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Gao L, Zhang W, Shi XH, Chang X, Han Y, Liu C, Jiang Z, Yang X. The mechanism of linear ubiquitination in regulating cell death and correlative diseases. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:659. [PMID: 37813853 PMCID: PMC10562472 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Linear ubiquitination is a specific post-translational modification in which ubiquitin is linked through M1 residue to form multiple types of polyubiquitin chains on substrates in order to regulate cellular processes. LUBAC comprised by HOIP, HOIL-1L, and SHARPIN as a sole E3 ligase catalyzes the generation of linear ubiquitin chains, and it is simultaneously adjusted by deubiquitinases such as OTULIN and CYLD. Several studies have shown that gene mutation of linear ubiquitination in mice accompanied by different modalities of cell death would develop relative diseases. Cell death is a fundamental physiological process and responsible for embryonic development, organ maintenance, and immunity response. Therefore, it is worth speculating that linear ubiquitin mediated signaling pathway would participate in different diseases. The relative literature search was done from core collection of electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar using keywords about main regulators of linear ubiquitination pathway. Here, we summarize the regulatory mechanism of linear ubiquitination on cellular signaling pathway in cells with apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Intervening generation of linear ubiquitin chains in relative signaling pathway to regulate cell death might provide novel therapeutic insights for various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Gao
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hui Shi
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Han
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Chundi Liu
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Jiang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xiang Yang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China.
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2
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González-Casacuberta I, Juárez-Flores DL, Ezquerra M, Fucho R, Catalán-García M, Guitart-Mampel M, Tobías E, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC, Tolosa E, Martí MJ, Grau JM, Fernández-Santiago R, Cardellach F, Morén C, Garrabou G. Mitochondrial and autophagic alterations in skin fibroblasts from Parkinson disease patients with Parkin mutations. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3750-3767. [PMID: 31180333 PMCID: PMC6594812 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PRKN encodes an E3-ubiquitin-ligase involved in multiple cell processes including mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy. Previous studies reported alterations of mitochondrial function in fibroblasts from patients with PRKN mutation-associated Parkinson’s disease (PRKN-PD) but have been only conducted in glycolytic conditions, potentially masking mitochondrial alterations. Additionally, autophagy flux studies in this cell model are missing. We analyzed mitochondrial function and autophagy in PRKN-PD skin-fibroblasts (n=7) and controls (n=13) in standard (glucose) and mitochondrial-challenging (galactose) conditions. In glucose, PRKN-PD fibroblasts showed preserved mitochondrial bioenergetics with trends to abnormally enhanced mitochondrial respiration that, accompanied by decreased CI, may account for the increased oxidative stress. In galactose, PRKN-PD fibroblasts exhibited decreased basal/maximal respiration vs. controls and reduced mitochondrial CIV and oxidative stress compared to glucose, suggesting an inefficient mitochondrial oxidative capacity to meet an extra metabolic requirement. PRKN-PD fibroblasts presented decreased autophagic flux with reduction of autophagy substrate and autophagosome synthesis in both conditions. The alterations exhibited under neuron-like oxidative environment (galactose), may be relevant to the disease pathogenesis potentially explaining the increased susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to undergo degeneration. Abnormal PRKN-PD phenotype supports the usefulness of fibroblasts to model disease and the view of PD as a systemic disease where molecular alterations are present in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid González-Casacuberta
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Diana-Luz Juárez-Flores
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IDIBAPS, UB, Department of Neurology, HCB, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Raquel Fucho
- Cell Death and Proliferation, IDIBAPS, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, HCB, IDIBAPS and CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Catalán-García
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ester Tobías
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation, IDIBAPS, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, HCB, IDIBAPS and CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,USC Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - José Carlos Fernández-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, IDIBAPS, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, HCB, IDIBAPS and CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,USC Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Eduard Tolosa
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IDIBAPS, UB, Department of Neurology, HCB, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - María-José Martí
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IDIBAPS, UB, Department of Neurology, HCB, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Grau
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IDIBAPS, UB, Department of Neurology, HCB, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
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3
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González-Casacuberta I, Morén C, Juárez-Flores DL, Esteve-Codina A, Sierra C, Catalán-García M, Guitart-Mampel M, Tobías E, Milisenda JC, Pont-Sunyer C, Martí MJ, Cardellach F, Tolosa E, Artuch R, Ezquerra M, Fernández-Santiago R, Garrabou G. Transcriptional alterations in skin fibroblasts from Parkinson's disease patients with parkin mutations. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 65:206-216. [PMID: 29501959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene (PRKN) are the most common cause of autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease (PD). PRKN encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in multiple regulatory functions including proteasomal-mediated protein turnover, mitochondrial function, mitophagy, and cell survival. However, the precise molecular events mediated by PRKN mutations in PRKN-associated PD (PRKN-PD) remain unknown. To elucidate the cellular impact of parkin mutations, we performed an RNA sequencing study in skin fibroblasts from PRKN-PD patients carrying different PRKN mutations (n = 4) and genetically unrelated healthy subjects (n = 4). We identified 343 differentially expressed genes in PRKN-PD fibroblasts. Gene ontology and canonical pathway analysis revealed enrichment of differentially expressed genes in processes such as cell adhesion, cell growth, and amino acid and folate metabolism among others. Our findings indicate that PRKN mutations are associated with large global gene expression changes as observed in fibroblasts from PRKN-PD patients and support the view of PD as a systemic disease affecting also non-neural peripheral tissues such as the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid González-Casacuberta
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana-Luz Juárez-Flores
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sierra
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Catalán-García
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Tobías
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José César Milisenda
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claustre Pont-Sunyer
- Laboratory of Parkison Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders: Clinical and Experimental Research-CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UB, Department of Neurology-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Martí
- Laboratory of Parkison Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders: Clinical and Experimental Research-CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UB, Department of Neurology-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Tolosa
- Laboratory of Parkison Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders: Clinical and Experimental Research-CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UB, Department of Neurology-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Laboratory of Parkison Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders: Clinical and Experimental Research-CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UB, Department of Neurology-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Laboratory of Parkison Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders: Clinical and Experimental Research-CELLEX, IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UB, Department of Neurology-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function-CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Department of Internal Medicine-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Brennan L, Khoury J, Kantorow M. Parkin elimination of mitochondria is important for maintenance of lens epithelial cell ROS levels and survival upon oxidative stress exposure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:21-32. [PMID: 27702626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cataract is associated with oxidative stress and death of lens epithelial cells (LECs) whose survival is dependent on functional mitochondrial populations. Oxidative stress-induced depolarization/damage of LEC mitochondria results in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cell death suggesting the need for a LEC mechanism to remove mitochondria depolarized/damaged upon oxidative stress exposure to prevent ROS release and LEC death. To date, a mechanism(s) for removal of depolarized/damaged LEC mitochondria has yet to be identified and the importance of eliminating oxidative stress-damaged mitochondria to prevent LEC ROS release and death has not been established. Here, we demonstrate that Parkin levels increase in LECs exposed to H2O2-oxidative stress. We establish that Parkin translocates to LEC mitochondria depolarized upon oxidative stress exposure and that Parkin recruits p62/SQSTM1 to depolarized LEC mitochondria. We demonstrate that translocation of Parkin results in the elimination of depolarized/damaged mitochondria and that Parkin clearance of LEC mitochondria is dependent on its ubiquitin ligase activity. Importantly, we demonstrate that Parkin elimination of damaged LEC mitochondria results in reduced ROS levels and increased survival upon oxidative stress exposure. These results establish that Parkin functions to eliminate LEC mitochondria depolarized/damaged upon oxidative stress exposure and that elimination of damaged mitochondria by Parkin is important for LEC homeostasis and survival. The data also suggest that mitochondrial quality control by Parkin could play a role in lens transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Brennan
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Josef Khoury
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Marc Kantorow
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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Wu L, Maimaitirexiati X, Jiang Y, Liu L. Parkin Regulates Mitochondrial Autophagy After Myocardial Infarction in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1553-9. [PMID: 27155891 PMCID: PMC4920096 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the role of Parkin in the regulation of mitochondrial autophagy in the heart by assessing mitochondrial autophagy and changes in Parkin protein expression in rat myocardium after myocardial infarction (MI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control, sham, and MI. Four weeks after induction of MI, ultrasonic examination of the rats was performed to measure left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular fractional shortening (FS), and left ventricular diastolic/systolic volume. Rat myocardium was collected from each group and examined for changes in morphology, size, and amount of mitochondria and autophagosomes by transmission electronic microscopy. A Western blot was performed to analyze the levels of Parkin and the autophagy-related protein LC3. RESULTS Four weeks after MI, cardiac function of the MI rats was impaired compared with the control rats. Both LVESD and LVEDD were elevated in the MI rats (p<0.05) while EF was decreased, indicating that the MI model was constructed successfully. After MI, increased numbers of mitochondria and autophagosomes were observed in the myocardium (p<0.05), and the mitochondrial morphology was destroyed. Chloroquine (CQ) treatment increased the number of autophagosomes in the myocardium of the control rats (p<0.05) but not in MI rats (p>0.05). In addition, the levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3II/LC3I were elevated in the myocardium after MI (p<0.05) and the activity of Parkin was significantly reduced (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Under conditions of chronic MI, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of autophagosomal clearance are associated with Parkin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiemuziya Maimaitirexiati
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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