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Xu X, Wang X, Zhang L, Jin Y, Li L, Jin M, Li L, Ni H. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment confers resistance to neonatal ischemia and hypoxia: effects on neurobehavioral phenotypes. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2760-2772. [PMID: 38595293 PMCID: PMC11168517 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00031/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is the main cause of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Currently, there are few effective clinical treatments for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and molecular mechanisms of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which can protect against hypoxic injury in adulthood, in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In this study, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes before surgery and every 24 hours thereafter. The results showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment improved body weight, brain structure, adenosine triphosphate levels, oxidative damage, neurobehavioral test outcomes, and seizure threshold in experimental mice. Tandem mass tag proteomics revealed that numerous proteins were altered after nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice. Parallel reaction monitoring and western blotting confirmed changes in the expression levels of proteins including serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3N, fibronectin 1, 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IA, microtubule associated protein 2, and complexin 2. Proteomics analyses showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ameliorated hypoxic-ischemic injury through inflammation-related signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B). These findings suggest that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment can improve neurobehavioral phenotypes in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice through inflammation-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiming Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Li
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meifang Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Wang J, Hong M, Cheng Y, Wang X, Li D, Chen G, Bao B, Song J, Du X, Yang C, Zheng L, Tong Q. Targeting c-Myc transactivation by LMNA inhibits tRNA processing essential for malate-aspartate shuttle and tumour progression. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1680. [PMID: 38769668 PMCID: PMC11106511 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A series of studies have demonstrated the emerging involvement of transfer RNA (tRNA) processing during the progression of tumours. Nevertheless, the roles and regulating mechanisms of tRNA processing genes in neuroblastoma (NB), the prevalent malignant tumour outside the brain in children, are yet unknown. METHODS Analysis of multi-omics results was conducted to identify crucial regulators of downstream tRNA processing genes. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry methods were utilised to measure interaction between proteins. The impact of transcriptional regulators on expression of downstream genes was measured by dual-luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation, western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Studies have been conducted to reveal impact and mechanisms of transcriptional regulators on biological processes of NB. Survival differences were analysed using the log-rank test. RESULTS c-Myc was identified as a transcription factor driving tRNA processing gene expression and subsequent malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) in NB cells. Mechanistically, c-Myc directly promoted the expression of glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS) and leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS), resulting in translational up-regulation of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (GOT1) as well as malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) via inhibiting general control nonrepressed 2 or activating mechanistic target of rapamycin signalling. Meanwhile, lamin A (LMNA) inhibited c-Myc transactivation via physical interaction, leading to suppression of MAS, aerobic glycolysis, tumourigenesis and aggressiveness. Pre-clinically, lobeline was discovered as a LMNA-binding compound to facilitate its interaction with c-Myc, which inhibited aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase expression, MAS and tumour progression of NB, as well as growth of organoid derived from c-Myc knock-in mice. Low levels of LMNA or elevated expression of c-Myc, EPRS, LARS, GOT1 or MDH1 were linked to a worse outcome and a shorter survival time of clinical NB patients. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that targeting c-Myc transactivation by LMNA inhibits tRNA processing essential for MAS and tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Wang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
- Department of GeriatricsUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Banghe Bao
- Department of PathologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Jiyu Song
- Department of PathologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Department of PathologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceP. R. China
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Sun Z, Liu L, Liang H, Zhang L. Nicotinamide mononucleotide induces autophagy and ferroptosis via AMPK/mTOR pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:577-588. [PMID: 38197493 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy worldwide. Herein, we investigated the role of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in HCC progression. HCC cells were treated with NMN (125, 250, and 500 μM), and then nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) and NADH levels in HCC cells were measured to calculate NAD+ /NADH ratio. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis were determined. AMPK was knocked down to confirm the involvement of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Furthermore, tumor-inhibitory effect of NMN was investigated in xenograft models. Exposure to NMN dose-dependently increased NAD+ level and NAD+ /NADH ratio in HCC cells. After NMN treatment, cell proliferation was inhibited, whereas apoptosis was enhanced in both cell lines. Additionally, NMN dose-dependently enhanced autophagy/ferroptosis and activated AMPK/mTOR pathway in HCC cells. AMPK knockdown partially rescued the effects of NMN in vitro. Furthermore, NMN treatment restrained tumor growth in nude mice, activated autophagy/ferroptosis, and promoted apoptosis and necrosis in tumor tissues. The results indicate that NMN inhibits HCC progression by inducing autophagy and ferroptosis via AMPK/mTOR signaling. NMN may serve as a promising agent for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanbo Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lixian Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyuan Liang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang X, Guo Y, Chen G, Fang E, Wang J, Li Q, Li D, Hu A, Bao B, Zhou Y, Gao H, Song J, Du X, Zheng L, Tong Q. Therapeutic targeting of FUBP3 phase separation by GATA2-AS1 inhibits malate-aspartate shuttle and neuroblastoma progression via modulating SUZ12 activity. Oncogene 2023; 42:2673-2687. [PMID: 37537343 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) is essential for maintaining glycolysis and energy metabolism in tumors, while its regulatory mechanisms in neuroblastoma (NB), the commonest extracranial malignancy during childhood, still remain to be elucidated. Herein, by analyzing multi-omics data, GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) and its antisense RNA 1 (GATA2-AS1) were identified to suppress MAS during NB progression. Mechanistic studies revealed that GATA2 inhibited the transcription of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2) and malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2). As a long non-coding RNA destabilized by RNA binding motif protein 15-mediated N6-methyladenosine methylation, GATA2-AS1 bound with far upstream element binding protein 3 (FUBP3) to repress its liquid-liquid phase separation and interaction with suppressor of zest 12 (SUZ12), resulting in decrease of SUZ12 activity and epigenetic up-regulation of GATA2 and other tumor suppressors. Rescue experiments revealed that GATA2-AS1 inhibited MAS and NB progression via repressing interaction between FUBP3 and SUZ12. Pre-clinically, administration of lentivirus carrying GATA2-AS1 suppressed MAS, aerobic glycolysis, and aggressive behaviors of NB xenografts. Notably, low GATA2-AS1 or GATA2 expression and high FUBP3, SUZ12, GOT2 or MDH2 levels were linked with unfavorable outcome of NB patients. These findings suggest that GATA2-AS1 inhibits FUBP3 phase separation to repress MAS and NB progression via modulating SUZ12 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Erhu Fang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianqun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Qilan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Anpei Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Banghe Bao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Song
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, P. R. China.
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Precursor Suppresses Hepatocellular Cancer Progression in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061447. [PMID: 36986177 PMCID: PMC10055624 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism has emerged as a promising anti-cancer strategy; we aimed to explore the health benefits of boosting NAD levels with nicotinamide riboside (NR) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We established three in vivo tumor models, including subcutaneous transplantation tumor model in both Balb/c nude mice (xenograft), C57BL/6J mice (allograft), and hematogenous metastatic neoplasm in nude mice. NR (400 mg/kg bw) was supplied daily in gavage. In-situ tumor growth or noninvasive bioluminescence were measured to evaluate the effect of NR on the HCC process. HepG2 cells were treated with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the absence/presence of NR in vitro. We found that NR supplementation alleviated malignancy-induced weight loss and metastasis to lung in nude mice in both subcutaneous xenograft and hematogenous metastasis models. NR supplementation decreased metastasis to the bone and liver in the hematogenous metastasis model. NR supplementation also significantly decreased the size of allografted tumors and extended the survival time in C57BL/6J mice. In vitro experiments showed that NR intervention inhibited the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells triggered by TGF-β. In summary, our results supply evidence that boosting NAD levels by supplementing NR alleviates HCC progression and metastasis, which may serve as an effective treatment for the suppression of HCC progression.
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Obara-Michlewska M. The tryptophan metabolism, kynurenine pathway and oxidative stress - Implications for glioma pathobiology. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105363. [PMID: 35667490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway receives increasing attention due to its involvement in central nervous system pathologies, i.a. neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, but also due to the contribution to the pathomechanism of neoplasms, including brain tumors.The present review focuses on kynurenine pathway activity in gliomas, brain tumors of glial origin. The upregulation of kynurenine pathway enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), resulting in a decreased level of tryptophan and augmented kynurenine synthesis (increased (KYN/Trp ratio) are the most recognised hallmark of malignant transformation, characterised with immunomodulatory adaptations, providing an escape from defence mechanisms of the host, growth-beneficial milieu and resistance to some therapeutics. The review addresses, however, the oxidative/nitrosative stress-associated mechanisms of tryptophan catabolism, mainly the kynurenine pathway activity, linking them with glioma pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Fakhraldeen SA, Berry SM, Beebe DJ, Roopra A, Bisbach CM, Spiegelman VS, Niemi NM, Alexander CM. Enhanced immunoprecipitation techniques for the identification of RNA-binding protein partners: IGF2BP1 interactions in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101649. [PMID: 35104504 PMCID: PMC8891971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate the expression of large cohorts of RNA species to produce programmatic changes in cellular phenotypes. To describe the function of RBPs within a cell, it is key to identify their mRNA-binding partners. This is often done by crosslinking nucleic acids to RBPs, followed by chemical release of the nucleic acid fragments for analysis. However, this methodology is lengthy, which involves complex processing with attendant sample losses, thus large amounts of starting materials and prone to artifacts. To evaluate potential alternative technologies, we tested “exclusion-based” purification of immunoprecipitates (IFAST or SLIDE) and report here that these methods can efficiently, rapidly, and specifically isolate RBP–RNA complexes. The analysis requires less than 1% of the starting material required for techniques that include crosslinking. Depending on the antibody used, 50% to 100% starting protein can be retrieved, facilitating the assay of endogenous levels of RBPs; the isolated ribonucleoproteins are subsequently analyzed using standard techniques, to provide a comprehensive portrait of RBP complexes. Using exclusion-based techniques, we show that the mRNA-binding partners for RBP IGF2BP1 in cultured mammary epithelial cells are enriched in mRNAs important for detoxifying superoxides (specifically glutathione peroxidase [GPX]-1 and GPX-2) and mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins. We show that these interactions are functionally significant, as loss of function of IGF2BP1 leads to destabilization of GPX mRNAs and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption. We speculate that this underlies a consistent requirement for IGF2BP1 for the expression of clonogenic activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja A Fakhraldeen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott M Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Avtar Roopra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Celia M Bisbach
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vladimir S Spiegelman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natalie M Niemi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St Louis
| | - Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Role of NAD + in regulating cellular and metabolic signaling pathways. Mol Metab 2021; 49:101195. [PMID: 33609766 PMCID: PMC7973386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a critical coenzyme present in every living cell, is involved in a myriad of metabolic processes associated with cellular bioenergetics. For this reason, NAD+ is often studied in the context of aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. Scope of review Cellular NAD+ depletion is associated with compromised adaptive cellular stress responses, impaired neuronal plasticity, impaired DNA repair, and cellular senescence. Increasing evidence has shown the efficacy of boosting NAD+ levels using NAD+ precursors in various diseases. This review provides a comprehensive understanding into the role of NAD+ in aging and other pathologies and discusses potential therapeutic targets. Major conclusions An alteration in the NAD+/NADH ratio or the NAD+ pool size can lead to derailment of the biological system and contribute to various neurodegenerative disorders, aging, and tumorigenesis. Due to the varied distribution of NAD+/NADH in different locations within cells, the direct role of impaired NAD+-dependent processes in humans remains unestablished. In this regard, longitudinal studies are needed to quantify NAD+ and its related metabolites. Future research should focus on measuring the fluxes through pathways associated with NAD+ synthesis and degradation. NAD+ regulates energy metabolism, DNA damage repair, gene expression, and stress response. NAD+ deterioration contributes to the progression of multiple metabolic disorders, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside raise NAD+ levels in different tissues in preclinical models. Imaging studies on genetic models can illustrate the pathways of NAD+metabolism and their downstream functional effects. Human clinical trials to determine benefits of restoration of NAD+ by using NAD precursors are in progress.
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Mishra R, Chen BS, Richa P, Yu-Wai-Man P. Wolfram syndrome: new pathophysiological insights and therapeutic strategies. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:26330040211039518. [PMID: 37181110 PMCID: PMC10032446 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211039518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wolfram Syndrome (WS) is an ultra-rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by early-onset diabetes mellitus and irreversible loss of vision, secondary to optic nerve degeneration. Visual loss in WS is an important cause of registrable blindness in children and young adults and the pathological hallmark is the preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells within the inner retina. In addition to optic atrophy, affected individuals frequently develop variable combinations of neurological, endocrinological, and psychiatric complications. The majority of patients carry recessive mutations in the WFS1 (4p16.1) gene that encodes for a multimeric transmembrane protein, wolframin, embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An increasingly recognised subgroup of patients harbor dominant WFS1 mutations that usually cause a milder phenotype, which can be limited to optic atrophy. Wolframin is a ubiquitous protein with high levels of expression in retinal, neuronal, and muscle tissues. It is a multifunctional protein that regulates a host of cellular functions, in particular the dynamic interaction with mitochondria at mitochondria-associated membranes. Wolframin has been implicated in several crucial cellular signaling pathways, including insulin signaling, calcium homeostasis, and the regulation of apoptosis and the ER stress response. There is currently no cure for WS; management remains largely supportive. This review will cover the clinical, genetic, and pathophysiological features of WS, with a specific focus on disease models and the molecular pathways that could serve as potential therapeutic targets. The current landscape of therapeutic options will also be discussed in the context of the latest evidence, including the pipeline for repurposed drugs and gene therapy. Plain language summary Wolfram syndrome - disease mechanisms and treatment options Wolfram syndrome (WS) is an ultra-rare genetic disease that causes diabetes mellitus and progressive loss of vision from early childhood. Vision is affected in WS because of damage to a specialized type of cells in the retina, known as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which converge at the back of the eye to form the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the fast-conducting cable that transmits visual information from the eye to the vision processing centers within the brain. As RGCs are lost, the optic nerve degenerates and it becomes pale in appearance (optic atrophy). Although diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy are the main features of WS, some patients can develop more severe problems because the brain and other organs, such as the kidneys and the bladder, are also affected. The majority of patients with WS carry spelling mistakes (mutations) in the WFS1 gene, which is located on the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.1). This gene is highly expressed in the eye and in the brain, and it encodes for a protein located within a compartment of the cell known as the endoplasmic reticulum. For reasons that still remain unclear, WFS1 mutations preferentially affect RGCs, accounting for the prominent visual loss in this genetic disorder. There is currently no effective treatment to halt or slow disease progression and management remains supportive, including the provision of visual aids and occupational rehabilitation. Research into WS has been limited by its relative rarity and the inability to get access to eye and brain tissues from affected patients. However, major advances in our understanding of this disease have been made recently by making use of more accessible cells from patients, such as skin cells (fibroblasts), or animal models, such as mice and zebrafish. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which WFS1 mutations affect cells, impairing their function and eventually leading to their premature loss. The possible treatment strategies to block these pathways are also discussed, with a particular focus on drug repurposing (i.e., using drugs that are already approved for other diseases) and gene therapy (i.e., replacing or repairing the defective WFS1 gene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Mishra
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC
Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benson S. Chen
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC
Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Prachi Richa
- Department of Physiology, Development and
Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC
Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University
of Cambridge, ED Adrian Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University
College London, London, UK
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Navas LE, Carnero A. NAD + metabolism, stemness, the immune response, and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:2. [PMID: 33384409 PMCID: PMC7775471 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD+ was discovered during yeast fermentation, and since its discovery, its important roles in redox metabolism, aging, and longevity, the immune system and DNA repair have been highlighted. A deregulation of the NAD+ levels has been associated with metabolic diseases and aging-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, defective immune responses, and cancer. NAD+ acts as a cofactor through its interplay with NADH, playing an essential role in many enzymatic reactions of energy metabolism, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and the TCA cycle. NAD+ also plays a role in deacetylation by sirtuins and ADP ribosylation during DNA damage/repair by PARP proteins. Finally, different NAD hydrolase proteins also consume NAD+ while converting it into ADP-ribose or its cyclic counterpart. Some of these proteins, such as CD38, seem to be extensively involved in the immune response. Since NAD cannot be taken directly from food, NAD metabolism is essential, and NAMPT is the key enzyme recovering NAD from nicotinamide and generating most of the NAD cellular pools. Because of the complex network of pathways in which NAD+ is essential, the important role of NAD+ and its key generating enzyme, NAMPT, in cancer is understandable. In the present work, we review the role of NAD+ and NAMPT in the ways that they may influence cancer metabolism, the immune system, stemness, aging, and cancer. Finally, we review some ongoing research on therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola E Navas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cancer, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain. .,CIBER de Cancer, Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Storder J, Renard P, Arnould T. Update on the role of Sirtuin 3 in cell differentiation: A major metabolic target that can be pharmacologically controlled. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113621. [PMID: 31472127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell differentiation is a fundamental biological event in which a precursor stem cell is turning into a specialized somatic cell. It is thus crucial for the development, tissue turnover and regeneration in mammals. Among the numerous changes taking place in a cell during a differentiation programme, the biology of mitochondria, the central organelle mainly responsible for energy homeostasis and stress adaptation, is deeply modified. These modifications are now well recognized as taking an active part to the completion of the differentiation programme. Indeed, mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic shift are observed during cell differentiation, adapting many syntheses, calcium homeostasis, ATP and reactive oxygen species production, to the needs. These mitochondrial functions are substantially regulated by the post-translational modifications of the mitochondrial proteins among which lysine acetylation is essential. This mitoacetylome is then globally controlled by the balance between spontaneous/enzymatically-catalysed protein acetylation and the NAD+-dependent deacetylation mediated by Sirtuin 3. This enzyme is now considered as a major regulator of the function of the organelle. Regarding the requirement of these mitochondrial adaptations, the subsequent growing interest for this enzyme recently extended to the investigation of the mechanisms driving cell differentiation. This review summarizes the currently available information about the significance of SIRT3 in cell differentiation in physio-pathological contexts. We also suggest a control of the differentiation-activated autophagy by SIRT3, a hypothesis supported by recent findings establishing a causal link between SIRT3 and autophagy. Eventually, an update on the present pharmacological modulators of SIRT3 in a context of cell differentiation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Storder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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12
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Park J, Rai P, Zhai RG. Subcellular compartmentalization of NAD + and its role in cancer: A sereNADe of metabolic melodies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:27-41. [PMID: 30974124 PMCID: PMC7010080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential biomolecule involved in many critical processes. Its role as both a driver of energy production and a signaling molecule underscores its importance in health and disease. NAD+ signaling impacts multiple processes that are dysregulated in cancer, including DNA repair, cell proliferation, differentiation, redox regulation, and oxidative stress. Distribution of NAD+ is highly compartmentalized, with each subcellular NAD+ pool differentially regulated and preferentially involved in distinct NAD+-dependent signaling or metabolic events. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting NAD+ metabolism is likely to repress many specific mechanisms underlying tumor development and progression, including proliferation, survival, metabolic adaptations, invasive capabilities, heterotypic interactions with the tumor microenvironment, and stress response including notably DNA maintenance and repair. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of how compartmentalized NAD+ metabolism in mitochondria, nucleus, cytosol, and extracellular space impacts cancer formation and progression, along with a discussion of the therapeutic potential of NAD+-targeting drugs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Joun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Priyamvada Rai
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rong G Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China.
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13
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Son MJ, Jeong JK, Kwon Y, Ryu JS, Mun SJ, Kim HJ, Kim SW, Yoo S, Kook J, Lee H, Kim J, Chung KS. A novel and safe small molecule enhances hair follicle regeneration by facilitating metabolic reprogramming. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-15. [PMID: 30523246 PMCID: PMC6283868 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting hair follicle regeneration has been investigated for the treatment of hair loss, and fundamental studies investigating stem cells and their niche have been described. However, knowledge of stem cell metabolism and the specific regulation of bioenergetics during the hair regeneration process is currently insufficient. Here, we report the hair regrowth-promoting effect of a newly synthesized novel small molecule, IM176OUT05 (IM), which activates stem cell metabolism. IM facilitated stemness induction and maintenance during an induced pluripotent stem cell generation process. IM treatment mildly inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and concurrently increased glycolysis, which accelerated stemness induction during the early phase of reprogramming. More importantly, the topical application of IM accelerated hair follicle regeneration by stimulating the progression of the hair follicle cycle to the anagen phase and increased the hair follicle number in mice. Furthermore, the stem cell population with a glycolytic metabotype appeared slightly earlier in the IM-treated mice. Stem cell and niche signaling involved in the hair regeneration process was also activated by the IM treatment during the early phase of hair follicle regeneration. Overall, these results show that the novel small molecule IM promotes tissue regeneration, specifically in hair regrowth, by restructuring the metabolic configuration of stem cells. A compound that establishes metabolic conditions favorable for sustaining stem cells may also offer a safe drug for promoting hair regrowth. Drugs that inhibit mitochondrial activity help lock stem cells into a pluripotent state that allows them to actively divide and repair various tissues, but many of these drugs are toxic. Researchers led by Myung Jin Son of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon and ImmunoMet, USA have identified a new compound that safely achieves the same effect. This potential drug helped promote stemness in diverse stem cell types, including the highly proliferative cells that comprise hair follicles. Topical application proved more effective at promoting hair regrowth in female mice than the baldness drug minoxidil, and matched its performance in males, demonstrating its potency as a stem cell modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jin Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Kap Jeong
- HanAll Biopharma, Bongeunsaro114-gil 12, 9th Floor, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,SCAS-BTT Bioanalysis Co., Ltd, Ochang Scientific Complex 53, Yengudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28115, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjeong Kwon
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.,Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Ave. 3018, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Ryu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ju Mun
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Eco-Friendly and New Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wuk Kim
- HanAll Biopharma, Bongeunsaro114-gil 12, 9th Floor, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,ImmunoMet Therapeutics Inc., JLABS at Texas Medical Center, 2450 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
| | - Sanghee Yoo
- ImmunoMet Therapeutics Inc., JLABS at Texas Medical Center, 2450 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
| | - Jiae Kook
- ImmunoMet Therapeutics Inc., JLABS at Texas Medical Center, 2450 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
| | - Hongbum Lee
- ImmunoMet Therapeutics Inc., JLABS at Texas Medical Center, 2450 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Translational Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Luo K, Huang W, Tang S. Sirt3 enhances glioma cell viability by stabilizing Ku70-BAX interaction. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:7559-7567. [PMID: 30464504 PMCID: PMC6214584 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s172672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the most prevalent malignancies, glioma is characterized by poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Glioma patients may show completely distinct clinical outcomes due to their different molecular patterns. Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) participates in aging, stress resistance, and metabolic regulation. Here we aimed to test the expression and function of Sirt3 in glioma. Methods We enrolled 114 patients and tested the protein level of Sirt3 in their glioma tissues. The correlation between prognosis and Sirt3 was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. We also conducted cellular experiments in U87 and U251 glioma cells, including overexpression and knockdown assays. Results Sirt3 expression was lower in glioma tissues than normal brain tissues. Higher Sirt3 is significantly correlated to advanced tumor grade (P=0.004), showing its potential role in cancer progression. Consistently, univariate and multivariate analyses identified Sirt3 as an independent prognostic factor (P=0.017). Patients with higher Sirt3 expression showed significantly shorter overall survival time. Moreover, overexpression of Sirt3 in either cell line enhanced cell viability, while silencing Sirt3 attenuated cell growth. Molecular assays showed Sirt3 can deacetylate Ku70 protein, therefore stabilizing the Ku70-BAX interaction. Since Ku70 can help prevent BAX transporting into mitochondria and decrease cell apoptosis, Sirt3 protein may play roles in maintaining cell viability. In addition, silencing Ku70 inhibited the pro-proliferative effect by Sirt3. Conclusion Taken together, our results not only identified the prognostic role of Sirt3 in glioma patients but also provided signaling pathway evidence for its functioning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China,
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China,
| | - Shuang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China,
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15
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Exendin-4 inhibits glioma cell migration, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through GLP-1R/sirt3 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1364-1369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Chen YH, Zeng WJ, Wen ZP, Cheng Q, Chen XP. Under explored epigenetic modulators: role in glioma chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:201-209. [PMID: 29864410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with somatic mutations of epigenetic regulators are characterized by aberrant chromatin modification patterns. Recent mechanistic studies pairing chemical tool compounds and deep-sequencing technology have greatly broadened our understanding of epigenetic regulation in glioma progression and underpinned alternative treatment of epigenetic inhibitors. However, the effect of most inhibitors is condition-dependent, and the overall results of clinical trials still have not been applied to patients. There is an intense need to develop more potent and specific compounds as well as identify the population who may achieve clinical benefits. Besides, combination therapy with conventional therapeutics is another alternative strategy. In this review, we summarize well-characterized chemical probes in glioma research and clinical translation. We also discuss the target population and combination of therapy regimens of various agents. In a holistic sense, we try to provide guidance for selecting targeted chemical probes and pave the way for personalized rational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Chen
- Department of Clinical pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zeng
- Department of Clinical pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wen
- Department of Clinical pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Clinical pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
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17
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Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the cell's hydrogen carrier for redox enzymes, is well known for its role in redox reactions. More recently, it has emerged as a signaling molecule. By modulating NAD+-sensing enzymes, NAD+ controls hundreds of key processes from energy metabolism to cell survival, rising and falling depending on food intake, exercise, and the time of day. NAD+ levels steadily decline with age, resulting in altered metabolism and increased disease susceptibility. Restoration of NAD+ levels in old or diseased animals can promote health and extend lifespan, prompting a search for safe and efficacious NAD-boosting molecules that hold the promise of increasing the body's resilience, not just to one disease, but to many, thereby extending healthy human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rajman
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karolina Chwalek
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Ageing Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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18
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Rate of entropy model for irreversible processes in living systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9134. [PMID: 28831153 PMCID: PMC5567375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In living systems, it is crucial to study the exchange of entropy that plays a fundamental role in the understanding of irreversible chemical reactions. However, there are not yet works able to describe in a systematic way the rate of entropy production associated to irreversible processes. Hence, here we develop a theoretical model to compute the rate of entropy in the minimum living system. In particular, we apply the model to the most interesting and relevant case of metabolic network, the glucose catabolism in normal and cancer cells. We show, (i) the rate of internal entropy is mainly due to irreversible chemical reactions, and (ii) the rate of external entropy is mostly correlated to the heat flow towards the intercellular environment. The future applications of our model could be of fundamental importance for a more complete understanding of self-renewal and physiopatologic processes and could potentially be a support for cancer detection.
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