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Chen X, Wang L, Yang M, Zhao W, Tu J, Liu B, Yuan X. RUNX transcription factors: biological functions and implications in cancer. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:50. [PMID: 38430423 PMCID: PMC10908630 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) are a family of transcription factors that are essential for normal and malignant hematopoietic processes. Their most widely recognized role in malignancy is to promote the occurrence and development of acute myeloid leukemia. However, it is worth noting that during the last decade, studies of RUNX proteins in solid tumors have made considerable progress, suggesting that these proteins are directly involved in different stages of tumor development, including tumor initiation, progression, and invasion. RUNX proteins also play a role in tumor angiogenesis, the maintenance of tumor cell stemness, and resistance to antitumor drugs. These findings have led to the consideration of RUNX as a tumor biomarker. All RUNX proteins are involved in the occurrence and development of solid tumors, but the role of each RUNX protein in different tumors and the major signaling pathways involved are complicated by tumor heterogeneity and the interacting tumor microenvironment. Understanding how the dysregulation of RUNX in tumors affects normal biological processes is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which RUNX affects malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Road 1095, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Road 1095, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Road 1095, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weiheng Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Road 1095, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jingyao Tu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Road 1095, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Road 1095, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Road 1095, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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2
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Shin B, Zhou W, Wang J, Gao F, Rothenberg EV. Runx factors launch T cell and innate lymphoid programs via direct and gene network-based mechanisms. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1458-1472. [PMID: 37563311 PMCID: PMC10673614 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Runx factors are essential for lineage specification of various hematopoietic cells, including T lymphocytes. However, they regulate context-specific genes and occupy distinct genomic regions in different cell types. Here, we show that dynamic Runx binding shifts in mouse early T cell development are mostly not restricted by local chromatin state but regulated by Runx dosage and functional partners. Runx cofactors compete to recruit a limited pool of Runx factors in early T progenitor cells, and a modest increase in Runx protein availability at pre-commitment stages causes premature Runx occupancy at post-commitment binding sites. This increased Runx factor availability results in striking T cell lineage developmental acceleration by selectively activating T cell-identity and innate lymphoid cell programs. These programs are collectively regulated by Runx together with other, Runx-induced transcription factors that co-occupy Runx-target genes and propagate gene network changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- BillionToOne, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, Beckman Institute of California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Lyterian Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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3
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Dutta B, Osato M. The RUNX Family, a Novel Multifaceted Guardian of the Genome. Cells 2023; 12:255. [PMID: 36672189 PMCID: PMC9856552 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair machinery exists to protect cells from daily genetic insults by orchestrating multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One such factor recently identified is the Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family, a group of proteins that act as a master transcriptional regulator for multiple biological functions such as embryonic development, stem cell behaviors, and oncogenesis. A significant number of studies in the past decades have delineated the involvement of RUNX proteins in DNA repair. Alterations in RUNX genes cause organ failure and predisposition to cancers, as seen in patients carrying mutations in the other well-established DNA repair genes. Herein, we review the currently existing findings and provide new insights into transcriptional and non-transcriptional multifaceted regulation of DNA repair by RUNX family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Dutta
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Motomi Osato
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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4
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is broadly implicated in tumorigenesis, as tumor cells interact with surrounding cells to influence the development and progression of the tumor. Blood vessels are a major component of the TME and are attributed to the creation of a hypoxic microenvironment, which is a common feature of advanced cancers and inflamed premalignant tissues. Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins, a transcription factor family of developmental master regulators, are involved in vital cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, cell lineage specification, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the RUNX family is involved in the regulation of various oncogenic processes and signaling pathways as well as tumor suppressive functions, suggesting that the RUNX family plays a strategic role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we have discussed the relevant findings that describe the crosstalk of the RUNX family with the hypoxic TME and tumor angiogenesis or with their signaling molecules in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Mie Lee
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Lab of Molecular Pathophysiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-8566; Fax:+82-53-950-8557
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5
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Hendrikse LD, Haldipur P, Saulnier O, Millman J, Sjoboen AH, Erickson AW, Ong W, Gordon V, Coudière-Morrison L, Mercier AL, Shokouhian M, Suárez RA, Ly M, Borlase S, Scott DS, Vladoiu MC, Farooq H, Sirbu O, Nakashima T, Nambu S, Funakoshi Y, Bahcheli A, Diaz-Mejia JJ, Golser J, Bach K, Phuong-Bao T, Skowron P, Wang EY, Kumar SA, Balin P, Visvanathan A, Lee JJY, Ayoub R, Chen X, Chen X, Mungall KL, Luu B, Bérubé P, Wang YC, Pfister SM, Kim SK, Delattre O, Bourdeaut F, Doz F, Masliah-Planchon J, Grajkowska WA, Loukides J, Dirks P, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, French PJ, Kros JM, Zitterbart K, Bailey SD, Eberhart CG, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Olson JM, Garami M, Hauser P, Phillips JJ, Ra YS, de Torres C, Mora J, Li KKW, Ng HK, Poon WS, Pollack IF, López-Aguilar E, Gillespie GY, Van Meter TE, Shofuda T, Vibhakar R, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Rubin JB, Kumabe T, Jung S, Lach B, Iolascon A, Ferrucci V, de Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Robinson S, Stearns DS, Van Meir EG, Porrati P, Finocchiaro G, Massimino M, Carlotti CG, Faria CC, Roussel MF, Boop F, Chan JA, Aldinger KA, Razavi F, Silvestri E, McLendon RE, Thompson EM, Ansari M, Garre ML, Chico F, Eguía P, Pérezpeña M, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Wu X, Daniels C, Rich JN, Jones SJM, Moore RA, Marra MA, Huang X, Reimand J, Sorensen PH, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA, Pugh TJ, Garzia L, Kleinman CL, Stein LD, Jabado N, Malkin D, Ayrault O, Golden JA, Ellison DW, Doble B, Ramaswamy V, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Suzuki H, Millen KJ, Taylor MD. Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation. Nature 2022; 609:1021-1028. [PMID: 36131014 PMCID: PMC10026724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises a group of heterogeneous paediatric embryonal neoplasms of the hindbrain with strong links to early development of the hindbrain1-4. Mutations that activate Sonic hedgehog signalling lead to Sonic hedgehog MB in the upper rhombic lip (RL) granule cell lineage5-8. By contrast, mutations that activate WNT signalling lead to WNT MB in the lower RL9,10. However, little is known about the more commonly occurring group 4 (G4) MB, which is thought to arise in the unipolar brush cell lineage3,4. Here we demonstrate that somatic mutations that cause G4 MB converge on the core binding factor alpha (CBFA) complex and mutually exclusive alterations that affect CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, PRDM6, UTX and OTX2. CBFA2T2 is expressed early in the progenitor cells of the cerebellar RL subventricular zone in Homo sapiens, and G4 MB transcriptionally resembles these progenitors but are stalled in developmental time. Knockdown of OTX2 in model systems relieves this differentiation blockade, which allows MB cells to spontaneously proceed along normal developmental differentiation trajectories. The specific nature of the split human RL, which is destined to generate most of the neurons in the human brain, and its high level of susceptible EOMES+KI67+ unipolar brush cell progenitor cells probably predisposes our species to the development of G4 MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Hendrikse
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Saulnier
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jake Millman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandria H Sjoboen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anders W Erickson
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Winnie Ong
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Audrey L Mercier
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Mohammad Shokouhian
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raúl A Suárez
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ly
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Borlase
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David S Scott
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Sirbu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takuma Nakashima
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Nambu
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Funakoshi
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alec Bahcheli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Javier Diaz-Mejia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Golser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen Bach
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tram Phuong-Bao
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Y Wang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachin A Kumar
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Polina Balin
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhirami Visvanathan
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J Y Lee
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramy Ayoub
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Bérubé
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yu C Wang
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olivier Delattre
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - James Loukides
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Fèvre-Montange
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Anne Jouvet
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Masaryk University School of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Departments of Pathology, Ophthalmology and Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amulya A N Rao
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklós Garami
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Young S Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kay K W Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wai S Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrique López-Aguilar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional century XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealthy University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Reid C Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael K Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, South Korea
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Anatomical Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualino de Antonellis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Duncan S Stearns
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Porrati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlos G Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Frederick Boop
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ferechte Razavi
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Evelina Silvestri
- Surgical Pathology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc Ansari
- Cansearch Research Platform for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Women, Child and Adolescent, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Garre
- U.O. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Fernando Chico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pilar Eguía
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Pérezpeña
- Instituto Nacional De Pediatría de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- INSERM U900, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, PSL Research University, MINES ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lincoln D Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Adaptive Oncology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brad Doble
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Murakami K, Sasaki H, Nishiyama A, Kurotaki D, Kawase W, Ban T, Nakabayashi J, Kanzaki S, Sekita Y, Nakajima H, Ozato K, Kimura T, Tamura T. A RUNX-CBFβ-driven enhancer directs the Irf8 dose-dependent lineage choice between DCs and monocytes. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:301-311. [PMID: 33603226 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor IRF8 is essential for the development of monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), whereas it inhibits neutrophilic differentiation. It is unclear how Irf8 expression is regulated and how this single transcription factor supports the generation of both monocytes and DCs. Here, we identified a RUNX-CBFβ-driven enhancer 56 kb downstream of the Irf8 transcription start site. Deletion of this enhancer in vivo significantly decreased Irf8 expression throughout the myeloid lineage from the progenitor stages, thus resulting in loss of common DC progenitors and overproduction of Ly6C+ monocytes. We demonstrated that high, low or null expression of IRF8 in hematopoietic progenitor cells promotes differentiation toward type 1 conventional DCs, Ly6C+ monocytes or neutrophils, respectively, via epigenetic regulation of distinct sets of enhancers in cooperation with other transcription factors. Our results illustrate the mechanism through which IRF8 controls the lineage choice in a dose-dependent manner within the myeloid cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Murakami
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Sasaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kawase
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Ban
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Nakabayashi
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Kanzaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sekita
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tohru Kimura
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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7
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Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) transcription factors have been known for their critical roles in numerous developmental processes and diseases such as autoimmune disorders and cancer. Especially, RUNX proteins are best known for their roles in hematopoiesis, particularly during the development of T cells. As scientists discover more types of new immune cells, the functional diversity of RUNX proteins also has been increased over time. Furthermore, recent research has revealed complicated transcriptional networks involving RUNX proteins by the current technical advances. Databases established by next generation sequencing data analysis has identified ever increasing numbers of potential targets for RUNX proteins and other transcription factors. Here, we summarize diverse functions of RUNX proteins mainly on lymphoid lineage cells by incorporating recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Seo
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 30-0045, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 30-0045, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Comprehensive inhibition of RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3 led to marked cell suppression compared with inhibition of RUNX1 alone, clarifying that the RUNX family members are important for proliferation and maintenance of diverse cancers, and "cluster regulation of RUNX (CROX)" is a very effective strategy to suppress cancer cells. Recent studies reported by us and other groups suggested that wild-type RUNX1 is needed for survival and proliferation of certain types of leukemia, lung cancer, gastric cancer, etc. and for their one of metastatic target sites such as born marrow endothelial niche, suggesting that RUNX1 often functions oncogenic manners in cancer cells. In this review, we describe the significance and paradoxical requirement of RUNX1 tumor suppressor in leukemia and even solid cancers based on recent our findings such as "genetic compensation of RUNX family transcription factors (the compensation mechanism for the total level of RUNX family protein expression)", "RUNX1 inhibition-induced inhibitory effects on leukemia cells and on solid cancers through p53 activation", and "autonomous feedback loop of RUNX1-p53-CBFB in acute myeloid leukemia cells". Taken together, these findings identify a crucial role for the RUNX cluster in the maintenance and progression of cancers and suggest that modulation of the RUNX cluster using the pyrrole-imidazole polyamide gene-switch technology is a potential novel therapeutic approach to control cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kamikubo
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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9
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Abstract
When cells are stimulated by growth factors, they make a critical choice in early G1 phase: proceed forward to S phase, remain in G1, or revert to G0 phase. Once the critical decision is made, cells execute a fixed program independently of extracellular signals. The specific stage at which the critical decision is made is called the restriction point or R-point. The existence of the R-point raises a major question: what is the nature of the molecular machinery that decides whether or not a cell in G1 will continue to advance through the cell cycle or exit from the cell cycle? The R-point program is perturbed in nearly all cancer cells. Therefore, exploring the nature of the R-point decision-making machinery will provide insight into how cells consult extracellular signals and intracellular status to make an appropriate R-point decision, as well into the development of cancers. Recent studies have shown that expression of a number of immediate early genes is associated with the R-point decision, and that the decision-making program constitutes an oncogene surveillance mechanism. In this review, we briefly summarize recent findings regarding the mechanisms underlying the context-dependent R-point decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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10
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Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to endogenous and exogenous stresses that can result in DNA damage. In response, they have evolved complex pathways to maintain genomic integrity. RUNX family transcription factors (RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3 in mammals) are master regulators of development and differentiation, and are frequently dysregulated in cancer. A growing body of research also implicates RUNX proteins as regulators of the DNA damage response, often acting in conjunction with the p53 and Fanconi anemia pathways. In this review, we discuss the functional role and mechanisms involved in RUNX factor mediated response to DNA damage and other cellular stresses. We highlight the impact of these new findings on our understanding of cancer predisposition associated with RUNX factor dysregulation and their implications for designing novel approaches to prevent cancer formation in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sanoji Samarakkody
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 025, USA
| | - Nah-Young Shin
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 025, USA
| | - Alan B. Cantor
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 025, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 0138, USA
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11
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Abstract
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that arises when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. The cellular decision regarding whether to undergo division or death is made at the restriction (R)-point. Consistent with this, an increasingly large body of evidence indicates that deregulation of the R-point decision-making machinery accompanies the formation of most tumors. Although the R-point decision is literally a matter of life and death for the cell, and thus critical for the health of the organism, it remains unclear how a cell chooses its own fate. Recent work demonstrated that the R-point constitutes a novel oncogene surveillance mechanism operated by R-point-associated complexes of which RUNX3 and BRD2 are the core factors (Rpa-RX3 complexes). Here, we show that not only RUNX3 and BRD2, but also other members of the RUNX and BRD families (RUNX1, RUNX2, BRD3, and BRD4), are involved in R-point regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Tae-Geun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
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12
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Abstract
RUNX transcription factors orchestrate many different aspects of biology, including basic cellular and developmental processes, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In this Primer, we introduce the molecular hallmarks of the three mammalian RUNX genes, RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3, and discuss the regulation of their activities and their mechanisms of action. We then review their crucial roles in the specification and maintenance of a wide array of tissues during embryonic development and adult homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Julia E Draper
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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13
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Song X, Song Y, Dong M, Liu Z, Wang W, Wang L, Song L. A new member of the runt domain family from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgRunx) potentially involved in immune response and larvae hematopoiesis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 89:228-236. [PMID: 30936046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Runx family is a kind of heteromeric transcription factors, which is defined by the presence of a runt domain. As transcriptional regulator during development and cell fate specification, Runx is best known for its critical roles in hematopoiesis. In the present study, a Runx transcription factor (designed as CgRunx) was identified and characterized from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. The complete coding sequence of CgRunx was of 1638 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 545 amino acids with one conserved runt domain, which shared high similarity with other reported Runx proteins. CgRunx was highly expressed in hemocytes, gill and mantle both at the protein and nucleic acid levels. CgRunx protein was localized specifically in the cell nuclei of hemocytes, and distributed at the tubule lumen of gill filament. During the larval developmental stages, the mRNA transcripts of CgRunx gradually increased after fertilization, reached to a relative high level at the 8 cell embryos and the blastula stage of 2-4 hpf (hours post fertilization) (about 40-fold), and peaked at early trochophore larvae (10 hpf) (about 60-fold). Whole-mount immunofluorescence assay further revealed that the abundant immunofluorescence signals of CgRunx distributed through the whole embryo at blastula stage (5 hpf), and progressively reduced with the development to a ring structure around the dorsal region in trochophore larvae (10 hpf). Scattered positive immunoreactivity signals finally appeared in the velum region of D-veliger larvae. After LPS and Vibrio splendidus stimulations, the expression levels of CgRunx mRNA in hemocytes were up-regulated significantly compared with that in the control (0 h), which were 2.98- and 2.46-fold (p < 0.05), 2.67- and 1.5-fold (p < 0.05), 2.36- and 1.38-fold (p < 0.05) at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h, respectively. These results collectively suggested that CgRunx involved in immune response and might participate in larvae hematopoiesis in oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ying Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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14
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Wang H, Feng T, Guo D, Zhang M, Chen L, Zhou Y. Sanggenon C Stimulates Osteoblastic Proliferation and Differentiation, Inhibits Osteoclastic Resorption, and Ameliorates Prednisone-Induced Osteoporosis in Zebrafish Model. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092343. [PMID: 30217005 PMCID: PMC6225409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanggenon C (SC), which is a natural flavonoid found in the stem bark of Cortex Mori, has been discovered to have the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. However, its effect in osteoporosis has not yet been reported. In this research, the effect of SC on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells was evaluated by using the MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the mRNA expression of Runx2, Collagen I, OPG, and RANKL were examined. TRAP-positive cell counting and bone resorption pits were adopted to observe the effect of SC on the formation and function of osteoclasts. Next, the mRNA level of TRAP, CTSK, NFATc1, and TRAF6 of osteoclasts were measured by real-time qPCR. In addition, the anti-osteoporosis activity of SC in vivo was evaluated in the zebrafish model. Our study indicated that SC exhibited a significant stimulatory effect on MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation at 1 to 10 μM and caused an increase in ALP activity at 0.3 to 10 μM. It could upregulate the expression of Runx2, Collagen I, and increases the OPG/RANKL ratio. Furthermore, SC was found to inhibit the formation and function of osteoclasts, which is demonstrated by a lower number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells and a fewer area of bone resorption pits compared to the control group. TRAP, CTSK, and NFATc1 were downregulated in 0.3 to 10 μM SC treated groups. In addition, 3 to 10 μM SC also inhibited the expression of TRAF6 mRNA. When prednisone-induced zebrafish was treated with 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 μM SC, higher mineralization of vertebrate column was discovered in a dose-dependent pattern, which suggests that SC could reverse the bone loss of zebrafish caused by prednisone. In summary, these findings indicated that SC has the potential to prevent or treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation and Utilization Technology of Medicine and Food Dual-Use Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Donggui Guo
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Manufacture Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation and Utilization Technology of Medicine and Food Dual-Use Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation and Utilization Technology of Medicine and Food Dual-Use Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation and Utilization Technology of Medicine and Food Dual-Use Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
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15
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Gao K, Wang P, Peng J, Xue J, Chen K, Song Y, Wang J, Li G, An X, Cao B. Regulation and function of runt-related transcription factors (RUNX1 and RUNX2) in goat granulosa cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:98-108. [PMID: 29626608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors, runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) and 2 (RUNX2), belong to the runt-related (RUNX) gene family and play critical roles in mammalian reproduction processes. However, the regulatory mechanisms of RUNX1 and RUNX2 expression or their functions in goat follicles remain largely unknown. Herein, RUNX1 and RUNX2 proteins were detected in the oocytes and granulosa cells of preantral and antral follicles, as well as corpus luteum by immunohistochemistry. Treatments with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or with the agonists and inhibitors of hCG-induced intracellular signaling pathways in granulosa cells in vitro, we found that hCG increased RUNX1 expression by activating PKC and PI3K signaling molecules, and increased RUNX2 expression by activating adenylate cyclase, PKC, and PI3K signaling molecules. We also demonstrated that miR-181b expression is dependent on the hCG-induced activation of PKC and PKA, and miR-222 expression is dependent on the hCG-induced activation of PI3K and PKC in cultured granulosa cells. Meanwhile, miR-181b and miR-222 suppressed RUNX1 and RUNX2 expression by targeting RUNX1 and RUNX2 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) with or without hCG, respectively. These results suggested that hCG-mediated miR-181b and miR-222 expression are important for the regulation of RUNX1 and RUNX2 expression levels in granulosa cells. To explore the specific functions of RUNX1 and RUNX2, we transfected RUNX1 and RUNX2 small interfering RNAs into primary cultured granulosa cells. Knockdown of RUNX1 and RUNX2 significantly decreased progesterone productions and the mRNA abundance of key steroidogenic enzymes (StAR, CYP11A1 and HSD3B) after hCG treatment. But only miR-222 increased estradiol secretion in goat granulosa cells. In addition, knockdown of RUNX1 and RUNX2 also promoted granulosa cell proliferation. The hormonally regulated expression of RUNX1 and RUNX2 in granulosa cells, their involvement in progesterone production, and promoted granulosa cell proliferation suggest important roles of RUNX1 and RUNX2 in follicular development and luteinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Peijie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jiayin Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Junjun Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Guang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Binyun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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16
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Tocci JM, Felcher CM, García Solá ME, Goddio MV, Zimberlin MN, Rubinstein N, Srebrow A, Coso OA, Abba MC, Meiss RP, Kordon EC. R-spondin3 Is Associated with Basal-Progenitor Behavior in Normal and Tumor Mammary Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4497-4511. [PMID: 29748375 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
R-spondin3 (RSPO3) is a member of a family of secreted proteins that enhance Wnt signaling pathways in diverse processes, including cancer. However, the role of RSPO3 in mammary gland and breast cancer development remains unclear. In this study, we show that RSPO3 is expressed in the basal stem cell-enriched compartment of normal mouse mammary glands but is absent from committed mature luminal cells in which exogenous RSPO3 impairs lactogenic differentiation. RSPO3 knockdown in basal-like mouse mammary tumor cells reduced canonical Wnt signaling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like features, migration capacity, and tumor formation in vivo Conversely, RSPO3 overexpression, which was associated with some LGR and RUNX factors, highly correlated with the basal-like subtype among patients with breast cancer. Thus, we identified RSPO3 as a novel key modulator of breast cancer development and a potential target for treatment of basal-like breast cancers.Significance: These findings identify RSPO3 as a potential therapetuic target in basal-like breast cancers.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/16/4497/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(16); 4497-511. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Tocci
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla M Felcher
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín E García Solá
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Goddio
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Noel Zimberlin
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Rubinstein
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabella Srebrow
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar A Coso
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín C Abba
- Basic and Applied Immunological Research Center, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Roberto P Meiss
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Oncology Studies, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edith C Kordon
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tan Z, Niu B, Tsang KY, Melhado IG, Ohba S, He X, Huang Y, Wang C, McMahon AP, Jauch R, Chan D, Zhang MQ, Cheah KSE. Synergistic co-regulation and competition by a SOX9-GLI-FOXA phasic transcriptional network coordinate chondrocyte differentiation transitions. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007346. [PMID: 29659575 PMCID: PMC5919691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth plate mediates bone growth where SOX9 and GLI factors control chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and entry into hypertrophy. FOXA factors regulate hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. How these factors integrate into a Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) controlling these differentiation transitions is incompletely understood. We adopted a genome-wide whole tissue approach to establish a Growth Plate Differential Gene Expression Library (GP-DGEL) for fractionated proliferating, pre-hypertrophic, early and late hypertrophic chondrocytes, as an overarching resource for discovery of pathways and disease candidates. De novo motif discovery revealed the enrichment of SOX9 and GLI binding sites in the genes preferentially expressed in proliferating and prehypertrophic chondrocytes, suggesting the potential cooperation between SOX9 and GLI proteins. We integrated the analyses of the transcriptome, SOX9, GLI1 and GLI3 ChIP-seq datasets, with functional validation by transactivation assays and mouse mutants. We identified new SOX9 targets and showed SOX9-GLI directly and cooperatively regulate many genes such as Trps1, Sox9, Sox5, Sox6, Col2a1, Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2. Further, FOXA2 competes with SOX9 for the transactivation of target genes. The data support a model of SOX9-GLI-FOXA phasic GRN in chondrocyte development. Together, SOX9-GLI auto-regulate and cooperate to activate and repress genes in proliferating chondrocytes. Upon hypertrophy, FOXA competes with SOX9, and control toward terminal differentiation passes to FOXA, RUNX, AP1 and MEF2 factors. In the development of the mammalian growth plate, while several transcription factors are individually well known for their key roles in regulating phases of chondrocyte differentiation, there is little information on how they interact and cooperate with each other. We took an unbiased genome wide approach to identify the transcription factors and signaling pathways that play dominant roles in the chondrocyte differentiation cascade. We developed a searchable library of differentially expressed genes, GP-DGEL, which has fine spatial resolution and global transcriptomic coverage for discovery of processes, pathways and disease candidates. Our work identifies a novel regulatory mechanism that integrates the action of three transcription factors, SOX9, GLI and FOXA. SOX9-GLI auto-regulate and cooperate to activate and repress genes in proliferating chondrocytes. Upon entry into prehypertrophy, FOXA competes with SOX9, and control of hypertrophy passes to FOXA, RUNX, AP1 and MEF2 factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Yeung Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ian G. Melhado
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinjun He
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yongheng Huang
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ralf Jauch
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Q. Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
All RUNX genes have been implicated in the development of solid tumors, but the role each RUNX gene plays in the different tumor types is complicated by multiple interactions with major signaling pathways and tumor heterogeneity. Moreover, for a given tissue type, the specific role of each RUNX protein is distinct at different stages of differentiation. A regulatory function for RUNX in tissue stem cells points sharply to a causal effect in tumorigenesis. Understanding how RUNX dysregulation in cancer impinges on normal biological processes is important for identifying the molecular mechanisms that lead to malignancy. It will also indicate whether restoration of proper RUNX function to redirect cell fate is a feasible treatment for cancer. With the recent advances in RUNX research, it is time to revisit the many mechanisms/pathways that RUNX engage to regulate cell fate and decide whether cells proliferate, differentiate or die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Kosei Ito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
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Abstract
The core binding factor (CBF) transcription factor is somewhat unique in that it is composed of a DNA binding RUNX subunit (RUNX1, 2, or 3) and a non-DNA binding CBFβ subunit, which modulates RUNX protein activity by modulating the auto-inhibition of the RUNX subunits. Since the discovery of this fascinating transcription factor more than 20 years ago, there has been a robust effort to characterize the structure as well as the biochemical properties of CBF. More recently, these efforts have also extended to the fusion proteins that arise from the subunits of CBF in leukemia. This chapter highlights the work of numerous labs which has provided a detailed understanding of the structure and function of this transcription factor and its fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir H Tahirov
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - John Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Runx genes have been identified in all metazoans and considerable conservation of function observed across a wide range of phyla. Thus, insight gained from studying simple model organisms is invaluable in understanding RUNX biology in higher animals. Consequently, this chapter will focus on the Runx genes in the diploblasts, which includes sea anemones and sponges, as well as the lower triploblasts, including the sea urchin, nematode, planaria and insect. Due to the high degree of functional redundancy amongst vertebrate Runx genes, simpler model organisms with a solo Runx gene, like C. elegans, are invaluable systems in which to probe the molecular basis of RUNX function within a whole organism. Additionally, comparative analyses of Runx sequence and function allows for the development of novel evolutionary insights. Strikingly, recent data has emerged that reveals the presence of a Runx gene in a protist, demonstrating even more widespread occurrence of Runx genes than was previously thought. This review will summarize recent progress in using invertebrate organisms to investigate RUNX function during development and regeneration, highlighting emerging unifying themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hughes
- Faculteit Techniek, Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, Laan van Scheut 2, 6503 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Woollard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Ziegler A, Marti E, Summerfield A, Baumann A. Identification and characterization of equine blood plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 65:352-357. [PMID: 27524460 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen-presenting cells that can be classified into three major cell subsets: conventional DC1 (cDC1), cDC2 and plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), none of which have been identified in horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and characterize DC subsets in equine peripheral blood, emphasizing on pDC. Surface marker analysis allowed distinction of putative DC subsets, according to their differential expression of CADM-1 and MHC class II. Equine pDC were found to be Flt3(+) CD4(low) CD13(-) CD14(-) CD172a(-) CADM-1(-) MHCII(low). The weak expression of CD4 on equine pDC contrasts with findings in several other mammals. Furthermore, pDC purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting were found to be the only cell subset able to produce large amounts of IFN-α upon TLR9-agonist stimulation. The pDC identity was confirmed by demonstrating high-levels of PLAC8, RUNX2 and TCF4 expression, showing pDC-restricted expression in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Baumann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
Using morphological, histological, and TEM analyses of the cranium, we provide a detailed description of bone and suture growth in zebrafish. Based on expression patterns and localization, we identified osteoblasts at different degrees of maturation. Our data confirm that, unlike in humans, zebrafish cranial sutures maintain lifelong patency to sustain skull growth. The cranial vault develops in a coordinated manner resulting in a structure that protects the brain. The zebrafish cranial roof parallels that of higher vertebrates and contains five major bones: one pair of frontal bones, one pair of parietal bones, and the supraoccipital bone. Parietal and frontal bones are formed by intramembranous ossification within a layer of mesenchyme positioned between the dermal mesenchyme and meninges surrounding the brain. The supraoccipital bone has an endochondral origin. Cranial bones are separated by connective tissue with a distinctive architecture of osteogenic cells and collagen fibrils. Here we show RNA in situ hybridization for col1a1a, col2a1a, col10a1, bglap/osteocalcin, fgfr1a, fgfr1b, fgfr2, fgfr3, foxq1, twist2, twist3, runx2a, runx2b, sp7/osterix, and spp1/ osteopontin, indicating that the expression of genes involved in suture development in mammals is preserved in zebrafish. We also present methods for examining the cranium and its sutures, which permit the study of the mechanisms involved in suture patency as well as their pathological obliteration. The model we develop has implications for the study of human disorders, including craniosynostosis, which affects 1 in 2,500 live births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta M. Topczewska
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ramy A. Shoela
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanna P. Tomaszewski
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rupa B. Mirmira
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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23
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Yue F, Wang L, Wang H, Song L. Expression of hematopoietic transcription factors Runt, CBFβ and GATA during ontogenesis of scallop Chlamys farreri. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 61:88-96. [PMID: 27012994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors Runx1, CBFβ and GATA1/2/3 play essential roles in regulating hematopoietic development during embryogenesis of vertebrate. In previous study, the orthologous genes of Runt, CBFβ and GATA1/2/3 have been identified from scallop Chlamys farreri and proved to have conserved function in regulating hemocyte production. Here, these three transcription factors were selected as hematopoietic markers to explore potential developmental events of hematopoiesis during ontogenesis of scallop. The transcripts of CfRunt, CfCBFβ and CfGATA were detected abundantly after 32-cell embryo, trochophore and morula stage, and reached to a peak level in 32-cell embryos and D-shaped veligers, pediveligers or gastrula respectively. Further whole-mount immunofluorescence assay showed that the immunoreactivity of CfRunt was firstly observed at 32-cell stage and then its distribution was specialized gradually to the mesoderm during gastrulation. By trochophore, the expression of CfRunt, CfCBFβ and CfGATA proteins occurred coincidently in two specific symmetry cell mass located bilaterally on prototroch, and then disappeared rapidly in D-shaped or umbonal vliger, respectively. However, remarkable expressions of the three transcription factors were observed consistently in a new sinus structure appeared at the dorsal anterior side of D-shaped and umbonal veliger. After bacterial challenge, the mRNA expression levels of the three transcription factors were up-regulated or down-regulated significantly in trochophore, D-shaped veliger and pediveliger, indicating the available hematopoietic regulation in scallop larvae. The results revealed that scallop might experience two waves of hematopoiesis during early development, which occurred in the bilateral symmetry cell mass of trochophore and the sinus structure of veliger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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24
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Xu M, Wang X, Tan J, Zhang K, Guan X, Patterson LH, Ding H, Cui H. A novel Lozenge gene in silkworm, Bombyx mori regulates the melanization response of hemolymph. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 53:191-198. [PMID: 26164197 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Runt-related (RUNX) transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved either in vertebrate or invertebrate. Lozenge (Lz), a members of RUNX family as well as homologue of AML-1, functions as an important transcription factor regulating the hemocytes differentiation. In this paper, we identified and characterized RUNX family especially Lz in silkworm, which is a lepidopteran model insect. The gene expression analysis illustrated that BmLz was highly expressed in hemocytes throughout the whole development period, and reached a peak in glutonous stage. Over-expression of BmLz in silkworm accelerated the melanization process of hemolymph, and led to instantaneously up-regulation of prophenoloxidases (PPOs), which were key enzymes in the melanization process. Further down-regulation of BmLz expression by RNA interference resulted in the significant delay of melanization reaction of hemolymph. These findings suggested that BmLz regulated the melanization process of hemolymph by inducing PPOs expression, and played a critical role in innate immunity defense in silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology (Southwest University), 400715, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology (Southwest University), 400715, China
| | - Juan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology (Southwest University), 400715, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology (Southwest University), 400715, China
| | - Xi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology (Southwest University), 400715, China
| | - Laurence H Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Hanfei Ding
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology (Southwest University), 400715, China.
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Nagatake T, Fukuyama S, Sato S, Okura H, Tachibana M, Taniuchi I, Ito K, Shimojou M, Matsumoto N, Suzuki H, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Central Role of Core Binding Factor β2 in Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Organogenesis in Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127460. [PMID: 26001080 PMCID: PMC4441428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a group of secondary and organized lymphoid tissue that develops at different mucosal surfaces. Peyer's patches (PPs), nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and tear duct-associated lymphoid tissue (TALT) are representative MALT in the small intestine, nasal cavity, and lacrimal sac, respectively. A recent study has shown that transcriptional regulators of core binding factor (Cbf) β2 and promotor-1-transcribed Runt-related transcription factor 1 (P1-Runx1) are required for the differentiation of CD3-CD4+CD45+ lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, which initiate and trigger the developmental program of PPs, but the involvement of this pathway in NALT and TALT development remains to be elucidated. Here we report that Cbfβ2 plays an essential role in NALT and TALT development by regulating LTi cell trafficking to the NALT and TALT anlagens. Cbfβ2 was expressed in LTi cells in all three types of MALT examined. Indeed, similar to the previous finding for PPs, we found that Cbfβ2-/- mice lacked NALT and TALT lymphoid structures. However, in contrast to PPs, NALT and TALT developed normally in the absence of P1-Runx1 or other Runx family members such as Runx2 and Runx3. LTi cells for NALT and TALT differentiated normally but did not accumulate in the respective lymphoid tissue anlagens in Cbfβ2-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that Cbfβ2 is a central regulator of the MALT developmental program, but the dependency of Runx proteins on the lymphoid tissue development would differ among PPs, NALT, and TALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nagatake
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, 567–0085, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuyama
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
| | - Hideaki Okura
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
| | - Masashi Tachibana
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852–8588, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimojou
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, 567–0085, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, 567–0085, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, 567–0085, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-asagi, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, 567–0085, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
RUNX proteins belong to a family of metazoan transcription factors that serve as master regulators of development. They are frequently deregulated in human cancers, indicating a prominent and, at times, paradoxical role in cancer pathogenesis. The contextual cues that direct RUNX function represent a fast-growing field in cancer research and could provide insights that are applicable to early cancer detection and treatment. This Review describes how RUNX proteins communicate with key signalling pathways during the multistep progression to malignancy; in particular, we highlight the emerging partnership of RUNX with p53 in cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ito
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361763, South Korea. [2]
| | - Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
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Nah GSS, Tay BH, Brenner S, Osato M, Venkatesh B. Characterization of the Runx gene family in a jawless vertebrate, the Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum). PLoS One 2014; 9:e113445. [PMID: 25405766 PMCID: PMC4236176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclostomes (jawless vertebrates), comprising lampreys and hagfishes, are the sister group of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and are hence an important group for the study of vertebrate evolution. In mammals, three Runx genes, Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3, encode transcription factors that are essential for cell proliferation and differentiation in major developmental pathways such as haematopoiesis, skeletogenesis and neurogenesis and are frequently associated with diseases. We describe here the characterization of Runx gene family members from a cyclostome, the Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum). The Japanese lamprey contains three Runx genes, RunxA, RunxB, and RunxC. However, phylogenetic and synteny analyses suggest that they are not one-to-one orthologs of gnathostome Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3. The major protein domains and motifs found in gnathostome Runx proteins are highly conserved in the lamprey Runx proteins. Although all gnathostome Runx genes each contain two alternative promoters, P1 (distal) and P2 (proximal), only lamprey RunxB possesses the alternative promoters; lamprey RunxA and RunxC contain only P2 and P1 promoter, respectively. Furthermore, the three lamprey Runx genes give rise to fewer alternative isoforms than the three gnathostome Runx genes. The promoters of the lamprey Runx genes lack the tandem Runx-binding motifs that are highly conserved among the P1 promoters of gnathostome Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3 genes; instead these promoters contain dispersed single Runx-binding motifs. The 3'UTR of lamprey RunxB contains binding sites for miR-27 and miR-130b/301ab, which are conserved in mammalian Runx1 and Runx3, respectively. Overall, the Runx genes in lamprey seem to have experienced a different evolutionary trajectory from that of gnathostome Runx genes which are highly conserved all the way from cartilaginous fishes to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Sek Suan Nah
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Hui Tay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sydney Brenner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
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Yue F, Zhou Z, Wang L, Sun R, Jiang Q, Yi Q, Zhang T, Song L. The essential roles of core binding factors CfRunt and CfCBFβ in hemocyte production of scallop Chlamys farreri. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 44:291-302. [PMID: 24462835 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Core binding factor (CBF) is a family of heterodimeric transcription factors composed of a DNA-binding CBFα subunit and a non-DNA-binding CBFβ subunit, which plays critical roles in regulating hematopoiesis, osteogenesis and neurogenesis. In the present study, two genes encoding Runt (designed as CfRunt) and CBFβ (designed as CfCBFβ) were cloned and characterized from scallop Chlamys farreri. The full-length cDNA of CfRunt and CfCBFβ consists of 2128 bp and 1729 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 530 and 183 amino acids with a conserved Runt domain and CBFβ domain, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that the recombinant CfRunt protein (rCfRunt) exhibited solid ability to bind specific DNA, whereas rCfCBFβ could remarkably increase the DNA-binding affinity of rCfRunt. The mRNA transcripts of CfRunt and CfCBFβ could be detected in all tested tissues, especially in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas or muscle. After bacterial challenge, the circulating total hemocyte count (THC) of scallop reduced to the lowest level at 6h (P<0.05), and then it recovered gradually to the control level at 48-96 h, while the mRNA expressions of CfRunt and CfCBFβ were significant up-regulated between 6 and 48 h (P<0.05). After CfRunt gene was silenced by RNA interference, the hemocyte renewal rate and circulating THC both decreased significantly (P<0.05). However, following the RNA interference of CfRunt, the mRNA expression of CfRunt was significantly induced (P<0.05) and the attenuated hemocyte renewal rate and circulating THC could be repaired partially by LPS stimulation in the CfRunt-silenced scallops. The results collectively indicated that CfRunt and CfCBFβ, as conserved transcription factors, played essential roles in regulating hemocyte production of scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiufen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China.
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Nah GSS, Lim ZW, Tay BH, Osato M, Venkatesh B. Runx family genes in a cartilaginous fish, the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). PLoS One 2014; 9:e93816. [PMID: 24699678 PMCID: PMC3974841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runx family genes encode transcription factors that play key roles in hematopoiesis, skeletogenesis and neurogenesis and are often implicated in diseases. We describe here the cloning and characterization of Runx1, Runx2, Runx3 and Runxb genes in the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), a member of Chondrichthyes, the oldest living group of jawed vertebrates. Through the use of alternative promoters and/or alternative splicing, each of the elephant shark Runx genes expresses multiple isoforms similar to their orthologs in human and other bony vertebrates. The expression profiles of elephant shark Runx genes are similar to those of mammalian Runx genes. The syntenic blocks of genes at the elephant shark Runx gene loci are highly conserved in human, but represented by shorter conserved blocks in zebrafish indicating a higher degree of rearrangements in this teleost fish. Analysis of promoter regions revealed conservation of binding sites for transcription factors, including two tandem binding sites for Runx that are totally conserved in the distal promoter regions of elephant shark Runx1-3. Several conserved noncoding elements (CNEs), which are putative cis-regulatory elements, and miRNA binding sites were identified in the elephant shark and human Runx gene loci. Some of these CNEs and miRNA binding sites are absent in teleost fishes such as zebrafish and fugu. In summary, our analysis reveals that the genomic organization and expression profiles of Runx genes were already complex in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Sek Suan Nah
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Hui Tay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Motomi Osato
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
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Jeong HM, Choi YH, Lee SH, Lee KY. YY1 represses the transcriptional activity of Runx2 in C2C12 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 383:103-10. [PMID: 24325869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Runx2 is a major transcription factor that induces osteoblast differentiation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Conversely, YY1 is a transcription factor that inhibits BMP2-induced cell differentiation. Until now, there has been no understanding of how osteoblast differentiation by Runx2 and YY1 is regulated. In this study we focused on the relationship between Runx2 and YY1. We confirmed that alkaline phosphatase staining is repressed by YY1. Runx2 interacted with YY1 through Runt and the C-terminus domain of Runx2. YY1 markedly repressed the Runx2-mediated enhancement of transcriptional activity on the osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase promoters. Knockdown of YY1 enhanced BMP2- and Runx2-induced osteoblast differentiation. YY1 decreased Runx2 DNA binding affinity. The results indicate that YY1 represses osteoblast differentiation by an interaction with Runx2 and inhibits the transcriptional activity of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Min Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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Wan T, Wu MR, Qi ZX. [Effect of Hydroxy Safflower Yellow A on glucocorticoid-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation]. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2014; 27:224-228. [PMID: 24974426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Hydroxy Safflower Yellow A (HSYA) on the expression of osteogenic markers, such as alkaline phosphatase, Cbf(alpha)l and type I collagen, and explore the mechanism of HSYA in the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced ischemic necrosis of femoral head. METHODS Fifteen healthy and adult New Zealand white rabbits were collected and weighted 0.9 to 1.3 kg. The rabbits were injected abdominally with anesthetic drugs, then received marrow cavity puncture of tibia and anterior superior iliac spine to get bone marrow blood. Rabbits bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were separated from the bone marrow blood, cultured in vitro and passaged. The 3rd generation of BMSCs which had good growth condition were randomly divided into blank group, model group and HSYA groups with different doses. The BMSCs in model group were treated with high dose of dexamethasone to induce adipogenic differentiation of cells cultured in vitro, and inhibit osteogenic differentiation. The BMSCs in HSYA groups received high dose of dexamethasone and different concentrations of HSYA simultaneously. The blank group received not any special handling. After a week,the expressions of alkaline phosphatase, Cbf(alpha)l and type I collagen mRNA were detected. RESULTS The alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in BMSCs of the model group as compared with the blank group (P < 0.01), and the expression of Cbf(alpha)l and type I collagen mRNA were also decreased significantly (P<0.01). The alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased in BMSCs of each HSYA group as compared with the model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the expression of Cbf(alpha)l and type I collagen mRNA were also increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The mechanism of HSYA may be related to the effect of antagonism to the reduced osteogenic differentiation induced by glucocorticoid.
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Osato M, Yokomizo T. [RUNX family genes and hematopoiesis]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2013; 54:1547-1553. [PMID: 24064802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Chimge NO, Frenkel B. The RUNX family in breast cancer: relationships with estrogen signaling. Oncogene 2013; 32:2121-30. [PMID: 23045283 PMCID: PMC5770236 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The three RUNX family members are lineage specific master regulators, which also have important, context-dependent roles in carcinogenesis as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Here we review evidence for such roles in breast cancer (BCa). RUNX1, the predominant RUNX family member in breast epithelial cells, has a tumor suppressor role reflected by many somatic mutations found in primary tumor biopsies. The classical tumor suppressor gene RUNX3 does not consist of such a mutation hot spot, but it too seems to inhibit BCa; it is often inactivated in human BCa tumors and its haploinsufficiency in mice leads to spontaneous BCa development. The tumor suppressor activities of RUNX1 and RUNX3 are mediated in part by antagonism of estrogen signaling, a feature recently attributed to RUNX2 as well. Paradoxically, however RUNX2, a master osteoblast regulator, has been implicated in various aspects of metastasis in general and bone metastasis in particular. Reciprocating the anti-estrogenic tumor suppressor activity of RUNX proteins, inhibition of RUNX2 by estrogens may help explain their context-dependent anti-metastatic roles. Such roles are reserved to non-osseous metastasis, because ERα is associated with increased, not decreased skeletal dissemination of BCa cells. Finally, based on diverse expression patterns in BCa subtypes, the successful use of future RUNX-based therapies will most likely require careful patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-O Chimge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B Frenkel
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Current fossil, embryological and genetic data shed light on the evolution of the gene regulatory network (GRN) governing bone formation. The key proteins and genes involved in skeletogenesis are well accepted. We discuss when these essential components of the GRN evolved and propose that the Runx genes, master regulators of skeletogenesis, functioned in early cartilages well before they were co-opted to function in the making of bone. Two rounds of whole genome duplication, together with additional tandem gene duplications, created a genetic substrate for segregation of one GRN into several networks regulating the related tissues of cartilage, bone, enamel, and dentin. During this segregation, Runx2 assumed its position at the top of the bone GRN, and Sox9 was excluded from bone, retaining its ancient role in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Fisher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Sandmann T, Vogg MC, Owlarn S, Boutros M, Bartscherer K. The head-regeneration transcriptome of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R76. [PMID: 21846378 PMCID: PMC3245616 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-r76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Planarian flatworms can regenerate their head, including a functional brain, within less than a week. Despite the enormous potential of these animals for medical research and regenerative medicine, the mechanisms of regeneration and the molecules involved remain largely unknown. RESULTS To identify genes that are differentially expressed during early stages of planarian head regeneration, we generated a de novo transcriptome assembly from more than 300 million paired-end reads from planarian fragments regenerating the head at 16 different time points. The assembly yielded 26,018 putative transcripts, including very long transcripts spanning multiple genomic supercontigs, and thousands of isoforms. Using short-read data from two platforms, we analyzed dynamic gene regulation during the first three days of head regeneration. We identified at least five different temporal synexpression classes, including genes specifically induced within a few hours after injury. Furthermore, we characterized the role of a conserved Runx transcription factor, smed-runt-like1. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown and immunofluorescence analysis of the regenerating visual system indicated that smed-runt-like1 encodes a transcriptional regulator of eye morphology and photoreceptor patterning. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptome sequencing of short reads allowed for the simultaneous de novo assembly and differential expression analysis of transcripts, demonstrating highly dynamic regulation during head regeneration in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sandmann
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias C Vogg
- Max Planck Research Group Stem Cells and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Str. 54, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Suthira Owlarn
- Max Planck Research Group Stem Cells and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Str. 54, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 13-17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bartscherer
- Max Planck Research Group Stem Cells and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Str. 54, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Li XD, Wang JS, Chang B, Chen B, Guo C, Hou GQ, Huang DY, Du SX. Panax notoginseng saponins promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 134:268-74. [PMID: 21167926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) is the main effective component of Panax notoginseng, have various pharmacologic activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogen-like bioactivities, have been shown to be an effective agent on anti-osteoporosis. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) play a crucial homeostatic role in skeletal modeling and remodeling due to their capability to differentiate into osteooblasts. Whether PNS has effect on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs are unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effects of PNS on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS When BMSCs cultivated in the basal medium or the osteogenic induction medium (OS with or without PNS), cell proliferation was analyzed using an MTT assay, the mineralization was assessed using Alizarin red S staining, the alkaline phosphatase activity was measured using a commercial kit, the mRNA level of osteogenic gene and PPARγ2 gene were determined using RT-PCR, the protein level of PPARγ2 was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS BMSCs cultured in the basal medium with PNS caused a significant increase in proliferation. PNS treatment increased ALP activity, Alizarin red S staining and mRNA level of ALP, Cbfa 1, OC, and BSP, whereas decreased the mRNA level and protein expression of PPARγ2 during osteogenic induction. In addition, the effects of PNS treatment were dose-dependent relationship. CONCLUSION PNS could stimulate BMSCs proliferation and promote their osteogenic differentiation by up-regulation expression of osteogenic marker gene and down-regulation expression of adipogenic marker gene in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, PNS may play an important therapeutic role in osteoporosis patients by improving osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Chang Ping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Oweson C, Li C, Söderhäll I, Hernroth B. Effects of manganese and hypoxia on coelomocyte renewal in the echinoderm, Asterias rubens (L.). Aquat Toxicol 2010; 100:84-90. [PMID: 20678812 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a naturally abundant metal and particularly so in soft-bottom oceanic sediments where it generally occurs bound in a four-valent colloidal state as MnO2. When hypoxic conditions occur in bottom waters, the metal reduces to the bioavailable ion Mn2+ and can reach concentrations known to have immunotoxic effects in the crustacean Nephrops norvegicus, reducing numbers of circulating haemocytes as a consequence. However, we have previously shown that Mn seems to have a contrasting effect on the echinoderm Asterias rubens in which it triggers the proliferation of haematopoietic cells and increases coelomocyte numbers. Since elevated Mn levels mostly co-occur with hypoxia in nature, here we investigated whether hypoxia has a negative effect on haematopoiesis. Proliferation and differentiation of coelomocytes and cells in the coelomic epithelium of A. rubens were compared after 3 days of exposure to realistic levels of Mn, hypoxia or a combination of these two parameters. We can confirm that Mn elevated numbers of coelomocytes and increased proliferation of epithelial cells, but hypoxia did not affect these levels. However, hypoxia did affect differentiation of these cells as judged by investigating the expression of a Runt domain transcription factor, which was also cloned and sequenced. Through comparative quantification using a real time PCR technique, we found that exposure to hypoxia had a clearly stimulating effect on mRNA expression of Runt gene in both coelomocytes and epithelial cells. These results indicate that during hypoxic conditions the composition of coelomocyte sub-populations changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Oweson
- Department of Marine Ecology, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg 566, SE-45034 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
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Fortunati D, Reppe S, Fjeldheim AK, Nielsen M, Gautvik VT, Gautvik KM. Periostin is a collagen associated bone matrix protein regulated by parathyroid hormone. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:594-601. [PMID: 20654714 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Periostin is a 90 kDa secreted protein, originally identified in murine osteoblast-like cells, with a distribution restricted to collagen-rich tissues and certain tumors. In this paper, we first analyzed the expression of periostin mRNA and protein in human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB) and human osteosarcoma (hOS) cell lines by RT real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The hFOB 1.19 and three hOS (MHM, KPDXM and Eggen) showed highly variable periostin mRNA levels and protein. Second, we showed that the expression of periostin mRNA was inversely related to the cells' abilities to differentiate and mineralize. Then, we investigated the regulation of periostin mRNA in hFOB after siRNA treatment and in mouse primary osteoblasts (mOB) treated with PTH. Knock-down of periostin mRNA, down-regulated PTHrP, but did not affect the expression of other important markers of differentiation such as RUNX2. In addition, periostin mRNA was transiently up-regulated in osteoblasts by PTH. Finally, the localization of periostin and its partially co-localization with collagen 1a1 mRNA and protein was studied in mouse embryos and postnatal pups using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In conclusion, the present study provides novel observations related to the expression, distribution and regulation of periostin in bone cells and extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Fortunati
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 1112 Blindern, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Synthesis of the FSH beta-subunit (FSHbeta) is critical for normal reproduction in mammals, and its expression within the pituitary gonadotrope is tightly regulated by activin. Here we show that Runt-related (RUNX) proteins, transcriptional regulators known to interact with TGFbeta signaling pathways, suppress activin induction of FSHbeta gene expression. Runx2 is expressed within the murine pituitary gland and dramatically represses activin-induced FSHbeta promoter activity, without affecting basal expression in LbetaT2 cells, an immortalized mouse gonadotrope cell line. This repressive effect is specific, because RUNX2 induces LHbeta transcription (with or without activin) and does not interfere with GnRH induction of either gonadotropin beta-subunit gene. Analysis of the murine FSHbeta promoter by transfection and gel shift assays reveals that RUNX2 repression localizes to a Runx-binding element at -159/-153, which is adjacent to a previously recognized region critical for activin induction. Mutation of this -153 activin-response element or, indeed, any of the five activin-responsive regions prevents activin induction and, in fact, RUNX2 suppression, instead converting RUNX2 to an activator of the FSHbeta gene. Although the Runx-binding element is required for RUNX2-mediated repression of FSHbeta induction by either activin or Smad3, confirming a functional role of this novel site, protein interactions in addition to those between RUNX2 and Smads are necessary to account for full repression of activin induction. In summary, the present study provides evidence for Runx2-mediated repression of activin-induced FSHbeta gene expression and reveals the context dependence of Runx2 action in hormonal regulation of the gonadotropin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie M Breen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0674, USA
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Hsieh TP, Sheu SY, Sun JS, Chen MH, Liu MH. Icariin isolated from Epimedium pubescens regulates osteoblasts anabolism through BMP-2, SMAD4, and Cbfa1 expression. Phytomedicine 2010; 17:414-23. [PMID: 19747809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Epimedii herba is one of the most frequently used herbs in formulas prescribed for the treatment of osteoporosis in China. The main active flavonoid glucoside extracted from Epimedium pubescens is Icariin, which has been reported to enhance bone healing and reduce osteoporosis occurrence. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this present study, we examine the molecular mechanisms of icariin by using primary osteoblast cell cultures obtained from adult mice. The osteoblast cells were harvested from 8-month old female Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice. The effects of icariin stimulation on the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts were examined. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and caspase-3 were analyzed, along with the gene expressions of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), SMAD4, Cbfa1/Runx2, OPG, and RANKL. The viability of the osteoblasts reached its maximum at 10(-8)M icariin. At this concentration, icariin increased the proliferation and matrix mineralization of osteoblasts and promoted NO synthesis. With icariin treatment, the BMP-2, SMAD4, Cbfa1/Runx2, and OPG gene expressions were up-regulated; the RANKL gene expression was however down-regulated. Concurrent treatment involving the BMP antagonist (Noggin) or the NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) diminished the icariin-induced cell proliferation, ALP activity, NO production, as well as the BMP-2, SMAD4, Cbfa1/Runx2, OPG, RANKL gene expressions. In this study, we demonstrate that in vitro icariin is a bone anabolic agent that may exert its osteogenic effects through the induction of BMP-2 and NO synthesis, subsequently regulating Cbfa1/Runx2, OPG, and RANKL gene expressions. This effect may contribute to its action on the induction of osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation, resulting in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Pei Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Shin Street, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Lee YH, Benary M, Baumgrass R, Herzel H. Prediction of regulatory transcription factors in T helper cell differentiation and maintenance. Genome Inform 2010; 22:84-94. [PMID: 20238421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Naive T-helper (Th) cells differentiate into distinct lineages including Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Each of these Th-lineages has specific functions in immune defense and T cell homeostasis. Th cell fate decisions and commitment are dependent on the kind and strength of T cell stimulation and the subsequent gene expression profiles. Our analysis targeted the identification of new regulatory transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoter regions of up- and down-regulated genes in Treg cell differentiation and lineage maintenance. For this approach we compared different gene groups from global gene expression studies with background models of randomly selected genes to identify significantly overrepresented TFBSs. Results of our analysis suggest that Ets and IRF family members contribute to the regulation of the initial induction of Treg cells. Furthermore, we identified the overrepresented TFBS-pairs Runx-NFAT and GATA3-Foxp3 in Treg specific genes and Foxp3 dependent genes, respectively. Interestingly, previous studies have observed functional interactions of both TFBS-pairs in T cells. This study provides a starting point for further investigations to elucidate the transcriptional network in Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hien Lee
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Recent research has uncovered complex transcription factor networks that control the processes of T-cell development and differentiation. RUNX (runt-related transcription factor) proteins are among the many factors that have crucial roles in these networks. In this Review, we examine the mechanisms by which RUNX complexes act together with other transcription factors, such as Th-POK (T-helper-inducing POZ/Kruppel-like factor) and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) in determining the CD4/CD8 lineage choice of developing thymocytes. In addition, we discuss evidence indicating that RUNX complexes are also involved in the differentiation of effector T-cell subsets and that the molecular mechanisms by which RUNX proteins regulate T-cell fate decisions are conserved between the thymus and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Collins
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Hecht J, Stricker S, Wiecha U, Stiege A, Panopoulou G, Podsiadlowski L, Poustka AJ, Dieterich C, Ehrich S, Suvorova J, Mundlos S, Seitz V. Evolution of a core gene network for skeletogenesis in chordates. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000025. [PMID: 18369444 PMCID: PMC2265531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is one of the most important features for the reconstruction of vertebrate phylogeny but few data are available to understand its molecular origin. In mammals the Runt genes are central regulators of skeletogenesis. Runx2 was shown to be essential for osteoblast differentiation, tooth development, and bone formation. Both Runx2 and Runx3 are essential for chondrocyte maturation. Furthermore, Runx2 directly regulates Indian hedgehog expression, a master coordinator of skeletal development. To clarify the correlation of Runt gene evolution and the emergence of cartilage and bone in vertebrates, we cloned the Runt genes from hagfish as representative of jawless fish (MgRunxA, MgRunxB) and from dogfish as representative of jawed cartilaginous fish (ScRunx1-3). According to our phylogenetic reconstruction the stem species of chordates harboured a single Runt gene and thereafter Runt locus duplications occurred during early vertebrate evolution. All newly isolated Runt genes were expressed in cartilage according to quantitative PCR. In situ hybridisation confirmed high MgRunxA expression in hard cartilage of hagfish. In dogfish ScRunx2 and ScRunx3 were expressed in embryonal cartilage whereas all three Runt genes were detected in teeth and placoid scales. In cephalochordates (lancelets) Runt, Hedgehog and SoxE were strongly expressed in the gill bars and expression of Runt and Hedgehog was found in endo- as well as ectodermal cells. Furthermore we demonstrate that the lancelet Runt protein binds to Runt binding sites in the lancelet Hedgehog promoter and regulates its activity. Together, these results suggest that Runt and Hedgehog were part of a core gene network for cartilage formation, which was already active in the gill bars of the common ancestor of cephalochordates and vertebrates and diversified after Runt duplications had occurred during vertebrate evolution. The similarities in expression patterns of Runt genes support the view that teeth and placoid scales evolved from a homologous developmental module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Hecht
- BCRT, Universitätsmedizin Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wiecha
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Asita Stiege
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Department of Animal Systematics and Evolution, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Dieterich
- MPI for Developmental Biology Department 4 - Evolutionary Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Julia Suvorova
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- BCRT, Universitätsmedizin Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkhard Seitz
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ng CEL, Osato M, Tay BH, Venkatesh B, Ito Y. cDNA cloning of Runx family genes from the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes). Gene 2007; 399:162-73. [PMID: 17604919 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Runx family genes are involved in hematopoiesis, osteogenesis and neuropoiesis, and mutations in these genes have been frequently associated with human hereditary diseases and cancers. Here we report the cDNA cloning of the full Runx gene family of the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes), which comprises frRunx1, frRunx2, frRunx3, frRunt and frCbfb. Fugu is evolutionarily distant from mammals, thus the annotation of the frRunx family genes greatly facilitates comparative genomics approaches. Protein sequence comparison revealed that the fugu genes show high conservation in the Runt domain and PY and VWRPY motifs. frRunx1 had an extra stretch of eight histidine residues, while frRunx2 lacked the poly-glutamine/-alanine stretch that is a hallmark of the mammalian Runx2 genes. Analysis of the promoter regions revealed high conservation of the binding sites for transcription factors, including Runx sites in the P1 promoters. Abundant CpG dinucleotides in the P2 promoter regions were also detected. The expression patterns of the frRunx family genes in various tissues showed high similarity to those of the mammalian Runx genes. The genomic structures of the fugu and mammalian Runx genes are largely conserved except for a split exon 2 in frRunx1 and an extra exon in the C-terminal region of frRunx3 that is missing in mammalian Runx3 genes. The similarities and differences between the Runx family genes of fugu and mammals will improve our understanding of the functions of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry Ee Lin Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
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Toyosawa S, Yuki M, Kishino M, Ogawa Y, Ueda T, Murakami S, Konishi E, Iida S, Kogo M, Komori T, Tomita Y. Ossifying fibroma vs fibrous dysplasia of the jaw: molecular and immunological characterization. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:389-96. [PMID: 17334331 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ossifying fibroma and fibrous dysplasia of the jaw are maxillofacial fibro-osseous lesions that should be distinguished each other by a pathologist because they show distinct patterns of disease progression. However, both lesions often show similar histological and radiological features, making distinction between the two a diagnostic dilemma. In this study, we performed immunological and molecular analyses of five ossifying fibromas, four cases of extragnathic fibrous dysplasia, and five cases of gnathic fibrous dysplasia with typical histological and radiographic features. First, we examined the difference between fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma in the expression of Runx2 (which determined osteogenic differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells) and other osteogenic markers. Fibroblastic cells in fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma showed strong Runx2 expression in the nucleus. The bone matrices of both lesions showed similar expression patterns for all markers tested except for osteocalcin. Immunoreactivity for osteocalcin was strong throughout calcified regions in fibrous dysplasia, but weak in ossifying fibroma lesions. Second, we performed PCR analysis with peptide nucleic acid (PNA) for mutations at the Arg(201) codon of the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein gene (GNAS), which has reported to be a marker for extragnathic fibrous dysplasia. All nine cases of extragnathic or gnathic fibrous dysplasia were positive for this mutation. On the other hand, none of the five cases of ossifying fibroma showed the mutation. These findings indicate that although fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma are similar disease entities, especially in the demonstration of the osteogenic lineage in stromal fibroblast-like cells, they show distinct differences that can be revealed by immunohistochemical detection of osteocalcin expression. Furthermore, PCR analysis with PNA for GNAS mutations at the Arg(201) codon is a useful method to differentiate between fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Suad O, Eyal E, Blumenzweig I, Kessler N, Levanon D, Groner Y, Shakked Z. RUN-CBFβ Interaction inC. elegans: Computational Prediction and Experimental Verification. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2007; 24:343-58. [PMID: 17206850 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2007.10507124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Runt domain proteins are eukaryotic transcription factors that regulate major developmental pathways. All members of this family contain a highly-conserved sequence-specific DNA binding domain: the Runt domain (RD). Structural and biochemical studies have shown that the Runt domain undergoes a conformational transition upon binding to DNA and that this process is regulated by an unrelated partner protein CBFbeta that enhances the DNA binding affinity of RD. Most of the reported studies on the Runt domain transcription factors were performed on proteins from mammals and Drosophila whereas very little has been known about the C. elegans RD protein, RUN, which provides the simplest model system for understanding the function of this class of transcription factors. We performed computational studies on RD domains from various species including C. elegans, Drosophila, and human, using the atom-atom contact surface area scoring method. The scoring analysis indicates that the DNA binding regulation of the C. elegans RD protein (CeRD) occurs via its interaction with a CBFbeta-like partner, as found for the human proteins, whereas a different mode of regulation may occur in the Drosophila system. Sequence, secondary structure and fold analyses of a putative CBFbeta protein identified in the C. elegans genome, CeCBFbeta, sharing a 22% identity with the human protein, predict a similar structure of this protein to that of the human CBFbeta protein. We produced the C. elegans proteins CeRD and CeCBFbeta in bacteria and confirmed their physical interaction as well as cross interactions with the corresponding human proteins. We also confirmed the structural similarity of CBFbeta and CeCBFbeta by circular dichroism analysis. The combined results suggest that a similar mechanism of regulation operates for the human and the C. elegans RD proteins despite the low sequence identity between their CBFbeta proteins and the evolutionary distance between the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Suad
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Zhao HB, Hu M, Liang HS. [Experimental study on osteoking in promoting gene expression of core binding factor alpha 1 in necrotic femoral head of rabbits]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2006; 26:1003-6. [PMID: 17186731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Osteoking in promoting gene expression of core binding factor alpha 1 (cbfalpha 1) in necrotic femoral head of rabbits. METHODS Rabbit model of femoral head necrosis (FHN) was induced by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10 microg/kg body weight twice with an interval of 24 h and intramuscular injection with methyl prednisone (MPS) 20 mg/kg body weight 3 times. The dynamic changes of cbfalpha 1 gene expression in the femoral head were observed with immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The protein expression of cbfa 1 gene was negative in both model and treatment groups at the 4th week, it turned to weakly positive in the treatment group at the 8th and 12th week but still negative in the model group. The mRNA expression of cbfalpha 1 in the treatment group was 2.87 times that in the model group at the 12th week. There was no significant difference in cbfalpha 1 expression between the normal rabbits with or without Osteoking treatment. CONCLUSION Osteoking could promote the endogenous cbfalpha 1 expression in the FHN, the effect is better along with the prolonging of the time applied. But it showed no affection on cbfalpha 1 expression in the normal femoral head of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-bin Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming.
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Li Z, Lukasik SM, Liu Y, Grembecka J, Bielnicka I, Bushweller JH, Speck NA. A mutation in the S-switch region of the Runt domain alters the dynamics of an allosteric network responsible for CBFbeta regulation. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:1073-83. [PMID: 17059830 PMCID: PMC1783549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Runt domain is the DNA binding domain of the core binding factor (CBF) Runx subunits. The CBFs are transcription factors that play critical roles in hematopoiesis, bone, and neuron development in mammals. A common non-DNA binding CBFbeta subunit heterodimerizes with the Runt domain of the Runx proteins and allosterically regulates its affinity for DNA. Previous NMR dynamics studies suggested a model whereby CBFbeta allosterically regulates DNA binding by quenching conformational exchange in the Runt domain, particularly in the S-switch region and the betaE'-F loop. We sought to test this model, and to this end introduced all possible single amino acid substitutions into the S-switch region and the betaE'-F loop, and screened for mutations that enhanced DNA-binding. We demonstrate that one Runt domain mutant, R164N, binds both DNA and CBFbeta with higher affinity, but it is less sensitive to allosteric regulation by CBFbeta. Analysis of NMR relaxation data shows that the chemical exchange exhibited by the wild-type Runt domain is largely quenched by the R164N substitution. These data support a model in which the dynamic behavior of a network of residues connecting the CBFbeta and DNA binding sites on the Runt domain plays a critical role in the mechanism of allosteric regulation. This study provides an important functional link between dynamic behavior and protein allosteric function, consistent with results on other allosterically regulated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover,
New Hampshire 03755
| | - Steven M. Lukasik
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22906-0011
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22906-0011
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22906-0011
| | - Izabela Bielnicka
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22906-0011
| | - John H. Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22906-0011
- Corresponding authors: Nancy A. Speck, Phone:
603-650-1159, Fax: 603-650-1128, , John
H. Bushweller, Phone: 434-243-6409, Fax: 434-982-1616,
| | - Nancy A. Speck
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover,
New Hampshire 03755
- Corresponding authors: Nancy A. Speck, Phone:
603-650-1159, Fax: 603-650-1128, , John
H. Bushweller, Phone: 434-243-6409, Fax: 434-982-1616,
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David-Fung ES, Yui MA, Morales M, Wang H, Taghon T, Diamond RA, Rothenberg EV. Progression of regulatory gene expression states in fetal and adult pro-T-cell development. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:212-36. [PMID: 16448545 PMCID: PMC4157939 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Precursors entering the T-cell developmental pathway traverse a progression of states characterized by distinctive patterns of gene expression. Of particular interest are regulatory genes, which ultimately control the dwell time of cells in each state and establish the mechanisms that propel them forward to subsequent states. Under particular genetic and developmental circumstances, the transitions between these states occur with different timing, and environmental feedbacks may shift the steady-state accumulations of cells in each state. The fetal transit through pro-T-cell stages is faster than in the adult and subject to somewhat different genetic requirements. To explore causes of such variation, this review presents previously unpublished data on differentiation gene activation in pro-T cells of pre-T-cell receptor-deficient mutant mice and a quantitative comparison of the profiles of transcription factor gene expression in pro-T-cell subsets of fetal and adult wildtype mice. Against a background of consistent gene expression, several regulatory genes show marked differences between fetal and adult expression profiles, including those encoding two basic helix-loop-helix antagonist Id factors, the Ets family factor SpiB and the Notch target gene Deltex1. The results also reveal global differences in regulatory alterations triggered by the first T-cell receptor-dependent selection events in fetal and adult thymopoiesis.
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Miyagawa K, Sakakura C, Nakashima S, Yoshikawa T, Kin S, Nakase Y, Ito K, Yamagishi H, Ida H, Yazumi S, Chiba T, Ito Y, Hagiwara A. Down-regulation of RUNX1, RUNX3 and CBFbeta in hepatocellular carcinomas in an early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. Anticancer Res 2006; 26:3633-43. [PMID: 17094378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies suggested that deficient function of RUNX3 protein is causally related to development and progression of human gastric cancer. RUNX3 is mapped to 1p36, which is frequently deleted in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), therefore, these tumors were investigated for expression and copy number changes of RUNX3 and other Runt-related genes, RUNX1, RUNX2, and their co-factor CBFP. Similarly nearby uninvolved liver showing cirrhosis or normal histology was investigated in conjunction with various clinicopathological factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Copy number change and expression change of RUNX family genes in 35 hepatocellular carcinoma specimens and adjoining liver with cirrhosis (LC) or normal histology were estimated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Physiology of Digestive System, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kawaramachi-dori, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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