1
|
Liu C, Shao J. Therapy of traditional Chinese medicine in Candida spp. and Candida associated infections: A comprehensive review. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106139. [PMID: 39047847 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Candida spp. are commonly a group of opportunistic dimorphic fungi, frequently causing diverse fungal infections in immunocompromised or immunosuppressant patients from mucosal disturbs (oropharyngeal candidiasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis) to disseminated infections (systemic candidiasis) with high morbidity and mortality. Importantly, several Candida species can be isolated from diseased individuals with digestive, neuropathic, respiratory, metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Due to increased resistance to conventional antifungal agents, the arsenal for antifungal purpose is in urgent need. Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) are a huge treasury that can be used as promising candidates for antimycotic applications. In this review, we make a short survey of microbiological (morphology and virulence) and pathological (candidiasis and Candida related infections) features of and host immune response (innate and adaptive immunity) to Candida spp.. Based on the chemical structures and well-studied antifungal mechanisms, the monomers, extracts, decoctions, essential oils and other preparations of TCMs that are reported to have fair antifungal activities or immunomodulatory effects for anticandidal purpose are comprehensively reviewed. We also emphasize the importance of combination and drug pair of TCMs as useful anticandidal strategies, as well as network pharmacology and molecular docking as beneficial complements to current experimental approaches. This review construct a therapeutic module that can be helpful to guide in-future experimental and preclinical studies in the combat against fungal threats aroused by C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, PR China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiong J, Wang L, Feng Y, Zhen C, Hang S, Yu J, Lu H, Jiang Y. Geldanamycin confers fungicidal properties to azole by triggering the activation of succinate dehydrogenase. Life Sci 2024; 348:122699. [PMID: 38718854 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Azoles have been widely employed for the treatment of invasive fungal diseases; however, their efficacy is diminished as pathogenic fungi tolerate them due to their fungistatic properties. Geldanamycin (GdA) can render azoles fungicidal by inhibiting the ATPase and molecular chaperone activities of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Nonetheless, the clinical applicability of GdA is restricted due to its cytotoxic ansamycin scaffold structure, its induction of cytoprotective heat shock responses, and the conservative nature of Hsp90. Hence, it is imperative to elucidate the mechanism of action of GdA to confer fungicidal properties to azoles and mitigate the toxic adverse effects associated with GdA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through various experimental methods, including the construction of gene-deleted Candida albicans mutants, in vitro drug sensitivity experiments, Western blot analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, and succinate dehydrogenase activity assays, we identified Hsp90 client proteins associated with the tolerance of C. albicans to azoles. KEY FINDINGS It was observed that GdA effectively hindered the entry of Hsp90 into mitochondria, resulting in the alleviation of inhibitory effect of Hsp90 on succinate dehydrogenase. Consequently, the activation of succinate dehydrogenase led to an increased production of ROS. within the mitochondria, thereby facilitating the antifungal effects of azoles against C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE This research presents a novel approach for conferring fungicidal properties to azoles, which involves specifically disrupting the interaction of between Hsp90 and succinate dehydrogenase rather than employing a non-specific inhibition of ATPase activity of Hsp90.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sijin Hang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Q, Ran Y, Guo S, Li F, Xiang D, Cao Y, Qiao D, Xu H, Cao Y. Molecular characterization and expression profiling of two flavohemoglobin genes play essential roles in dissolved oxygen and NO stress in Saitozyma podzolica zwy2-3. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127008. [PMID: 37844810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavohemoglobins (Fhbs) are key enzymes involved in microbial nitrosative stress resistance and nitric oxide degradation. However, the roles of Fhbs in fungi remain largely unknown. In this study, SpFhb1 and SpFhb2, two flavohemoglobin-encoding genes in Saitozyma podzolica zwy2-3 were characterized. Protein structure analysis and molecular docking showed that SpFhbs were conserved in bacteria and fungi. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SpFhb2 may be acquired through the transfer event of independent horizontal genes from bacteria. The expression levels of SpFhb1 and SpFhb2 showed opposite trend under high/low dissolved oxygen, implying that they may exhibited different functions. Through deletion and overexpression of SpFhbs, we confirmed that SpFhbs were conducive to lipid accumulation under high stress. The sensitivities of ΔFhb mutants to NO stress were significantly increased compared with that in the WT, indicating that they were required for NO detoxification and nitrosative stress resistance in S. podzolica zwy2-3. Furthermore, SpAsg1 was identified that simultaneously regulates SpFhbs, which functions in the lipid accumulation under high/low dissolved oxygen and NO stress in S. podzolica zwy2-3. Overall, two different SpFhbs were identified in this study, providing new insights into the mechanism of lipid accumulation in fungi under high/low dissolved oxygen and NO stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhuoma Yang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yulu Ran
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shengtao Guo
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Fazhi Li
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Dongyou Xiang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pang C, Chen J, Yang L, Yang Y, Qi H, Li R, Cao Y, Miao H. Shikonin Inhibits Candida albicans Biofilms via the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 Signalling Pathway. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:2653-2662. [PMID: 37384115 PMCID: PMC10296564 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s417327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the influence of shikonin (SK) on the formation of Candida albicans biofilms and discuss the possible mechanism. Methods The inhibition of the formation of C. albicans biofilms by SK was observed by scanning electron microscopy. A silicone film method and a water-hydrocarbon two-phase assay were performed to investigate the effects of SK on cell adhesion. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the expression of genes related to cell adhesion and Ras1-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - enhanced filamentous growth protein 1 (Efg1) signalling pathway. Finally, the level of cAMP in C. albicans was detected and exogenous cAMP rescue experiment was conducted. Results The results showed that SK could destroy the typical three-dimensional structure of the biofilms, inhibit cell surface hydrophobicity and cell adhesion, downregulate the expression of Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 signalling pathway-related genes (ECE1, HWP1, ALS3, RAS1, CYR1, EFG1 and TEC1) and effectively reduce the production of key messenger cAMP in the Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway. Meanwhile, exogenous cAMP reversed the inhibitory effect of SK on biofilms formation. Conclusion Our results suggest that SK exhibits potential anti-C. albicans biofilms effects related to the inhibition of Ras1-cAMP-Efg1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianshuang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haihua Qi
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Miao
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qian H, Ye Z, Pi L, Ao J. Roles and current applications of S-nitrosoglutathione in anti-infective biomaterials. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100419. [PMID: 36105674 PMCID: PMC9465324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections can compromise the physical and biological functionalities of humans and pose a huge economical and psychological burden on infected patients. Nitric oxide (NO) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, whose mechanism of action is not affected by bacterial resistance. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an endogenous donor and carrier of NO, has gained increasing attention because of its potent antibacterial activity and efficient biocompatibility. Significant breakthroughs have been made in the application of GSNO in biomaterials. This review is based on the existing evidence that comprehensively summarizes the progress of antimicrobial GSNO applications focusing on their anti-infective performance, underlying antibacterial mechanisms, and application in anti-infective biomaterials. We provide an accurate overview of the roles and applications of GSNO in antibacterial biomaterials and shed new light on the avenues for future studies.
Collapse
Key Words
- A.baumannii, Acinetobacter baumannii
- AgNPs, Silver nanoparticles
- Antibacterial property
- BMSCs, Bone marrow stem cells
- Bacterial resistance
- Biomaterials
- C.albicans, Candida albicans
- CS/GE, Chitosan/gelatin
- Cu, copper
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPA, Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
- E. coli, Escherichia coli
- E.tenella, Eimeria tenella
- ECC, Extracorporeal circulation
- ECM, Experimental cerebral malaria
- GSNO, S-Nitrosoglutathione
- GSNOR, S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase
- H.pylori, Helicobacter pylori
- HCC, Human cervical carcinoma
- HDFs, Human dermal fibroblasts
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- ICR, Imprinted control region
- Infection
- K.Pneumonia, Klebsiella Pneumonia
- L.amazonensis, Leishmania amazonensis
- L.major, Leishmania major
- M.Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- M.smegmatis, Mycobacterium smegmatis
- MOF, Metal–organic framework
- MRPA, Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- MRSA, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- N. gonorrhoeae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- N.meningitidis, Neisseria meningitidis
- NA, Not available
- NO-np, NO-releasing nanoparticulate platform
- NP, Nanoparticle
- P.aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- P.berghei, Plasmodium berghei
- P.mirabilis, Proteus mirabilis
- PCL, Polycaprolactone
- PCVAD, Porcine circovirus-associated disease
- PDA-GSNO NPs, Polydopamine nanoparticles containing GSNO
- PDAM@Cu, polydopamine based copper coatings
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PHB, polyhydroxybutyrate
- PLA, polylactic acid
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PTT, Photothermal therapy
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PVA/PEG, poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol)
- PVC, poly(vinyl chloride)
- S-nitrosoglutathione
- S. typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium
- S.aureus, Staphylococcus aureus
- S.epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis
- S.pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae
- SAKI, Septic acute kidney injury
- SCI, Spinal cord slices
- Se, Selenium
- Sp3, Specificity proteins 3
- TDC, Tunneled dialysis catheters
- TMOS, Tetramethylorthosilicate
- ZnO, Zinc oxide
- cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatory gene
- d, day
- h, hour
- min, minute
- pSiNPs, porous silicon nanoparticles
- w, week
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lanping Pi
- Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Ao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pharmacological and analytical aspects of alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives: An update from 2008 to 2022. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2022; 14:511-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
7
|
Galindo LJ, Torruella G, López-García P, Ciobanu M, Gutiérrez-Preciado A, Karpov SA, Moreira D. Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies. Syst Biol 2022:6651083. [PMID: 35900180 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The supergroup Holomycota, composed of Fungi and several related lineages of unicellular organisms (Nucleariida, Rozellida, Microsporidia, and Aphelida), represents one of the major branches in the phylogeny of eukaryotes. Nevertheless, except for the well-established position of Nucleariida as the first holomycotan branch to diverge, the relationships among the other lineages have so far remained unresolved largely owing to the lack of molecular data for some groups. This was notably the case aphelids, a poorly known group of endobiotic phagotrophic protists that feed on algae with cellulose walls. The first molecular phylogenies including aphelids supported their sister relationship with Rozellida and Microsporidia which, collectively, formed a new group called Opisthosporidia (the 'Opisthosporidia hypothesis'). However, recent phylogenomic analyses including massive sequence data from two aphelid genera, Paraphelidium and Amoeboaphelidium, suggested that the aphelids are sister to fungi (the 'Aphelida+Fungi hypothesis'). Should this position be confirmed, aphelids would be key to understanding the early evolution of Holomycota and the origin of Fungi. Here, we carry out phylogenomic analyses with an expanded taxonomic sampling for aphelids after sequencing the transcriptomes of two species of the genus Aphelidium (A. insulamus and A. tribonematis) in order to test these competing hypotheses. Our new phylogenomic analyses including species from the three known aphelid genera strongly rejected the Opisthosporidia hypothesis. Furthermore, comparative genomic analyses further supported the Aphelida+Fungi hypothesis via the identification of 19 orthologous genes exclusively shared by these two lineages. Seven of them originated from ancient horizontal gene transfer events predating the aphelid-fungal split and the remaining 12 likely evolved de novo, constituting additional molecular synapomorphies for this clade. Ancestral trait reconstruction based on our well-resolved phylogeny of Holomycota suggests that the progenitor of both fungi and rozellids, was aphelid-like, having an amoeboflagellate state and likely preying endobiotically on cellulose-containing, cell-walled organisms. Two lineages, which we propose to call Phytophagea and Opisthophagea, evolved from this ancestor. Phytophagea, grouping aphelids and classical fungi, mainly specialized in endobiotic predation of algal cells. Fungi emerged from this lineage after losing phagotrophy in favour of osmotrophy. Opisthophagea, grouping rozellids and Microsporidia, became parasites, mostly of chitin-containing hosts. This lineage entered a progressive reductive process that resulted in a unique lifestyle, especially in the highly derived Microsporidia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Javier Galindo
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Guifré Torruella
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Purificación López-García
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Maria Ciobanu
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Preciado
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Sergey A Karpov
- Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya emb. 1, and St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - David Moreira
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nasuno R, Yoshikawa Y, Takagi H. Acetaldehyde reacts with a fluorescent nitric oxide probe harboring an o-phenylenediamine structure that interferes with fluorometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 187:29-37. [PMID: 35605899 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule, and thus a variety of methods have been developed for its detection and quantification. Fluorometric analyses using a fluorescent NO probe harboring an o-phenylenediamine (OPD) structure are widely used for NO analyses in various organisms, including yeast. Here, we discovered that an NO-independent fluorophore (UNK436) was generated from a fluorescent NO probe 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM), which has an OPD structure, in yeast cells. The molecules responsible for this undesirable fluorescence and their reaction mechanisms were analyzed. Our mass spectrometric analysis showed that two carbon atoms from glucose were incorporated into UNK436. Subsequent analyses indicated that a non-proteinous small compound leads to the synthesis of UNK436 through an oxidative reaction. Furthermore, our LC/MS/MS analysis of the reaction mixture of DAF-FM with acetaldehyde in combination with stable isotope labeling demonstrated that acetaldehyde reacts with DAF-FM oxidatively, generating UNK436. Another NO probe with an OPD structure, diaminorhodamine-4M, reacted with acetaldehyde in the same way to emit fluorescence. Based on our findings, we recommend that in researches using OPD-based fluorescent NO probes, alternative analyses also be performed to identify the reaction products of the probes with NO to avoid false-positives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nasuno
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mu Z, Guo J, Zhang D, Xu Y, Zhou M, Guo Y, Hou Y, Gao X, Han X, Geng L. Therapeutic Effects of Shikonin on Skin Diseases: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 49:1871-1895. [PMID: 34961421 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is one of the primary active components extracted from the dried root ofZicao (Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Onosma paniculata, or Arnebia euchroma), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Shikonin is known to not only exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities, but also play a crucial role in triggering the production of reactive oxygen species, suppressing the release of exosomes, and inducing apoptosis. Increasing evidence suggests that shikonin has a protective effect against skin diseases, including psoriasis, melanoma, and hypertrophic scars. In order to evaluate the application potential of shikonin in the treatment of skin diseases, this review is the first of its kind to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding the uses of shikonin and its derivatives on skin diseases and its underlying mechanisms. In this review, we have focused on the signaling pathways and cellular targets involved in the anti-dermatosis effects of shikonin to bridge the gaps in the literature, thereby providing scientific support for the research and development of new drugs from a traditional medicinal plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Mu
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36N, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Guo
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, Jincheng People's Hospital, 456N, Wenchang East Street, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone Hospital, 123N, Yixian Road, Torch Zone, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Guo
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China.,Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuping Han
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36N, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| | - Long Geng
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, 155N, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun Q, Gong T, Liu M, Ren S, Yang H, Zeng S, Zhao H, Chen L, Ming T, Meng X, Xu H. Shikonin, a naphthalene ingredient: Therapeutic actions, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, clinical trials and pharmaceutical researches. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:153805. [PMID: 34749177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shikonin is one of the major phytochemical components of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Purple Cromwell), which is a type of medicinal herb broadly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine. It is well established that shikonin possesses remarkable therapeutic actions on various diseases, with the underlying mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and toxicological effects elusive. Also, the clinical trial and pharmaceutical study of shikonin remain to be comprehensively delineated. PURPOSE The present review aimed to systematically summarize the updated knowledge regarding the therapeutic actions, pharmacokinetics, toxicological effects, clinical trial and pharmaceutical study of shikonin. METHODS The information contained in this review article were retrieved from some authoritative databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database and so on, till August 2021. RESULTS Shikonin exerts multiple therapeutic efficacies, such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, cardiovascular protection, anti-microbiomes, analgesia, anti-obesity, brain protection, and so on, mainly by regulating the NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/MAPKs, Akt/mTOR, TGF-β, GSK3β, TLR4/Akt signaling pathways, NLRP3 inflammasome, reactive oxygen stress, Bax/Bcl-2, etc. In terms of pharmacokinetics, shikonin has an unfavorable oral bioavailability, 64.6% of the binding rate of plasma protein, and enhances some metabolic enzymes, particularly including cytochrome P450. In regard to the toxicological effects, shikonin may potentially cause nephrotoxicity and skin allergy. The above pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of shikonin have been validated by few clinical trials. In addition, pharmaceutical innovation of shikonin with novel drug delivery system such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, nanogel, cyclodextrin complexes, micelles and polymers are beneficial to the development of shikonin-based drugs. CONCLUSIONS Shikonin is a promising phytochemical for drug candidates. Extensive and intensive explorations on shikonin are warranted to expedite the utilization of shikonin-based drugs in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Ultrasound, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Maolun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Sha Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shikonin Alleviates Endothelial Cell Injury Induced by ox-LDL via AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5881321. [PMID: 34912465 PMCID: PMC8668324 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5881321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of shikonin (SKN) on the damage of human venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by ox-LDL and the underlying molecular mechanism. The HUVECs were randomly divided into six groups: control, ox-LDL, SKN + ox-LDL, SKN + ox-LDL + compound C, SKN + ox-LDL + si-Nrf2, and SKN + ox-LDL + si-HO-1. The MTT method was used to detect cell viability, flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and Western blot was used to detect protein levels. Compared to the control group, the cell viability of the ox-LDL group decreased, the apoptosis rate increased, the level of cleaved caspase-3 was upregulated, and the level of Bcl-2 protein was downregulated. The level of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), and E-selectin (E-sel) was increased, ROS levels increased, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level decreased. Moreover, the protein levels of p-AMPK, Nrf2, and HO-1 were decreased. Compared to the ox-LDL group, SKN treatment improves cell viability, alleviates cell apoptosis and oxidative stress injury, and upregulates the protein levels of p-AMPK, Nrf2, and HO-1. Compound C, si-Nrf2, and si-HO-1 administration inhibits the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, increases ROS generation, and inhibits the antagonistic effect of SKN on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs damage. In summary, SKN suppressed ox-LDL-induced ROS production and improved cell viability and cell apoptosis via the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
Collapse
|
12
|
Omidkhah N, Ghodsi R. NO-HDAC dual inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113934. [PMID: 34700268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors and NO donors have both demonstrated independently broad therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases. Borretto et al. presented the topic of NO-HDAC dual inhibitors for the first time in 2013 as an attractive new topic. Here we collected the general structure of all synthesized NO-HDAC dual inhibitors, lead compounds, synthesis methods and biological features of the most potent dual NO-HDAC inhibitor in each category with the intention of assisting in the synthesis and optimization of new drug-like compounds for diverse diseases. Based on studies done so far, NO-HDAC dual inhibitors have displayed satisfactory results against wound healing (3), heart hypertrophy (3), inflammatory, cardiovascular, neuromuscular illnesses (11a-11e) and cancer (6a-6o, 9a-9d, 10a-10d, 16 and 17). NO-HDAC dual inhibitors can have high therapeutic potential for various diseases due to their new properties, NO properties, HDAC inhibitor properties and also due to the effects of NO on HDAC enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Omidkhah
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Ghodsi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng X, Hu H, Xu D. A new synthetic method toward a key intermediate in the total synthesis of alkannin and shikonin. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198211011697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a new synthetic method toward a key intermediate in the total synthesis of alkannin and shikonin is developed. The key intermediate, 4-methyl-1-(naphtho[1,8- de:4,5- d’e’]bis([1,3]dioxine)-4-yl)pent-3-en-1-one (5), is synthesized via the reaction of 1,8:4,5-bis(methylenedioxy)naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid N-methoxy- N-methylamide with prenyllithium. This synthetic approach avoids the use of N-methoxy- N,4-dimethylpent-3-enamide, which is not easy to obtain, and the toxic reagent sodium cyanide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Proteomic analysis revealed ROS-mediated growth inhibition of Aspergillus terreus by shikonin. J Proteomics 2020; 224:103849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Anam K, Nasuno R, Takagi H. A Novel Mechanism for Nitrosative Stress Tolerance Dependent on GTP Cyclohydrolase II Activity Involved in Riboflavin Synthesis of Yeast. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6015. [PMID: 32265460 PMCID: PMC7138843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of nitric oxide (NO) depend on its concentration, and excessive levels of NO induce various harmful situations known as nitrosative stress. Therefore, organisms possess many kinds of strategies to regulate the intracellular NO concentration and/or to detoxify excess NO. Here, we used genetic screening to identify a novel nitrosative stress tolerance gene, RIB1, encoding GTP cyclohydrolase II (GTPCH2), which catalyzes the first step in riboflavin biosynthesis. Our further analyses demonstrated that the GTPCH2 enzymatic activity of Rib1 is essential for RIB1-dependent nitrosative stress tolerance, but that riboflavin itself is not required for this tolerance. Furthermore, the reaction mixture of a recombinant purified Rib1 was shown to quench NO or its derivatives, even though formate or pyrophosphate, which are byproducts of the Rib1 reaction, did not, suggesting that the reaction product of Rib1, 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospo-d-ribosylamino)-pyrimidin-4(3 H)-one (DARP), scavenges NO or its derivatives. Finally, it was revealed that 2,4,5-triamino-1H-pyrimidin-6-one, which is identical to a pyrimidine moiety of DARP, scavenged NO or its derivatives, suggesting that DARP reacts with N2O3 generated via its pyrimidine moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Anam
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.,Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, 16911, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ryo Nasuno
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liao Z, Zhu Z, Li L, Wang L, Wang H, Jiang Y, Cao Y. Metabonomics on Candida albicans indicate the excessive H3K56ac is involved in the antifungal activity of Shikonin. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1243-1253. [PMID: 31452461 PMCID: PMC6735332 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1657362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of antifungal agents with novel mechanism and low toxicity are essential due to the prevalence of the infectious diseases caused by Candida albicans. The current study employed a new research method, which combined the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to investigate the intrinsic mechanism of Shikonin (SK) against C. albicans. The levels of 27 metabolites, which mainly involved in histone deacetylation, amino acid synthesis, lipid synthesis, nitrogen metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative stress and glycolysis, were remarkably changed upon SK treatment. Specially, the down-regulation of nicotinamide (NAM) upon SK treatment indicated the suppression of the deacetylation of the histone H3 on lysine 56 residue (H3K56). Further experiment confirmed that the level of H3K56 acetylation (H3K56ac) was dramatically increased upon SK treatment which was mediated by HST3, the gene encoding the H3K56 deacetylase (Hst3p). Our results demonstrated that SK is the first natural compound reported to execute antifungal activity directly via boosting H3K56ac mediated by HST3. Importantly, this finding shed new light on the mechanisms to relieve the side effects or reverse the drug tolerance, as well as the development of agents for antifungal therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZeBin Liao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - YuanYing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Purinergic signaling creates an anti-inflammatory profile in spleens of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella naturally infected by Saprolegnia parasitica: An attempt to prevent ATP pro-inflammatory effects. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103649. [PMID: 31374321 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is as key mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. ATP is normally sequestered in the intracellular milieu and released by apoptotic and necrotic cells, where it acts as a pro-inflammatory mediator in the extracellular milieu. A limited number of studies have explored the involvement of purinergic signaling in oomycete infections, including Saprolegnia parasitica; this is a most destructive oomycete pathogen, associated with high mortality and severe economic losses for fish producers. The aim of this study was to determine whether purinergic signaling exerts anti- or pro-inflammatory effects in spleens of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) naturally infected by S. parasitica. Animals naturally infected with S. parasitica showed typical gross lesions characterized by cotton-wool tufts on the tail and fins, as well as severe histopathological lesions such as necrosis. Spleen ATP and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) levels were higher in fish naturally infected by S. parasitica compared to control on day 7 post-infection (PI). Spleen nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) activity (ATP as substrate) was greater in fish naturally infected by S. parasitica than in uninfected on day 7 PI, while no significant differences were observed between groups with respect to NTPDase (adenosine diphosphate as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidase activities. Finally, adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was lower in fish naturally infected by S. parasitica than in uninfected fish on day 7 PI. In summary, spleen tissue necrosis in the context of saprolegniosis provokes an intense release of ATP into the extracellular milieu, where it interacts with the P2X7 purine receptor and leads to a self-sustained pro-inflammatory deleterious cycle, contributing to an intense inflammatory process. In response to excessive ATP levels in the extracellular milieu, ATP and adenosine hydrolysis were modulated in an attempt to restrict the inflammatory process via upregulation of NTPDase and downregulation of ADA activities. We conclude that the purinergic signaling pathway modulates immune and inflammatory responses during natural infection with S. parasitica.
Collapse
|
18
|
Su J, Ma J, Mo F, Yang X, Zhang P, Zhang J. Thermosensitive hydrogels as a controlled release system for alkannin to improve localized treatment of Candida vaginitis after external beam radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Pathog Dis 2019; 77:5543215. [PMID: 31374574 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
External beam radiotherapy increases the risk of Candida vaginitis in cervical cancer patients, which brings a lot of insufferable influence to their life. Here, we explored the efficacy of alkannin in the treatment of Candida vaginitis after external beam radiotherapy. We exploit thermosensitive hydrogel-mediated alkannin as the topical formulation in a rat model established in our work. Periodic acid-Schiff of vaginas indicated little Candida albicans adhered to the vaginal tissue in treatment group. Additionally, hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed that inflammatory response of high dose alkannin was reduced. Above all, the animal model was first established in our work for the clinical desire. Our results suggested the promising application of alkannin for the disease with satisfying fungicidal activity and anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Su
- Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, No. 277 YantaWestroad, Xi'an, People's Republic of China 710061
| | - Jia Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 YantaWestroad, Xi'an, People's Republic of China 710061
| | - Fei Mo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 YantaWestroad, Xi'an, People's Republic of China 710061
| | - Xianwei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 YantaWestroad, Xi'an, People's Republic of China 710061
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 YantaWestroad, Xi'an, People's Republic of China 710061
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 YantaWestroad, Xi'an, People's Republic of China 710061
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yan Y, Tan F, Miao H, Wang H, Cao Y. Effect of Shikonin Against Candida albicans Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1085. [PMID: 31156594 PMCID: PMC6527961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is often associated with the formation of biofilms. Candida albicans biofilms are inherently resistant to many clinical antifungal agents and have increasingly been found to be the sources of C. albicans infections. Novel antifungal agents against C. albicans biofilms are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shikonin (SK) against C. albicans biofilms and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. XTT reduction assay showed that SK could not only inhibit the formation of biofilms but also destroy the maintenance of mature biofilms. In a mouse vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) model, the fungal burden was remarkably reduced upon SK treatment. Further study showed that SK could inhibit hyphae formation and reduce cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH). Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that several hypha- and adhesion-specific genes were differentially expressed in SK-treated biofilm, including the downregulation of ECE1, HWP1, EFG1, CPH1, RAS1, ALS1, ALS3, CSH1 and upregulation of TUP1, NRG1, BCR1. Moreover, SK induced the production of farnesol, a quorum sensing molecule, and exogenous addition of farnesol enhanced the antibiofilm activity of SK. Taken together, these results indicated that SK could be a favorable antifungal agent in the clinical management of C. albicans biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Miao
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Q, Cai D, Wang L, Yang X, Fan S, Zhang K. Rapid and sensitive determination of shikonin and its derivatives in the roots of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst using matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1467836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Defu Cai
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Xueting Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Songjie Fan
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Keyong Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| |
Collapse
|