1
|
Caradus JR. Processes for regulating genetically modified and gene edited plants. GM CROPS & FOOD 2023; 14:1-41. [PMID: 37690075 PMCID: PMC10761188 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2023.2252947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in agriculture has been essential in improving productivity of crops and forages to support a growing population, improving living standards while contributing toward maintaining environment integrity, human health, and wellbeing through provision of more nutritious, varied, and abundant food sources. A crucial part of that innovation has involved a range of techniques for both expanding and exploiting the genetic potential of plants. However, some techniques used for generating new variation for plant breeders to exploit are deemed higher risk than others despite end products of both processes at times being for all intents and purposes identical for the benefits they provide. As a result, public concerns often triggered by poor communication from innovators, resulting in mistrust and suspicion has, in turn, caused the development of a range of regulatory systems. The logic and motivations for modes of regulation used are reviewed and how the benefits from use of these technologies can be delivered more efficiently and effectively is discussed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu K, Xu C, Li T, Ma H, Gong J, Li X, Sun X, Hu X. Application of Nanotechnology in Plant Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14836. [PMID: 37834283 PMCID: PMC10573821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing food requirement with globally growing population demands advanced agricultural practices to improve grain yield, to gain crop resilience under unpredictable extreme weather, and to reduce production loss caused by insects and pathogens. To fulfill such requests, genome engineering technology has been applied to various plant species. To date, several generations of genome engineering methods have been developed. Among these methods, the new mainstream technology is clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) with nucleases. One of the most important processes in genome engineering is to deliver gene cassettes into plant cells. Conventionally used systems have several shortcomings, such as being labor- and time-consuming procedures, potential tissue damage, and low transformation efficiency. Taking advantage of nanotechnology, the nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery method presents technical superiority over conventional approaches due to its high efficiency and adaptability in different plant species. In this review, we summarize the evolution of plant biomolecular delivery methods and discussed their characteristics as well as limitations. We focused on the cutting-edge nanotechnology-based delivery system, and reviewed different types of nanoparticles, preparation of nanomaterials, mechanism of nanoparticle transport, and advanced application in plant genome engineering. On the basis of established methods, we concluded that the combination of genome editing, nanoparticle-mediated gene transformation and de novo regeneration technologies can accelerate crop improvement efficiently in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Changbin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haijie Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jinli Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuzma J, Grieger K, Cimadori I, Cummings CL, Loschin N, Wei W. Parameters, practices, and preferences for regulatory review of emerging biotechnology products in food and agriculture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1256388. [PMID: 37840660 PMCID: PMC10569304 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1256388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper evaluates the U.S. regulatory review of three emerging biotechnology products according to parameters, practices, and endpoints of assessments that are important to stakeholders and publics. First, we present a summary of the literature on variables that are important to non-expert publics in governing biotech products, including ethical, social, policy process, and risk and benefit parameters. Second, we draw from our USDA-funded project results that surveyed stakeholders with subject matter expertise about their attitudes towards important risk, benefit, sustainability, and societal impact parameters for assessing novel agrifood technologies, including biotech. Third, we evaluate the regulatory assessments of three food and agricultural biotechnology case studies that have been reviewed under U.S. regulatory agencies and laws of the Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology, including gene-edited soybeans, beef cattle, and mustard greens. Evaluation of the regulatory review process was based on parameters identified in steps 1 and 2 which were deemed important to both publics and stakeholders. Based on this review, we then propose several policy options for U.S. federal agencies to strengthen their oversight processes to better align with a broader range of parameters to support sustainable agrifood products that rely on novel technologies. These policy options include 1) those that would not require new institutions or legal foundations (such as conducting Environmental Impact Statements and/or requiring a minimal level of safety data), 2) those that would require a novel institutional or cross-institutional framework (such as developing a publicly-available website and/or performing holistic sustainability assessments), and 3) those that would require the agencies to have additional legal authorities (such as requiring agencies to review biotech products according to a minimal set of health, environmental, and socio-economic parameters). Overall, the results of this analysis will be important for guiding policy practice and formulation in the regulatory assessment of emerging biotechnology products that challenge existing legal and institutional frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kuzma
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- School of Public and International Affairs, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Khara Grieger
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- North Carolina Plant Science Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ilaria Cimadori
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Christopher L. Cummings
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Engineering Research and Development Center, United States Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, United States
- Gene Edited Foods Project, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nick Loschin
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- North Carolina Plant Science Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- North Carolina Plant Science Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumari R, Suman K, Karmakar S, Mishra V, Lakra SG, Saurav GK, Mahto BK. Regulation and safety measures for nanotechnology-based agri-products. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1200987. [PMID: 37415849 PMCID: PMC10320728 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a wide range of application for nanotechnology in agriculture, including fertilizers, aquaculture, irrigation, water filtration, animal feed, animal vaccines, food processing, and packaging. In recent decades, nanotechnology emerged as a prospective and promising approach for the advancement of Agri-sector such as pest/disease prevention, fertilizers, agrochemicals, biofertilizers, bio-stimulants, post-harvest storage, pheromones-, and nutrient-delivery, and genetic manipulation in plants for crop improvement by using nanomaterial as a carrier system. Exponential increase in global population has enhanced food demand, so to fulfil the demand markets already included nano-based product likewise nano-encapsulated nutrients/agrochemicals, antimicrobial and packaging of food. For the approval of nano-based product, applicants for a marketing approval must show that such novel items can be used safely without endangering the consumer and environment. Several nations throughout the world have been actively looking at whether their regulatory frameworks are suitable for handling nanotechnologies. As a result, many techniques to regulate nano-based products in agriculture, feed, and food have been used. Here, we have contextualized different regulatory measures of several countries for nano-based products in agriculture, from feed to food, including guidance and legislation for safety assessment worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Kumari
- University Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kalpana Suman
- University Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Swagata Karmakar
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Mishra
- Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Gunjan Kumar Saurav
- Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, India
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Binod Kumar Mahto
- University Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma S, Sanyal SK, Sushmita K, Chauhan M, Sharma A, Anirudhan G, Veetil SK, Kateriya S. Modulation of Phototropin Signalosome with Artificial Illumination Holds Great Potential in the Development of Climate-Smart Crops. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:181-213. [PMID: 34975290 PMCID: PMC8640849 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210412104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in environmental conditions like temperature and light critically influence crop production. To deal with these changes, plants possess various photoreceptors such as Phototropin (PHOT), Phytochrome (PHY), Cryptochrome (CRY), and UVR8 that work synergistically as sensor and stress sensing receptors to different external cues. PHOTs are capable of regulating several functions like growth and development, chloroplast relocation, thermomorphogenesis, metabolite accumulation, stomatal opening, and phototropism in plants. PHOT plays a pivotal role in overcoming the damage caused by excess light and other environmental stresses (heat, cold, and salinity) and biotic stress. The crosstalk between photoreceptors and phytohormones contributes to plant growth, seed germination, photo-protection, flowering, phototropism, and stomatal opening. Molecular genetic studies using gene targeting and synthetic biology approaches have revealed the potential role of different photoreceptor genes in the manipulation of various beneficial agronomic traits. Overexpression of PHOT2 in Fragaria ananassa leads to the increase in anthocyanin content in its leaves and fruits. Artificial illumination with blue light alone and in combination with red light influence the growth, yield, and secondary metabolite production in many plants, while in algal species, it affects growth, chlorophyll content, lipid production and also increases its bioremediation efficiency. Artificial illumination alters the morphological, developmental, and physiological characteristics of agronomic crops and algal species. This review focuses on PHOT modulated signalosome and artificial illumination-based photo-biotechnological approaches for the development of climate-smart crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kumari Sushmita
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manisha Chauhan
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Gireesh Anirudhan
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre (ISERC), Institute of Science (Siksha Bhavana), Visva Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan (PO), West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Sindhu K Veetil
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Langner T, Kamoun S, Belhaj K. CRISPR Crops: Plant Genome Editing Toward Disease Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:479-512. [PMID: 29975607 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing by sequence-specific nucleases (SSNs) has revolutionized biology by enabling targeted modifications of genomes. Although routine plant genome editing emerged only a few years ago, we are already witnessing the first applications to improve disease resistance. In particular, CRISPR-Cas9 has democratized the use of genome editing in plants thanks to the ease and robustness of this method. Here, we review the recent developments in plant genome editing and its application to enhancing disease resistance against plant pathogens. In the future, bioedited disease resistant crops will become a standard tool in plant breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Langner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stirling A, Hayes KR, Delborne J. Towards inclusive social appraisal: risk, participation and democracy in governance of synthetic biology. BMC Proc 2018; 12:15. [PMID: 30079106 PMCID: PMC6069769 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-018-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Frameworks that govern the development and application of novel products, such as the products of synthetic biology, should involve all those who are interested or potentially affected by the products. The governance arrangements for novel products should also provide a democratic mechanism that allows affected parties to express their opinions on the direction that innovation does or does not take. In this paper we examine rationales, obstacles and opportunities for public participation in governance of novel synthetic biology products. Our analysis addresses issues such as uncertainties, the considering of alternative innovations, and broader social and environmental implications. The crucial issues in play go beyond safety alone, to include contending social values around diverse notions of benefit and harm. The paper highlights the need for more inclusive social appraisal mechanisms to inform governance of Synthetic Biology and alternative products, and discusses a few practical methods to help achieve this goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stirling
- Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH UK
| | - K. R. Hayes
- Data61, CSIRO, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jason Delborne
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Is biotechnology (more) acceptable when it enables a reduction in phytosanitary treatments? A European comparison of the acceptability of transgenesis and cisgenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183213. [PMID: 28877215 PMCID: PMC5587272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced pesticide use is one of the reasons given by Europeans for accepting new genetic engineering techniques. According to the advocates of these techniques, consumers are likely to embrace the application of cisgenesis to apple trees. In order to verify the acceptability of these techniques, we estimate a Bayesian multilevel structural equation model, which takes into account the multidimensional nature of acceptability and individual, national, and European effects, using data from the Eurobarometer 2010 73.1 on science. The results underline the persistence of clear differences between European countries and whilst showing considerable defiance, a relatively wider acceptability of vertical gene transfer as a means of reducing phytosanitary treatments, compared to horizontal transfer.
Collapse
|
9
|
van Hove L, Gillund F. Is it only the regulatory status? Broadening the debate on cisgenic plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2017; 29:22. [PMID: 28680789 PMCID: PMC5487859 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-017-0120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In current debates on emerging technologies for plant breeding in Europe, much attention has been given to the regulatory status of these techniques and their public acceptance. At present, both genetically modified plants with cisgenic approaches-using genes from crossable species-as well as transgenic approaches-using genes from different species-fall under GMO regulation in the EU and both are mandatorily labelled as GMOs. Researchers involved in the early development of cisgenic GM plants convey the message that the potential use and acceptance of cisgenic approaches will be seriously hindered if GMO regulations are not adjusted. Although the similar treatment and labelling of transgenic and cisgenic plants may be a legitimate concern for the marketability of a cisgenic GM plant, there are concerns around their commercialization that reach beyond the current focus on (de)regulation. In this paper, we will use the development of the cisgenic GM potato that aims to overcome 'late blight'-the most devastating potato disease worldwide-as a case to argue that it is important to recognize, reflect and respond to broader concerns than the dominant focus on the regulatory 'burden' and consumer acceptance. Based on insights we gained from discussing this case with diverse stakeholders within the agricultural sector and potato production in Norway during a series of workshops, we elaborate on additional issues such as the (technical) solution offered; different understandings of the late blight problem; the durability of the potato plant resistance; and patenting and ownership. Hence, this paper contributes to empirical knowledge on stakeholder perspectives on emerging plant breeding technologies, underscoring the importance to broaden the scope of the debate on the opportunities and challenges of agricultural biotechnologies, such as cisgenic GM plants. The paper offers policy-relevant input to ongoing efforts to broaden the scope of risk assessments of agricultural biotechnologies. We aim to contribute to the recognition of the complex socio-ecological, legal and political dimensions in which these technological developments are entangled as a means to acknowledge, discuss and respond to these concerns and thereby contribute to more comprehensive and responsible developments within agricultural biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian van Hove
- Society, Ecology and Ethics Department, GenØk Centre for Biosafety, SIVA Innovation Centre, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frøydis Gillund
- Society, Ecology and Ethics Department, GenØk Centre for Biosafety, SIVA Innovation Centre, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Should Organic Agriculture Maintain Its Opposition to GM? New Techniques Writing the Same Old Story. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
11
|
Hartley S, Gillund F, van Hove L, Wickson F. Essential Features of Responsible Governance of Agricultural Biotechnology. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002453. [PMID: 27144921 PMCID: PMC4856357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural biotechnology continues to generate considerable controversy. We argue that to address this controversy, serious changes to governance are needed. The new wave of genomic tools and products (e.g., CRISPR, gene drives, RNAi, synthetic biology, and genetically modified [GM] insects and fish), provide a particularly useful opportunity to reflect on and revise agricultural biotechnology governance. In response, we present five essential features to advance more socially responsible forms of governance. In presenting these, we hope to stimulate further debate and action towards improved forms of governance, particularly as these new genomic tools and products continue to emerge. Agricultural biotechnology continues to generate controversy, and new approaches to governance are needed for the next generation of techniques and applications. This Perspective proposes five essential features of responsible governance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hartley
- School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wolt JD, Wang K, Yang B. The Regulatory Status of Genome-edited Crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:510-8. [PMID: 26251102 PMCID: PMC5042095 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing with engineered nucleases (GEEN) represents a highly specific and efficient tool for crop improvement with the potential to rapidly generate useful novel phenotypes/traits. Genome editing techniques initiate specifically targeted double strand breaks facilitating DNA-repair pathways that lead to base additions or deletions by non-homologous end joining as well as targeted gene replacements or transgene insertions involving homology-directed repair mechanisms. Many of these techniques and the ancillary processes they employ generate phenotypic variation that is indistinguishable from that obtained through natural means or conventional mutagenesis; and therefore, they do not readily fit current definitions of genetically engineered or genetically modified used within most regulatory regimes. Addressing ambiguities regarding the regulatory status of genome editing techniques is critical to their application for development of economically useful crop traits. Continued regulatory focus on the process used, rather than the nature of the novel phenotype developed, results in confusion on the part of regulators, product developers, and the public alike and creates uncertainty as of the use of genome engineering tools for crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Wolt
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Biosafety Institute for Genetically Modified Agricultural Products, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Crop Bioengineering Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Crop Bioengineering Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Crop Bioengineering Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Clasen BM, Stoddard TJ, Luo S, Demorest ZL, Li J, Cedrone F, Tibebu R, Davison S, Ray EE, Daulhac A, Coffman A, Yabandith A, Retterath A, Haun W, Baltes NJ, Mathis L, Voytas DF, Zhang F. Improving cold storage and processing traits in potato through targeted gene knockout. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:169-76. [PMID: 25846201 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cold storage of potato tubers is commonly used to reduce sprouting and extend postharvest shelf life. However, cold temperature stimulates the accumulation of reducing sugars in potato tubers. Upon high-temperature processing, these reducing sugars react with free amino acids, resulting in brown, bitter-tasting products and elevated levels of acrylamide--a potential carcinogen. To minimize the accumulation of reducing sugars, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to silence the vacuolar invertase gene (VInv), which encodes a protein that breaks down sucrose to glucose and fructose. Because RNAi often results in incomplete gene silencing and requires the plant to be transgenic, here we used transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to knockout VInv within the commercial potato variety, Ranger Russet. We isolated 18 plants containing mutations in at least one VInv allele, and five of these plants had mutations in all VInv alleles. Tubers from full VInv-knockout plants had undetectable levels of reducing sugars, and processed chips contained reduced levels of acrylamide and were lightly coloured. Furthermore, seven of the 18 modified plant lines appeared to contain no TALEN DNA insertions in the potato genome. These results provide a framework for using TALENs to quickly improve traits in commercially relevant autotetraploid potato lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Song Luo
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | | | - Jin Li
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | | | - Redeat Tibebu
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | - Shawn Davison
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | - Erin E Ray
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Ann Yabandith
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | | | - William Haun
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | | | - Luc Mathis
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | | | - Feng Zhang
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Novel targeted genetic modification (TagMo) techniques for plants have the potential to increase the speed and ease of genetic modification and fall outside existing regulatory authority. We conducted 31 interviews with expert-stakeholders to explore the differing visions they have for the future of plant TagMo environmental regulation. To guide our analysis we review the tenets of anticipatory governance in light of future studies literature on emerging technology, focusing on how to contribute to reflexivity by making explicit the assumptions within envisioned futures. Our findings reveal that the environmental regulation futures articulated by expert-stakeholders could be classified into three categories—optimistic, pragmatic, and critical—based on their differing underlying assumptions concerning what constitutes environmental risk and the adequacy of existing U.S. genetically modified plant regulations. By gathering these diverse perspectives on the future and studying how they differ, we hope to further the anticipatory governance-informed engagement with regulation and foster a more productive discussion of plant TagMo regulation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Haun W, Coffman A, Clasen BM, Demorest ZL, Lowy A, Ray E, Retterath A, Stoddard T, Juillerat A, Cedrone F, Mathis L, Voytas DF, Zhang F. Improved soybean oil quality by targeted mutagenesis of the fatty acid desaturase 2 gene family. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:934-40. [PMID: 24851712 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil is high in polyunsaturated fats and is often partially hydrogenated to increase its shelf life and improve oxidative stability. The trans-fatty acids produced through hydrogenation pose a health threat. Soybean lines that are low in polyunsaturated fats were generated by introducing mutations in two fatty acid desaturase 2 genes (FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B), which in the seed convert the monounsaturated fat, oleic acid, to the polyunsaturated fat, linoleic acid. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were engineered to recognize and cleave conserved DNA sequences in both genes. In four of 19 transgenic soybean lines expressing the TALENs, mutations in FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B were observed in DNA extracted from leaf tissue; three of the four lines transmitted heritable FAD2-1 mutations to the next generation. The fatty acid profile of the seed was dramatically changed in plants homozygous for mutations in both FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B: oleic acid increased from 20% to 80% and linoleic acid decreased from 50% to under 4%. Further, mutant plants were identified that lacked the TALEN transgene and only carried the targeted mutations. The ability to create a valuable trait in a single generation through targeted modification of a gene family demonstrates the power of TALENs for genome engineering and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Haun
- Cellectis plant sciences Inc., New Brighton, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith J, Mitchell H. Challenges researchers need to consider when dealing with regulators. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-014-0895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
17
|
Not all GMOs are crop plants: non-plant GMO applications in agriculture. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:1057-68. [PMID: 24242193 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since tools of modern biotechnology have become available, the most commonly applied and often discussed genetically modified organisms are genetically modified crop plants, although genetic engineering is also being used successfully in organisms other than plants, including bacteria, fungi, insects, and viruses. Many of these organisms, as with crop plants, are being engineered for applications in agriculture, to control plant insect pests or diseases. This paper reviews the genetically modified non-plant organisms that have been the subject of permit approvals for environmental release by the United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service since the US began regulating genetically modified organisms. This is an indication of the breadth and progress of research in the area of non-plant genetically modified organisms. This review includes three examples of promising research on non-plant genetically modified organisms for application in agriculture: (1) insects for insect pest control using improved vector systems; (2) fungal pathogens of insects to control insect pests; and (3) virus for use as transient-expression vectors for disease control in plants.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuzhabekova A, Kuzma J. Mapping the emerging field of genome editing. TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09537325.2013.850657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Belhaj K, Chaparro-Garcia A, Kamoun S, Nekrasov V. Plant genome editing made easy: targeted mutagenesis in model and crop plants using the CRISPR/Cas system. PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:39. [PMID: 24112467 PMCID: PMC3852272 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome engineering (also known as genome editing) has emerged as an alternative to classical plant breeding and transgenic (GMO) methods to improve crop plants. Until recently, available tools for introducing site-specific double strand DNA breaks were restricted to zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs). However, these technologies have not been widely adopted by the plant research community due to complicated design and laborious assembly of specific DNA binding proteins for each target gene. Recently, an easier method has emerged based on the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) immune system. The CRISPR/Cas system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA, resulting in gene modifications by both non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms. In this review we summarize and discuss recent applications of the CRISPR/Cas technology in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Engineering nucleases for gene targeting: safety and regulatory considerations. N Biotechnol 2013; 31:18-27. [PMID: 23851284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclease-based gene targeting (NBGT) represents a significant breakthrough in targeted genome editing since it is applicable from single-celled protozoa to human, including several species of economic importance. Along with the fast progress in NBGT and the increasing availability of customized nucleases, more data are available about off-target effects associated with the use of this approach. We discuss how NBGT may offer a new perspective for genetic modification, we address some aspects crucial for a safety improvement of the corresponding techniques and we also briefly relate the use of NBGT applications and products to the regulatory oversight.
Collapse
|
21
|
TALENs: Customizable Molecular DNA Scissors for Genome Engineering of Plants. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:271-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
22
|
Gilna B, Kuzma J, Otts SS. Governance of genetic biocontrol technologies for invasive fish. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Transgenic or not? No simple answer! New biotechnology-based plant breeding techniques and the regulatory landscape. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:1057-61. [PMID: 23154464 PMCID: PMC3512411 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
25
|
Curtin SJ, Voytas DF, Stupar RM. Genome Engineering of Crops with Designer Nucleases. THE PLANT GENOME 2012; 5:42-50. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2012.06.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun J. Curtin
- Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; Univ. of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Dep. of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Center for Genome Engineering; Univ. of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Robert M. Stupar
- Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics; Univ. of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Abstract
The first crops obtained through new plant breeding techniques are close to commercialization. Regulatory issues will determine the adoption of the techniques by breeders.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sreenivasulu N, Schnurbusch T. A genetic playground for enhancing grain number in cereals. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:91-101. [PMID: 22197176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving the yield stability of cereal crops with a view to bolstering global food security is an important priority. The components of final grain number per plant at harvest are determined by fertile spikes per plant, number of fertile spikelets per spike and number of grains per spikelet. In this review article, we focus on the genetic factors of floral development and inflorescence architecture known to influence grain number and provide a broad overview of genes and genetic pathways that potentially can be manipulated to increase the yield of cereal crops, in particular wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In addition, we discuss the outcome of multidisciplinary genomics knowledge to identify potential gene targets to develop conceptual ideotypes to meet the future demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research (IZN) Research Group Stress Genomics, Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|