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Radziszewski M, Kuś A, Bednarczuk T. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Graves' disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101745. [PMID: 36828713 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease affecting with varying degrees of severity the thyroid gland, orbital tissues and skin. The pathogenesis of GD involves a complex interplay between multiple genetic, environmental and endogenous factors. Although the genetic predisposition to GD is well established, the significance of genotype-phenotype correlations and the role of epigenetic modifications in the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of genotype-phenotype correlations and summarize possible clinical implications of genetic and epigenetic markers in GD patients. We will specifically discuss the association of genetic markers and epigenetic modifications with age of GD onset, severity of Graves' hyperthyroidism and the development of clinically evident Graves' orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Radziszewski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Kuś
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Cao J, Su Y, Chen Z, Ma C, Xiong W. The risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1043-1054. [PMID: 34787691 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to provide an overview of current research into the risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). METHODS To find information about the risk factors for GO, the research database PubMed was searched and relevant articles were obtained to extract information about risk factors. RESULTS Smoking has been widely accepted as an important risk factor and cigarette smoking cessation has been shown to improve the outcome and decrease the onset of GO. Radioactive iodine on the thyroid may induce hyperthyroidism and increase the occurrence of GO. Selenium deficiency is a risk factor for GO and the supplementation of selenium has been an adjuvant therapy. Decreasing stressful life events (SLE) may help improve GO. Imbalance in intestinal flora is essential to GO, with Yersinia enterocolitica and Escherichia coli both increased in the digestive tract of the individual with GO. In addition, controlling serum cholesterol may help improve GO since adipogenesis is an important pathological change in its pathogenesis. Considering the correlation between Graves' disease and GO, maintaining normal thyroid function hormone level is the first-line therapeutic strategy to prevent progression of GO. An increase in antibodies such as TSHR and IGF-1R is the main predictor of GO. Besides, gender and gene polymorphism are also risk factors towards GO. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for GO arise from five sources: physical and chemical environment, social-psychological environment, biological environment, the human organism, and genetic codes. Risk factors within these categories may interact with each other and their mechanisms in promoting the development of GO are complex. Research into risk factors for GO may promote emerging fields related to GO such as control of autoantibodies and intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Su
- Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuokun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu P, Wu X, Zhou J, Wu K, Lu Y. Gene polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines may affect the risk of Graves' disease: a meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:311-319. [PMID: 32474766 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) may influence the risk of Graves' disease, but the results of so far published studies remain inconclusive. Therefore, the authors conducted this meta-analysis to assess relationships between TNF-α/IL-1/IL-6 polymorphisms and the risk of Graves' disease by pooling the findings of all relevant studies. METHODS A comprehensive literature searching of Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI was conducted by the authors, and twenty-eight studies were found to be eligible for pooled analyses. RESULTS The pooled meta-analyses results showed that genotypic frequencies of TNF-α rs1800629, IL-1A rs1800587, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects differed significantly. Moreover, we found that genotypic frequencies of TNF-α rs1800629 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects in Caucasians differed significantly, and genotypic frequencies of IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects in Asians also differed significantly. Nevertheless, we did not detect such genotypic frequencies differences for TNF-α rs361525 and IL-1B rs1143627 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that TNF-α rs1800629, IL-1A rs1800587, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in overall population. Moreover, TNF-α rs1800629 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in Caucasians, while IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - K Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China.
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Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV, Budu, Wulandari LR. The role of IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism and intraocular IL-6 levels in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17453. [PMID: 33060644 PMCID: PMC7566646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the key regulators behind the inflammatory and pathological process associated with ophthalmic diseases. The role of IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism as well as intraocular IL-6 levels among various eye disease patients differ across studies and has not been systematically reviewed. Thus, this study aims to provide a summary to understand the relationship between IL-6 and ophthalmic disease. In total, 8,252 and 11,014 subjects for IL-6-174 G/C and intraocular levels of IL-6, respectively, were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. No association was found between IL-6-174 G/C polymorphisms with ocular diseases. Subgroup analyses revealed a suggestive association between the GC genotype of IL-6-174 G/C with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Further, the level of intraocular IL-6 among ocular disease patients in general was found to be higher than the control group [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-1.58, P < 0.00001]. Closer examination through subgroup analyses yielded similar results in several ocular diseases. This study thus indicates that the IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism does not predispose patients to ocular disease, although the GC genotype is likely to be a genetic biomarker for PDR. Moreover, intraocular IL-6 concentrations are related to the specific manifestations of the ophthalmic diseases. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Batu, East Java, 65151, Indonesia.
| | - Gita Vita Soraya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Budu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Lely Retno Wulandari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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Association of variant on the promoter of cluster of differentiation 74 in graves disease and graves ophthalmopathy. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225965. [PMID: 32744317 PMCID: PMC7432997 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) plays a role in immunological functions. The present study aims to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MIF and CD74 are risk factors for developing Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with Graves disease (GD). A case–control study enrolled 484 patients with GD (203 with and 281 without GO) and 1000 healthy individuals. SNPs were discriminated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, as well as frequencies of allele and genotype between GD patients with and without GO, were estimated using the Chi-square test. The effects of CD74 on adipocyte proliferation and differentiation were evaluated using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Quantitative DNA-immunoprecipitation was used to detect the binding capacity of NR3C1 and FOXP3 to A/G oligonucleotides. The results showed that individuals carrying the GG genotype at rs2569103 in the CD74 had a decreased risk of developing GD (P=3.390 × 10−11, odds ratio (OR) = 0.021, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.003–0.154); however, patients with GD carrying the AG genotype at rs2569103 in the CD74 had an increased risk of developing GO (P=0.009, OR = 1.707, 95% CI = 1.168–2.495). The knockdown of CD74 reduced adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. NR3C1 had a higher affinity for A, whereas FOXP3 had a higher affinity for G of rs2569103. The results suggested the existence of a link between the genetic variation of CD74 promoter and the risk for developing GD and GO, which should be considered in clinical practice.
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Petunina NA, Martirosian NS, Trukhina LV, Saakyan SV, Panteleeva OG, Burdennyy AM, Nosikov VV. Association between polymorphic markers in candidate genes and the risk of manifestationof endocrine ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves’ disease. TERAPEVT ARKH 2018. [DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890104-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To analyze the association between the polymorphic markers in CTLA4, TNF, IL10 and IL16 genes and the risk of manifestation of endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO) in patients with Graves’ disease (GD). Materials and methods. Case-control study included 248 patients with GD. Using polymerase chain reaction we studied the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers such as A60G (rs3087243) in CTLA4 gene, G(-308)A (rs1800629) in TNF gene, G(-1082)A (rs1800896) in IL10 gene, T3249C (rs4778641) in IL16 gene among 141 patients with Graves’ disease and EO and 107 patients with GD without EO. Results and discussion. The frequencies of A alleles and the AA genotypes were significantly increased and the frequencies of G alleles and the GG genotype polymorphic markers rs3087243 of CTLA4 gene and rs1800896 of IL10 gene, as well as the GG genotype polymorphic marker rs1800629 of TNF gene were reduced in patients with GD and EO. The polymorphism in CTLA4 gene was also associated with the activity and the severity of EO. The comparative analysis of the allele and genotype frequency distribution of polymorphic markers of IL16 gene did not show the significant difference. Conclusion. The risk of manifestation and the development of EO in patients with Graves’ disease can be caused by not only environmental, but also genetic risk factors.
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Wu T, Tang DR, Zhao L, Sun FY. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in Chinese patients with Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:556-561. [PMID: 28177666 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the genetic variation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) as risk factor in development of Graves’ disease (GD) and Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) among Chinese individuals. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of GD or healthy individuals with no clinical symptoms of hyperthyroiditis were enrolled at the Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, China. Genetic polymorphism was studied in plasma DNA samples of subjects by polymerase chain reaction of restriction fragment length polymorphism to confirm our hypothesis. Cytokine levels were measured routinely on serum samples of subjects by sandwich ELISA technique. Patients with GG genotype (odds ratio (OR) 95% CI = 2.25 (1.35–3.73), p = 0.002) and carriers of G allele (OR = 2.03 (1.23–3.36), p = 0.006) were at high risk of developing ophthalmopathy. Polymorphism of del/ins of nuclear factor-κB1 gene (NFkB1) gene (OR = 7.1 (2.88–17.52), p < 0.0001) and PARP-1 C410T polymorphism was found to be associated with GO (p < 0.05). Cytokine level was significantly higher in patients with GD (p < 0.05), but no significant change in cytokines level among GO patients from baseline (p > 0.05). Our study results recommended that polymorphism of PARP-1 gene is more likely responsible for development of GD in Chinese individuals. We also observed that the polymorphism of gene-related del/ins to NFkB1 in development of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Dong-run Tang
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Feng-yuan Sun
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
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Lee JY, Kim NK, Cho YW, Lew H. Association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and susceptibility to Graves' ophthalmopathy. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2276-82. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jang JP, Cho WK, Baek IC, Choi EJ, Shin DH, Suh BK, Kim TG. Comprehensive analysis of cytokine gene polymorphisms defines the association of IL-12 gene with ophthalmopthy in Korean children with autoimmune thyroid disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:43-9. [PMID: 26850223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In early onset autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) showing a strong genetic tendency, cytokines have been suggested to play a critical role in the development of AITD. To directly compare the influences of several cytokine gene polymorphisms, 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 17 cytokine genes were analyzed on 104 Korean children with AITD [Hashimoto's disease (HD) = 44, Graves' disease (GD) = 60 (thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) = 29, non-TAO = 31)] and 192 controls. Compared with healthy controls, any significant association with polymorphisms of cytokine genes was not found in HD and GD. Among GD patients, non-TAO group only showed significant associations with IL-12 C allele (rs3212227: A > C) (76.6% vs. 51.6%, OR = 0.3 [0.15-0.71], Pc = 0.007). Particularly, the frequency of IL-12C allele was significantly lower in the non-TAO group than in the TAO group (82.8% vs. 51.6%, Pc = 0.018). Our comprehensive analysis of cytokine gene polymorphisms suggests that IL-12 gene may play impact on specific pathogenesis of ophthalmopathy in Korean children with AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Pil Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Jeong Choi
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwan Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Kyu Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ruchała M, Sawicka-Gutaj N. Advances in the pharmacological treatment of Graves' orbitopathy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:981-9. [PMID: 26966785 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1165606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Graves' orbitopathy has a deteriorating effect on patients' appearance and vision, thus significantly decreases their quality of life. A multidisciplinary team of endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, head and neck surgeons, nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, and psychologists should constitute a standard health care team for those patients. It is vital that the therapy is based on an individual approach, with patients being well informed and involved in the decision-making process. Generally, traditional therapies include immunosuppression with steroids, orbital irradiation and surgical decompression. Novel treatment modalities include: biological agents, somatostatin analogs, antioxidants, methotrexate. Better insight into pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy is the only chance for targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ruchała
- a Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj
- a Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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Wong KH, Rong SS, Chong KKL, Young AL, Pang CP, Chen LJ. Genetic Associations of Interleukin-related Genes with Graves' Ophthalmopathy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16672. [PMID: 26578206 PMCID: PMC4649612 DOI: 10.1038/srep16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is the commonest extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD). Associations between interleukin-related (IL) gene polymorphisms and GO have been reported in different populations. We aim to confirm such associations by conducting a meta-analysis. Totally 382 publications were retrieved in MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 25/2/2015. After removing the duplicates and assessing the studies, we retrieved 16 studies that met the selection criteria for meta-analysis, involving 12 polymorphisms in 8 IL-related genes, and 1650 GO cases and 2909 GD controls. The summary odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. We found one polymorphism in IL1A (rs1800587, c.-889C>T) showing a suggestive association with GO in the meta-analysis (allelic model [T vs. C]: OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.00–2.62, P = 0.050, I2 = 53.7%; recessive model [TT vs. TC + CC]: OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.07–5.37, P = 0.039, I2 = 23.6%; heterozygous model [TC vs. CC]: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.22, P = 0.034, I2 = 37.0%). No association with GO was detected for the other 7 genes (IL1B, IL1RA, IL4, IL6, IL12B, IL13 and IL23R). Our results thus indicate that IL1A is likely to be a genetic biomarker for GO. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm the associations of IL1A and other IL-related genes with GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Hie Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin K L Chong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Aytekin N, Akcali C, Pehlivan S, Kirtak N, Inaloz S. Investigation of interleukin-12, interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 receptor gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata. J Int Med Res 2015; 43:526-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0300060514549784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the distribution of interleukin (IL)-12 ( IL12; 1188A/C), IL17 (A7488G) and IL-23 receptor ( IL23R; +2199A/C) gene polymorphisms in patients with alopecia areata. Methods Patients with alopecia areata and healthy controls were enrolled in this case–control study. Genotyping of the IL12 (1188A/C), IL17 (A7488G) and IL23R (+2199A/C) polymorphisms was undertaken. Genotype frequencies were compared between the two groups. Results The study enrolled 100 patients with alopecia areata and 71 control subjects. No significant differences were found in the frequencies for the IL12 and IL23R gene polymorphisms between the patient and control groups. The IL17 GG genotype was significantly more common and the IL17 GA genotype was significantly less common in patients with alopecia areata compared with controls, but only 10% of patients had the GG genotype. Conclusion The IL17 GG genotype was associated with susceptibility for alopecia areata, but this genotype was only present in a small number of patients. The IL12 and IL23R gene polymorphisms were not found to have a significant association with alopecia areata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Aytekin
- Department of Dermatology, Merzifon Kara Mustafa Pasa Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cenk Akcali
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Kirtak
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Serhat Inaloz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Martirosian NS, Burdennyi AM, Trukhina LV, Panteleeva OG, Saakyan SV, Petunina NA, Nosikov VV. [Association of CTLA4 and TNF gene polymorphisms with endocrine ophthalmopathy in ethnic Russian patients with Graves' disease]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2015; 87:67-71. [PMID: 26978177 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2015871067-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the associations of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism and the rs1800629 TNF polymorphism with endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) in ethnic Russian patients with Graves' disease (GD). MATERIAL AND METHODS The case-control study enrolled 205 patients with GD. The distribution of alleles and genotypes of the rs3087243 CTLA4 and rs1800629 TNF polymorphisms was studied in 141 patients with GD and EOP (a GD+EOP group) and 64 patients with GD without EOP (a GD-EOP group). The polymorphic alleles were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length analysis. RESULTS The patients with GD in their history and EOP had significantly higher frequencies of A allele and AA genotype and a lower proportion of G allele and GG genotype of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism. Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences in the frequency of the alleles and genotypes of the rs1800629 TNF polymorphism. CONCLUSION The rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism is associated with the risk of EOP in ethnic Russian patients with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Martirosian
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia; N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Burdennyi
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Trukhina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - O G Panteleeva
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Saakyan
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Petunina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Nosikov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Liu YH, Chen YJ, Wu HH, Wang TY, Tsai FJ. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms at the PRR3, ABCF1, and GNL1 Genes in the HLA Class I Region Are Associated with Graves' Ophthalmopathy in a Gender-Dependent Manner. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:2033-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Niyazoglu M, Baykara O, Koc A, Aydoğdu P, Onaran I, Dellal FD, Tasan E, Sultuybek GK. Association of PARP-1, NF-κB, NF-κBIA and IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α with Graves Disease and Graves Ophthalmopathy. Gene 2014; 547:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Ploski R, Kula D, Szymanski K, Bednarczuk T, Ambroziak U, Hasse-Lazar K, Hyla-Klekot L, Tukiendorf A, Kolosza Z, Jarzab B. Association between polymorphisms in the TSHR gene and Graves' orbitopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102653. [PMID: 25061884 PMCID: PMC4111286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' orbitopathy (GO) as well as Graves' disease (GD) hyperthyroidism originate from an autoimmune reaction against the common auto-antigen, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). GO phenotype is associated with environmental risk factors, mainly nicotinism, as well as genetic risk factors which initiate an immunologic reaction. In some patients GO is observed before diagnosis of GD hyperthyroidism, while it can also be observed far after diagnosis. The intensity of GO symptoms varies greatly in these patients. Thus, the pathogenesis of GD and GO may correlate with different genetic backgrounds, which has been confirmed by studies of correlations between GO and polymorphisms in cytokines involved in orbit inflammation. The aim of our analysis was to assess genetic predisposition to GO in young patients (age of diagnosis ≤30 years of age), for whom environmental effects had less time to influence outcomes than in adults. METHODS 768 GD patients were included in the study. 359 of them had clinically evident orbitopathy (NOSPECS ≥2). Patients were stratified by age at diagnosis. Association analyses were performed for genes with a known influence on development of GD - TSHR, HLA-DRB1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22). RESULTS The rs179247 TSHR polymorphism was associated with GO in young patients only. In young GO-free patients, allele A was statistically more frequent and homozygous carriers had a considerable lower risk of disease incidence than patients with AG or GG genotypes. Those differences were not found in either elderly patients or the group analyzed as a whole. CONCLUSIONS Allele A of the rs179247 polymorphism in the TSHR gene is associated with lower risk of GO in young GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kula
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Konrad Szymanski
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Ambroziak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kornelia Hasse-Lazar
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Department of Epidemiology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zofia Kolosza
- Department of Epidemiology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
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Liao WL, Wan L, Wang TY, Chen CC, Tse SS, Lu CH, Tsai FJ. Association of TLR7 and TSHR copy number variation with Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy in Chinese population in Taiwan. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14:15. [PMID: 24517461 PMCID: PMC3929160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) are autoimmune disorders, which might be influenced by genetic factors. Copy number variation (CNV) is an important source of genomic diversity in humans, and influences disease susceptibility. This study investigated the association between CNV in the TSHR and TLR7 genes and the development of GD and GO in a Chinese population in Taiwan. METHODS For this case-control study, sample from 196 healthy controls and 484 GD patients, including 203 patients with GO were studied. CNV was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using TaqMan™ probes and the relative copy number (CN) was estimated by using the comparative Ct method. RESULTS The differences in the distribution of TSHR CNV in healthy controls and GD patients were statistically significant (p value = 0.01). However, the difference in the distribution of TSHR CNV in the control group and the GO group was not statistically significant (p value = 0.06). For TLR7 CNV, the results were not significantly different when we compared the distribution in healthy controls and GD patients and in healthy controls and GO patients (p values for Fisher's exact test were 0.13 and 0.09, respectively). However, a lower than normal CNV for TLR7 (CNV < 2 for female and CNV < 1 for male) was found to have a protective effect against the development of GD (odds ratio (OR) = 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.07-0.75) after adjusting for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that TSHR and TLR7 CNV might be associated with susceptibility to GD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No,2 Yuh-Der Road, 404 Taichung City, Taiwan.
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Association of IL12B polymorphisms with susceptibility to Graves ophthalmopathy in a Taiwan Chinese population. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:97. [PMID: 23164360 PMCID: PMC3514134 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 12B (IL12B) gene polymorphisms have been linked to several inflammatory diseases, but their role in the development of Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) in Graves disease (GD) patients is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the disease association of IL12B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods A Taiwan Chinese population comprising 200 GD patients with GO and 271 GD patients without GO was genotyped using an allele-specific extension and ligation method. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was estimated using the chi-square test. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between GD patients with and without GO using the chi-square test. Results The genotype and allele frequencies of examined SNPs did not differ between GD patients with and without GO. Although the genotype distribution remained nonsignificant in the sex-stratified analyses, the frequency of the T allele at SNP rs1003199 was significantly higher in patients with GO in the male cohort (P = 6.00 × 10-3). In addition, haplotypes of IL12B may be used to predict the risk of GO (P = 1.70 × 10-2); however, we could not prove the statistical significance of analysis after applying the Bonferroni correction. Conclusions Our results provide new information that the examined IL12B gene polymorphisms may be associated with susceptibility to GO in the Taiwan Chinese population in a sex-specific manner. This conclusion requires further investigation.
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Khalilzadeh O, Noshad S, Rashidi A, Amirzargar A. Graves' ophthalmopathy: a review of immunogenetics. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:564-75. [PMID: 22654556 PMCID: PMC3271309 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and often involves the orbits. Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), can be clinically significant and advance to sight-threatening stages. Our knowledge of the immunogenetic pathophysiology of GO is rapidly expanding. The present review is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on the immunogenetics of GO. First we briefly review the epidemiology and clinical importance of GO, and then we describe in detail the macromolecular pathogenesis and finally immunogenetics of GO. Discrepancies between the results from various reports and the limitations of the available data are discussed. In particular, there is a scarcity of data from non-Asian populations. While several studies have demonstrated significant associations between polymorphisms in certain genes (especially CTLA-4, HLA-DRB-1, and TNF-α), there is a need for studies that investigate the relationship between polymorphisms and both serum and local concentrations of the resulting proteins. A complete understanding of GO susceptibility and pathogenesis has not been yet possible due to a number of important knowledge gaps that need to be filled by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khalilzadeh
- Molecular Immunology and Immunogenetics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ujhelyi B, Gogolak P, Erdei A, Nagy V, Balazs E, Rajnavolgyi E, Berta A, Nagy EV. Graves' orbitopathy results in profound changes in tear composition: a study of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and seven cytokines. Thyroid 2012; 22:407-14. [PMID: 22385289 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretion of cytokines and expression of cytokine receptors have been reported in the orbital connective tissue in Graves' orbitopathy (GO). Lacrimal glands are putative autoimmune targets, and changes in tear film and ocular surface have also been described. Our aim was to characterize the cytokine profile of tears in patients with Graves' disease (GD) with and without orbitopathy. METHODS Tear samples were collected from 54 eyes of GO patients (age 43.4±15.2 years), 18 eyes of GD patients (age 46.8±11.7 years), and 24 control eyes (age 38.6±13.8 years). Patients underwent ophthalmological examination including Clinical Activity Score (CAS). The level of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted) as well as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured by multiplex bead array and release values were calculated. RESULTS The release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, TNF-α, and RANTES were significantly higher in GO patients compared to controls (p<0.05). There was a 2.5-fold increase of IL-6 release. No significant differences were found in cytokine release between the GO and GD groups. In the GO group, significant positive correlation was found between CAS and the release of IL-6 and PAI-1 into tears (r=0.27, p<0.05 and r=0.24, p<0.05, respectively). PAI-1 release was significantly higher in GO than in GD patients and was increased in both the GD and GO groups compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Impaired cytokine balance has been observed in tears of GO patients. Secretion of IL-6 into tears might be a useful indicator of disease activity in GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Ujhelyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Esteghamati A, Momen-Heravi F, Rashidi A, Amiri HM, Tahvildari M, Mahmoudi M, Amirzargar A. Genetic susceptibility to Graves' ophthalmopathy: The role of polymorphisms in anti-inflammatory cytokine genes. Ophthalmic Genet 2011; 31:215-20. [PMID: 21067483 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2010.515648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various polymorphisms occur in cytokine genes involved in inflammatory processes in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Anti-inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) are among those believed to be involved in the disease process. In this study, we investigated the association between 8 polymorphisms within the mentioned cytokines and GO. METHODS The following polymorphisms were studied in 50 patients with GO, 57 Graves' patients without GO and 140 healthy individuals using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers: TGF-β (+869C/T, +915G/C), IL-10 (-1082A/G, -819C/T, -592C/A) and IL-4 (-1098T/G, -590T/C, -33C/T). A corrected p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The TGF-β +915C allele (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.20) and CC genotype (OR = 7.50) as well as +869C allele (OR = 2.21) showed significant correlations with GO. Regarding IL-4 polymorphisms, the -1098G allele (OR = 2.09) and GG genotype (OR = 7.49), and the -33T allele (OR = 2.05) and TT genotype (OR = 4.00) were significantly associated with GO. The IL-10 -819TT genotype (OR = 5.00) was significantly correlated with GO. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that polymorphisms in anti-inflammatory cytokine genes are associated with susceptibility to GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khalilzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liao WL, Chen RH, Lin HJ, Liu YH, Chen WC, Tsai Y, Wan L, Tsai FJ. Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to Graves' ophthalmopathy in Taiwan males. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:154. [PMID: 21050493 PMCID: PMC2992489 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors, which plays a role in eliciting innate/adaptive immune responses and developing chronic inflammation. The polymorphisms of TLRs have been associated with the risk of various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis and rheumatorid arthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether TLR genes could be used as genetic markers for the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). METHODS 6 TLR-4 and 2 TLR-9 gene polymorphisms in 471 GD patients (200 patients with GO and 271 patients without GO) from a Taiwan Chinese population were evaluated. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was observed in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of TLR-4 and TLR-9 gene polymorphisms between the GD patients with and without GO. However, sex-stratified analyses showed that the association between TLR-9 gene polymorphism and GO phenotype was more pronounced in the male patients. The odds ratios (ORs) was 2.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-3.91) for rs187084 AàG polymorphism and 1.97 (95% CI = 1.07-3.62) for rs352140 AàG polymorphism among the male patients. Increasing one G allele of rs287084 and one A allele of rs352140 increased the risk of GO (p values for trend tests were 0.0195 and 0.0345, respectively). Further, in haplotype analyses, the male patients carrying the GA haplotype had a higher risk of GO (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-3.73) than those not carrying the GA haplotype. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that TLR-9 gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with increased susceptibility of ophthalmopathy in male GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Liao
- Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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The association between polymorphisms of B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) and Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Taiwanese population. Ophthalmology 2010; 118:553-7. [PMID: 20884055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluates whether B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) could be used as genetic markers for the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS We included 471 patients with Graves' disease (GD; 200 patients with GO and 271 patients without GO) in a Chinese population in Taiwan. METHODS An endocrinologist with substantial experience in thyroid diseases identified GO. Blood samples were taken for DNA extraction from GD subjects. The gene polymorphism of CD80 and CD86 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction in each patient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genotypes of CD80 and CD86 polymorphism. RESULTS We found that the frequency of C allele at position rs_9831894 of the CD86 gene is different in patients with GD (with and without GO; chi-square test, P = 0.0017). In addition, the multifactor dimensionality reduction method was used to identify the best gene-gene interaction to predict the risk of GO. We identified an interaction between CD80_rs9289131 and CD86_rs9872483 (sign test, P = 0.0010). Moreover, the G-A haplotype was shown to have a protective effect in the development of ophthalmopathy among patients with GD (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.90). Moreover, among patients with GO, the patients carrying the G-A haplotype had a lower level of free thyroxine T(4) than those not carrying the G-A haplotype (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the polymorphisms of the CD86 gene may be used as genetic markers for making the diagnosis and prognosis of GO. Therefore, GO could be a disease with complex genetic factors, resulting from the existing gene-gene interaction found in the present study.
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Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Esteghamati A, Momen-Heravi F, Mahmoudi M, Rashidi A, Amiri HM, Ranjbar M, Tabataba-Vakili S, Amirzargar A. The interleukin-1 family gene polymorphisms and Graves' disease. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2010; 71:281-5. [PMID: 20400062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors, including cytokine gene polymorphisms, are potential contributors to the pathogenesis of the Graves' disease (GD). We attempted in this study to determine the association between GD and the following polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family genes: IL-1alpha (-889C/T), IL-1ss (-511C/T), IL-1ss (+3962C/T), IL-1R (Pst-1 1970C/T) and IL-1RA (Mspa-I 11100C/T). We studied 107 patients with an established diagnosis of GD and 140 healthy controls. Cytokine typing was performed by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers assay. Genotype distributions among patients were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all polymorphisms. The frequency of the IL-1alpha -889T allele was significantly higher in patients than in controls (51.9% vs. 31.6%, OR=2.33, 95% CI=1.61-3.38; p<0.0001). The IL-1RA Msp-I 11100C allele was significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (50.0% vs. 22.9%, OR=3.38, 95% CI=2.29-4.97, p<0.0001). No significant associations were found for other polymorphisms. Although the IL-1 family has well-known roles in GD pathogenesis, the contributions of their genetic variations to the disease are unclear. In this study, we documented a highly significant association between GD and polymorphism in IL-1alpha and IL-1RA genes. Further studies in other populations are necessary to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Khalilzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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