expression to direct the development of blood
cells. Mutations in the gene encoding this protein have been linked to blood cancers
and a particular type of breast cancer, which begins in the cells that line the ducts
that carry milk towards the nipple. Mammary duct-lining cells develop from a pool of stem cells that produces breast
tissue cells. Now van Bragt et al. have found that RUNX1 is expressed in the cells
lining the ducts of the mammary glands, except those that produce milk. Deleting the
gene for RUNX1 in mice reduced the number of duct-lining cells, especially a subgroup
of cells that are the sensors for the hormone estrogen. Through experiments on breast
cancer cells, van Bragt et al. found that RUNX1 is able to dictate the fate of
duct-lining breast cells by controlling other protein regulators. RUNX1 boosts the
activity of at least one regulator that encourages the cells to become duct-lining
cells and represses another regulatory protein that turns cells into milk-producing
cells. Next, van Bragt et al. found that, in mice lacking the gene for RUNX1, reducing the
amounts of certain proteins that normally suppress the formation of tumors restored
the populations of estrogen-sensing duct-lining cells. This suggests that mutations
in the gene encoding RUNX1, coupled with the loss of a tumor-suppressing protein, may
contribute to the development of cancer in the cells that line the breast ducts. The next challenge is to determine exactly how RUNX1 mutations work together with the
loss of the tumor-suppressing protein to drive breast cancer development. This
knowledge may translate into new approaches to prevent or treat this type of breast
cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03881.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Ying Xie
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
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24
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Ferrari N, Mohammed ZMA, Nixon C, Mason SM, Mallon E, McMillan DC, Morris JS, Cameron ER, Edwards J, Blyth K. Expression of RUNX1 correlates with poor patient prognosis in triple negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100759. [PMID: 24967588 PMCID: PMC4072705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX1 transcription factor is widely recognised for its tumour suppressor effects in leukaemia. Recently a putative link to breast cancer has started to emerge, however the function of RUNX1 in breast cancer is still unknown. To investigate if RUNX1 expression was important to clinical outcome in primary breast tumours a tissue microarray (TMA) containing biopsies from 483 patients with primary operable invasive ductal breast cancer was stained by immunohistochemistry. RUNX1 was associated with progesterone receptor (PR)-positive tumours (P<0.05), more tumour CD4+(P<0.05) and CD8+(P<0.01) T-lymphocytic infiltrate, increased tumour CD138+plasma cell (P<0.01) and more CD68+macrophage infiltrate (P<0.001). RUNX1 expression did not influence outcome of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive or HER2-positive disease, however on univariate analysis a high RUNX1 protein was significantly associated with poorer cancer-specific survival in patients with ER-negative (P<0.05) and with triple negative (TN) invasive breast cancer (P<0.05). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis of cancer-specific survival showed a trend towards significance in ER-negative patients (P<0.1) and was significant in triple negative patients (P<0.05). Of relevance, triple negative breast cancer currently lacks good biomarkers and patients with this subtype do not benefit from the option of targeted therapy unlike patients with ER-positive or HER2-positive disease. Using multivariate analysis RUNX1 was identified as an independent prognostic marker in the triple negative subgroup. Overall, our study identifies RUNX1 as a new prognostic indicator correlating with poor prognosis specifically in the triple negative subtype of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferrari
- Transgenic Models Lab, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra M. A. Mohammed
- Academic Unit of Surgery, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- Transgenic Models Lab, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M. Mason
- Transgenic Models Lab, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mallon
- University Pathology Unit, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C. McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna S. Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- Transgenic Models Lab, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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RUNX1 point mutations potentially identify a subset of early immature T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia that may originate from differentiated T-cells. Gene 2014; 545:111-6. [PMID: 24792891 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RUNX1/AML1 gene is among the most frequently mutated genes in human leukaemia. However, its association with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) remains poorly understood. In order to examine RUNX1 point mutations in T-ALL, we conducted an amplicon-based deep sequencing in 65 Southeast Asian childhood patients and 20 T-ALL cell lines, and detected RUNX1 mutations in 6 patients (9.2%) and 5 cell lines (25%). Interestingly, RUNX1-mutated T-ALL cases seem to constitute a subset of early immature T-ALL that may originate from differentiated T-cells. This result provides a deeper insight into the mechanistic basis for leukaemogenesis.
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26
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Applicability of gene expression profile of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and at the end of the induction phase of chemotherapy at a cancer hospital in the state of Goiás (Brazil). Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1397-402. [PMID: 24052438 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the gene expression pattern of some previously described genes at the time of diagnosis and after induction chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in patients submitted to Brazilian Childhood Leukemia Treatment Group (GBTLI) ALL-99 Protocol. Samples were obtained at the time of diagnosis from 16 patients with ALL and on the 28th day of induction chemotherapy the bone marrow samples were obtained from 12 children. The genes expression profiles in diagnostic and induction samples were analyzed by array-based qPCR and then related to the clinical and biological prognostic factors. The results showed significant associations (p ≤ 0.05) between gender and immunophenotype, immunophenotype and age, immunophenotype and risk group, presence of CD10 and RUNX1 expression, risk group, and immunophenotype. A significant positive correlation was observed between the expression levels of BAX and BCL2. There was a significant difference (p = 0.008) between the gene expression pattern at the time of diagnosis and after induction chemotherapy. The expression pattern of these genes after the induction phase of treatment approached the expression profile of the control group, indicating a good induction response in children treated according to the GBTLI ALL-99 protocol. The findings of the current research could be routinely useful for clinical practice and could assist in the discovery phase of medical applications.
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27
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Koh CP, Wang CQ, Ng CEL, Ito Y, Araki M, Tergaonkar V, Huang G, Osato M. RUNX1 meets MLL: epigenetic regulation of hematopoiesis by two leukemia genes. Leukemia 2013; 27:1793-802. [PMID: 23817177 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of human leukemias carries RUNX1 and MLL genetic alterations. Despite such widespread involvements, the relationship between RUNX1 and MLL has never been appreciated. Recently, we showed that RUNX1 physically and functionally interacts with MLL, thereby regulating the epigenetic status of critical cis-regulatory elements for hematopoietic genes. This newly unveiled interaction between the two most prevalent leukemia genes has solved a long-standing conundrum: leukemia-associated RUNX1 N-terminal point mutants that exhibit no obvious functional abnormalities in classical assays for the assessment of transcriptional activities. These mutants turned out to be defective in MLL interaction and subsequent epigenetic modifications that can be examined by the histone-modification status of cis-regulatory elements in the target genes. RUNX1/MLL binding confirms the importance of RUNX1 function as an epigenetic regulator. Recent studies employing next-generation sequencing on human hematological malignancies identified a plethora of mutations in epigenetic regulator genes. These new findings would enhance our understanding on the mechanistic basis for leukemia development and may provide a novel direction for therapeutic applications. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the epigenetic regulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis by RUNX1 and MLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Koh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Lim JH, Choi SY, Yoo HW, Cho SJ, Son Y, Kang CJ. Crlz-1 is prominently expressed in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells during early testis development and in spermatids during late spermatogenesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:522-8. [PMID: 23525569 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413486159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the Crlz-1 gene in mouse testis, where it was found to be expressed most highly among the tested mouse organs, was analyzed spatiotemporally by employing RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques with the aid of immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence methods. In 1-week-old neonatal testis, Crlz-1 was strongly expressed in the spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in its seminiferous cord. In 2- to 3-week-old prepubertal testis, where Sertoli cells cease to proliferate, Crlz-1 expression dropped and remained weakly at the rim layer of seminiferous cords and/or tubules, where spermatogonia are present. In the adult testis at 12 weeks after birth, Crlz-1 was expressed mainly in the spermatids near the lumen of seminiferous tubules. In a further in situ hybridization of Crlz-1 in the 12-week-old adult testis with hematoxylin nuclear counterstaining, Crlz-1 was mainly expressed at step 16 of spermatids between stages VII and VIII of seminiferous tubules as well as in their residual bodies at stage IX of seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
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29
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Rossetti S, Sacchi N. RUNX1: A microRNA hub in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1566-88. [PMID: 23344057 PMCID: PMC3565335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic development is orchestrated by gene regulatory networks that progressively induce lineage-specific transcriptional programs. To guarantee the appropriate level of complexity, flexibility, and robustness, these networks rely on transcriptional and post-transcriptional circuits involving both transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). The focus of this review is on RUNX1 (AML1), a master hematopoietic transcription factor which is at the center of miRNA circuits necessary for both embryonic and post-natal hematopoiesis. Interference with components of these circuits can perturb RUNX1-controlled coding and non-coding transcriptional programs in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rossetti
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nicoletta Sacchi
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; E-Mail:
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