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Qu Y, Wang S, Jiang H, Wang Q, Liao Y, Qiu X, Tan L, Song C, Ding C, Sun Y, Yang Z. The Ca 2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin dephosphorylates TBK1 to suppress antiviral innate immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0001624. [PMID: 38563732 PMCID: PMC11092360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00016-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family member-associated NF-κB activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) plays a key role in the induction of the type 1 interferon (IFN-I) response, which is an important component of innate antiviral defense. Viruses target calcium (Ca2+) signaling networks, which participate in the regulation of the viral life cycle, as well as mediate the host antiviral response. Although many studies have focused on the role of Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of IFN-I, the relationship between Ca2+ and TBK1 in different infection models requires further elucidation. Here, we examined the effects of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels on the suppression of host antiviral responses. We demonstrated that intracellular Ca2+ increased significantly during NDV infection, leading to impaired IFN-I production and antiviral immunity through the activation of calcineurin (CaN). Depletion of Ca²+ was found to lead to a significant increase in virus-induced IFN-I production resulting in the inhibition of viral replication. Mechanistically, the accumulation of Ca2+ in response to viral infection increases the phosphatase activity of CaN, which in turn dephosphorylates and inactivates TBK1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibition of CaN on viral replication was counteracted in TBK1 knockout cells. Together, our data demonstrate that NDV hijacks Ca2+ signaling networks to negatively regulate innate immunity via the CaN-TBK1 signaling axis. Thus, our findings not only identify the mechanism by which viruses exploit Ca2+ signaling to evade the host antiviral response but also, more importantly, highlight the potential role of Ca2+ homeostasis in the viral innate immune response.IMPORTANCEViral infections disrupt intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, which affects the regulation of various host processes to create conditions that are conducive for their own proliferation, including the host immune response. The mechanism by which viruses trigger TBK1 activation and IFN-I induction through viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns has been well defined. However, the effects of virus-mediated Ca2+ imbalance on the IFN-I pathway requires further elucidation, especially with respect to TBK1 activation. Herein, we report that NDV infection causes an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ that leads to activation of the serine/threonine phosphatase CaN, which subsequently dephosphorylates TBK1 and negatively regulates IFN-I production. Furthermore, depletion of Ca2+ or inhibition of CaN activity exerts antiviral effects by promoting the production of IFN-I and inhibiting viral replication. Thus, our results reveal the potential role of Ca2+ in the innate immune response to viruses and provide a theoretical reference for the treatment of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyi Wang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Zhang R, Yang W, Zhu H, Zhai J, Xue M, Zheng C. NLRC4 promotes the cGAS-STING signaling pathway by facilitating CBL-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29013. [PMID: 37537877 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is crucial in producing type Ⅰ interferons (IFN-Ⅰ) that play critical functions in antiviral innate immunity. The tight regulation of TBK1, especially its activation, is very important. Here we identify NLRC4 as a positive regulator of TBK1. Ectopic expression of NLRC4 facilitates the activation of the IFN-β promoter, the mRNA levels of IFN-β, ISG54, and ISG56, and the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 induced by cGAS and STING. Consistently, under herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection, knockdown or knockout of NLRC4 in BJ cells and primary peritoneal macrophages from Nlrc4-deficient (Nlrc4-/- ) mice show attenuated Ifn-β, Isg54, and Isg56 mRNA transcription, TBK1 phosphorylation, and augmented viral replications. Moreover, Nlrc4-/- mice show higher mortality upon HSV-1 infection. Mechanistically, NLRC4 facilitates the interaction between TBK1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL to enhance the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1. Our study elucidates a previously uncharacterized function for NLRC4 in upregulating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- Neonatal/Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Karhausen J, Ulloa L, Yang W. SUMOylation Connects Cell Stress Responses and Inflammatory Control: Lessons From the Gut as a Model Organ. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646633. [PMID: 33679811 PMCID: PMC7933481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) constitutes a key post-translational modification regulating the stability, activity, and subcellular localization of its target proteins. However, the vast numbers of identified SUMO substrates obscure a clear view on the function of SUMOylation in health and disease. This article presents a comprehensive review on the physiological relevance of SUMOylation by discussing how global SUMOylation levels—rather than specific protein SUMOylation—shapes the immune response. In particular, we highlight the growing body of work on SUMOylation in intestinal pathologies, because of the unique metabolic, infectious, and inflammatory challenges of this organ. Recent studies show that global SUMOylation can help restrain detrimental inflammation while maintaining immune defenses and tissue integrity. These results warrant further efforts to develop new therapeutic tools and strategies to control SUMOylation in infectious and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Karhausen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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4
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Feng C, Zhang Y, Li J, Liu J, Wu H, Xiao J, Feng H. Molecular cloning and characterization of TANK of black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:113-120. [PMID: 30017926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) is linked to the regulation of the transcription of NF-κB in mammals; however, its role in interferon induction is unclear. To elucidate the roles of TANK in teleost, the TANK homologue of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized in this paper. The open reading frame (ORF) of black carp TANK (bcTANK) comprises 1050 nucleotides and the predicted bcTANK protein contains 350 amino acids. The transcription of bcTANK in host cells increased in response to the stimulation of LPS, poly (I:C), SVCV and GCRV. bcTANK migrated around 50 KDa in immunoblot assay and was identified as a cytosolic protein by immunofluorescent staining in both EPC and HeLa cells. bcTANK could not induce the activity of IFN promoter in luciferase reporter assay in EPC cells; however, the IFN-activation ability of bcTANK was obviously enhanced when the cells were treated with LPS, poly (I:C) or virus. Both CPE ratio and virus titer in the media of EPC cells expressing bcTANK were obviously lower than those of the control cells, which were examined by violet crystal staining and plaque assay separately. Taken together, our data support the conclusion that bcTANK plays an important role in the antiviral innate immune activation of black carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yinyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Bruges G, Crespo G, Salazar V, Deglesne PA, Schneider H, Cabrera-Fuentes H, Schmitz ML, Preissner K, Lopéz M. Thrombin selectively induces transcription of genes in human monocytes involved in inflammation and wound healing. Thromb Haemost 2017; 112:992-1001. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-01-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThrombin is essential for blood coagulation but functions also as a mediator of cellular signalling. Gene expression microarray experiments in human monocytes revealed thrombin-induced upregulation of a limited subset of genes, which are almost exclusively involved in inflammation and wound healing. Among these, the expression of F3 gene encoding for tissue factor (TF) was enhanced indicating that this physiological initiator of coagulation cascade may create a feed-forward loop to enhance blood coagulation. Activation of protease-activated receptor type 1 (PAR1) was shown to play a main role in promoting TF expression. Moreover, thrombin induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, an event that is required for expression of thrombin-regulated genes. Thrombin also increased the expression of TF at the protein level in monocytes as evidenced by Western blot and immunostaining. Furthermore, FXa generation induced by thrombin-stimulated monocytes was abolished by a TF blocking antibody and therefore it is entirely attributable to the expression of tissue factor. This cellular activity of thrombin provides a new molecular link between coagulation, inflammation and wound healing.
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6
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Rodriguez-Gil A, Ritter O, Hornung J, Stekman H, Krüger M, Braun T, Kremmer E, Kracht M, Schmitz ML. HIPK family kinases bind and regulate the function of the CCR4-NOT complex. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1969-80. [PMID: 27122605 PMCID: PMC4907730 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of the HIPK interactor CNOT2 leads to reduced HIPK2 protein levels, identifying the CCR4-NOT complex as a new regulator of HIPK2 abundance. Functional assays reveal that HIPK2 and HIPK1 restrict CNOT2-dependent mRNA decay, thus extending the regulatory potential of these kinases to the level of posttranscriptional gene regulation. The serine/threonine kinase HIPK2 functions as a regulator of developmental processes and as a signal integrator of a wide variety of stress signals, such as DNA damage, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen intermediates. Because the kinase is generated in a constitutively active form, its expression levels are restricted by a variety of different mechanisms. Here we identify the CCR4-NOT complex as a new regulator of HIPK2 abundance. Down-regulation or knockout of the CCR4-NOT complex member CNOT2 leads to reduced HIPK2 protein levels without affecting the expression level of HIPK1 or HIPK3. A fraction of all HIPK family members associates with the CCR4-NOT components CNOT2 and CNOT3. HIPKs also phosphorylate the CCR4-NOT complex, a feature that is shared with their yeast progenitor kinase, YAK1. Functional assays reveal that HIPK2 and HIPK1 restrict CNOT2-dependent mRNA decay. HIPKs are well known regulators of transcription, but the mutual regulation between CCR4-NOT and HIPKs extends the regulatory potential of these kinases by enabling posttranscriptional gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rodriguez-Gil
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Olesja Ritter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Juliane Hornung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hilda Stekman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-81377 Munich; Germany
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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7
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SUMO modification of TBK1 at the adaptor-binding C-terminal coiled-coil domain contributes to its antiviral activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:136-43. [PMID: 25409927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The non-canonical IKK kinase TBK1 serves as an important signal transmitter of the antiviral interferon response, but is also involved in the regulation of further processes such as autophagy. The activity of TBK1 is regulated by posttranslational modifications comprising phosphorylation and ubiquitination. This study identifies SUMOylation as a novel posttranslational TBK1 modification. TBK1 kinase activity is required to allow the attachment of SUMO1 or SUMO2/3 proteins. Since TBK1 does not bind to the E2 enzyme Ubc9, this modification most likely proceeds via trans-SUMOylation. Mass spectrometry allowed identifying K694 as the SUMO acceptor site, a residue located in the C-terminal coiled-coil domain which is exclusively responsible for the association with the adaptor proteins NAP1, Sintbad and TANK. SUMO modification at K694 contributes to the antiviral function of TBK1 and accordingly the viral protein Gam1 antagonizes this posttranslational modification.
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8
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Geerts CJ, Jacobsen L, van de Bospoort R, Verhage M, Groffen AJA. Tomosyn interacts with the SUMO E3 ligase PIASγ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91697. [PMID: 24614299 PMCID: PMC3948876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification by Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) entities is involved in a number of neuronal functions, including synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Tomosyn-1 (syntaxin-binding protein 5; STXPB5) binds to t-SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptor) proteins to regulate neurotransmission and is one of the few neuronal SUMO substrate proteins identified. Here we used yeast two-hybrid screening to show that tomosyn-1 interacts with the SUMO E3 ligase PIASγ (Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT; PIAS4 or ZMIZ6). This novel interaction involved the C-terminus of tomosyn-1 and the N-terminus of PIASγ. It was confirmed by two-way immunoprecipitation experiments using the full-length proteins expressed in HEK293T cells. Tomosyn-1 was preferentially modified by the SUMO-2/3 isoform. PIASγ-dependent modification of tomosyn-1 with SUMO-2/3 presents a novel mechanism to adapt secretory strength to the dynamic synaptic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia J. Geerts
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Jacobsen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rhea van de Bospoort
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander J. A. Groffen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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9
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The cytokine-induced conformational switch of nuclear factor κB p65 is mediated by p65 phosphorylation. Biochem J 2014; 457:401-13. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65 results in conformational changes of the protein.
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10
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Stellzig J, Chariot A, Shostak K, Ismail Göktuna S, Renner F, Acker T, Pagenstecher A, Schmitz ML. Deregulated expression of TANK in glioblastomas triggers pro-tumorigenic ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e79. [PMID: 24217713 PMCID: PMC3849693 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transmission by the noncanonical IkappaB kinases (IKKs), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKɛ, requires interaction with adapter proteins such as TRAF associated NF-κB activator (TANK). Although increased expression or dysregulation of both kinases has been described for a variety of human cancers, this study shows that deregulated expression of the TANK protein is frequently occurring in glioblastomas (GBMs). The functional relevance of TANK was analyzed in a panel of GBM-derived cell lines and revealed that knockdown of TANK arrests cells in the S-phase and prohibits tumor cell migration. Deregulated TANK expression affects several signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and the inflammatory response. Interference with stoichiometrically assembled signaling complexes by overexpression or silencing of TANK prevented constitutive interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation. Knockdown of TANK frequently prevents constitutive activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). TANK-mediated ERK1/2 activation is independent from the canonical MAP kinase or ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2-mediated pathway and utilizes an alternative pathway that uses a TBK1/IKKɛ/Akt signaling axis, thus identifying a novel pathway suitable to block constitutive ERK1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stellzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstraße 24, Gießen, Germany
| | - A Chariot
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
- WELBIO, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - K Shostak
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - S Ismail Göktuna
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - F Renner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstraße 24, Gießen, Germany
| | - T Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, Gießen, Germany
| | - A Pagenstecher
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg, Germany
| | - M L Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstraße 24, Gießen, Germany
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11
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Negative regulation of TLR inflammatory signaling by the SUMO-deconjugating enzyme SENP6. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003480. [PMID: 23825957 PMCID: PMC3694847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces host defense against microbial invasion. Protein posttranslational modifications dynamically shape the strength and duration of the signaling pathways. It is intriguing to explore whether de-SUMOylation could modulate the TLR signaling. Here we identified SUMO-specific protease 6 (SENP6) as an intrinsic attenuator of the TLR-triggered inflammation. Depletion of SENP6 significantly potentiated the NF-κB-mediated induction of the proinflammatory genes. Consistently, SENP6-knockdown mice were more susceptible to endotoxin-induced sepsis. Mechanistically, the small ubiquitin-like modifier 2/3 (SUMO-2/3) is conjugated onto the Lysine residue 277 of NF-κB essential modifier (NEMO/IKKγ), and this impairs the deubiquitinase CYLD to bind NEMO, thus strengthening the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) activation. SENP6 reverses this process by catalyzing the de-SUMOylation of NEMO. Our study highlights the essential function of the SENP family in dampening TLR signaling and inflammation.
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12
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de la Vega L, Hornung J, Kremmer E, Milanovic M, Schmitz ML. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2-dependent repression of myogenic differentiation is relieved by its caspase-mediated cleavage. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:5731-45. [PMID: 23620283 PMCID: PMC3675480 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of skeletal muscle cells is accompanied by drastic changes in gene expression programs that depend on activation and repression of genes at defined time points. Here we identify the serine/threonine kinase homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) as a corepressor that inhibits myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-dependent gene expression in undifferentiated myoblasts. Downregulation of HIPK2 expression by shRNAs results in elevated expression of muscle-specific genes, whereas overexpression of the kinase dampens transcription of these genes. HIPK2 is constitutively associated with a multi-protein complex containing histone deacetylase (HDAC)3 and HDAC4 that serves to silence MEF2C-dependent transcription in undifferentiated myoblasts. HIPK2 interferes with gene expression on phosphorylation and HDAC3-dependent deacetylation of MEF2C. Ongoing muscle differentiation is accompanied by elevated caspase activity, which results in caspase-mediated cleavage of HIPK2 following aspartic acids 916 and 977 and the generation of a C-terminally truncated HIPK2 protein. The short form of the kinase loses its affinity to the repressive multi-protein complex and its ability to bind HDAC3 and HDAC4, thus alleviating its repressive function for expression of muscle genes. This study identifies HIPK2 as a further protein that determines the threshold and kinetics of gene expression in proliferating myoblasts and during the initial steps of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureano de la Vega
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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13
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He X, Jia H, Jing Z, Liu D. Recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acids by endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:241-58. [PMID: 23369718 PMCID: PMC7109797 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreign nucleic acids, the essential signature molecules of invading pathogens that act as danger signals for host cells, are detected by endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13. These TLRs have evolved to recognize ‘non-self’ nucleic acids within endosomal compartments and rapidly initiate innate immune responses to ensure host protection through induction of type I interferons, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and co-stimulatory molecules and maturation of immune cells. In this review, we highlight our understanding of the recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acids and activation of corresponding signaling pathways through endosomal nucleic acid-sensing TLRs 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13 for an enormous diversity of pathogens, with particular emphasis on their compartmentalization, intracellular trafficking, proteolytic cleavage, autophagy, and regulatory programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Correspondence address. Tel: +86-931-8341979; Fax: +86-931-8340977; E-mail: (Z.J.)/ (D.L.)
| | - Dingxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
- Correspondence address. Tel: +86-931-8341979; Fax: +86-931-8340977; E-mail: (Z.J.)/ (D.L.)
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Grishina I, Debus K, García-Limones C, Schneider C, Shresta A, García C, Calzado MA, Schmitz ML. SIAH-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of acetyl-transferases regulate the p53 response and protein acetylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:2287-96. [PMID: 23044042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins by lysine acetylation regulates many biological processes ranging from signal transduction to chromatin compaction. Here we identify the acetyl-transferases CBP/p300, Tip60 and PCAF as new substrates for the ubiquitin E3 ligases SIAH1 and SIAH2. While CBP/p300 can undergo ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation by SIAH1 and SIAH2, the two other acetyl-transferases are exclusively degraded by SIAH2. Accordingly, SIAH-deficient cells show enhanced protein acetylation, thus revealing SIAH proteins as indirect regulators of the cellular acetylation status. Functional experiments show that Tip60/PCAF-mediated acetylation of the tumor suppressor p53 is antagonized by the p53 target gene SIAH2 which mediates ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of both acetyl-transferases and consequently diminishes p53 acetylation and transcriptional activity. The p53 kinase HIPK2 mediates hierarchical phosphorylation of SIAH2 at 5 sites, which further boosts its activity as a ubiquitin E3 ligase for several substrates and therefore dampens the late p53 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Grishina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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15
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Saul VV, de la Vega L, Milanovic M, Krüger M, Braun T, Fritz-Wolf K, Becker K, Schmitz ML. HIPK2 kinase activity depends on cis-autophosphorylation of its activation loop. J Mol Cell Biol 2012; 5:27-38. [PMID: 23000554 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjs053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multitude of mechanisms regulating the activity of protein kinases includes phosphorylation of amino acids contained in the activation loop. Here we show that the serine/threonine kinase HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2) is heavily modified by autophosphorylation, which occurs by cis-autophosphorylation at the activation loop and by trans-autophosphorylation at other phosphorylation sites. Cis-autophosphorylation of HIPK2 at Y354 and S357 in the activation loop is essential for its kinase function and the binding to substrates and the interaction partner Pin1. HIPK2 activation loop phosphorylation is also required for its biological activity as a regulator of gene expression and cell proliferation. Phosphorylation of HIPK2 at Y354 alone is not sufficient for full HIPK2 activity, which is in marked contrast to some dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylated and regulated kinases where tyrosine phosphorylation is absolutely essential. This study shows that differential phosphorylation of HIPK2 provides a mechanism for controlling and specifying the signal output from this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Saul
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Friedrichstrasse 24, Giessen 35392, Germany
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Chang TH, Xu S, Tailor P, Kanno T, Ozato K. The small ubiquitin-like modifier-deconjugating enzyme sentrin-specific peptidase 1 switches IFN regulatory factor 8 from a repressor to an activator during macrophage activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3548-56. [PMID: 22942423 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, when activated by IFN-γ and TLR signaling, elicit innate immune responses. IFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a transcription factor that facilitates macrophage activation and innate immunity. We show that, in resting macrophages, some IRF8 is conjugated to small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) 2/3 through the lysine residue 310. SUMO3-conjugated IRF8 failed to induce IL12p40 and other IRF8 target genes, consistent with SUMO-mediated transcriptional repression reported for other transcription factors. SUMO3-conjugated IRF8 showed reduced mobility in live nuclei and bound poorly to the IL12p40 gene. However, macrophage activation caused a sharp reduction in the amount of SUMOylated IRF8. This reduction coincided with the induction of a deSUMOylating enzyme, sentrin-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1), in activated macrophages. In transfection analysis, SENP1 removed SUMO3 from IRF8 and enhanced expression of IL12p40 and other target genes. Conversely, SENP1 knockdown repressed IRF8 target gene expression. In parallel with IRF8 deSUMOylation, macrophage activation led to the induction of proteins active in the SUMO pathway and caused a global shift in nuclear protein SUMOylation patterns. Together, the IRF8 SUMO conjugation/deconjugation switch is part of a larger transition in SUMO modifications that takes place upon macrophage activation, serving as a mechanism to trigger innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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