1
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Ninni S, Dombrowicz D, de Winther M, Staels B, Montaigne D, Nattel S. Genetic Factors Altering Immune Responses in Atrial Fibrillation: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:1163-1176. [PMID: 38508850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and is associated with a range of adverse clinical outcomes. Accumulating evidence points to inflammatory processes resulting from innate immune responses as a cornerstone in AF pathogenesis. Genetic and epigenetic factors affecting leukocytes have been identified as key modulators of the inflammatory response. Inherited variants in genes encoding proteins involved in the innate immune response have been associated with increased risk for AF recurrence and stroke in AF patients. Furthermore, acquired somatic mutations associated with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, leukocyte telomere shortening, and epigenetic age acceleration contribute to increased AF risk. In individuals carrying clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, myocardial monocyte-derived macrophage shift toward a proinflammatory phenotype may precipitate AF. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of genetic regulation of the native immune response in atrial arrhythmogenesis and its therapeutic potential as a target for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Ninni
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France; Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Dombrowicz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Menno de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences: Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity: Inflammatory diseases; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - David Montaigne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institut hospitalo-universitaire Liryc and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France.
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2
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Cheong A, Nagel ZD. Human Variation in DNA Repair, Immune Function, and Cancer Risk. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899574. [PMID: 35935942 PMCID: PMC9354717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage constantly threatens genome integrity, and DNA repair deficiency is associated with increased cancer risk. An intuitive and widely accepted explanation for this relationship is that unrepaired DNA damage leads to carcinogenesis due to the accumulation of mutations in somatic cells. But DNA repair also plays key roles in the function of immune cells, and immunodeficiency is an important risk factor for many cancers. Thus, it is possible that emerging links between inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and cancer risk are driven, at least in part, by variation in immune function, but this idea is underexplored. In this review we present an overview of the current understanding of the links between cancer risk and both inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and inter-individual variation in immune function. We discuss factors that play a role in both types of variability, including age, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. In conclusion, we propose a research paradigm that incorporates functional studies of both genome integrity and the immune system to predict cancer risk and lay the groundwork for personalized prevention.
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3
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Magid M, Wold JR, Moraga R, Cubrinovska I, Houston DM, Gartrell BD, Steeves TE. Leveraging an existing whole genome resequencing population dataset to characterize toll‐like receptor gene diversity in a threatened bird. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2810-2825. [PMID: 35635119 PMCID: PMC9543821 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Species recovery programs are increasingly using genomic data to measure neutral genetic diversity and calculate metrics like relatedness. While these measures can inform conservation management, determining the mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression requires information about functional genes associated with adaptive or maladaptive traits. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are one family of functional genes, which play a crucial role in recognition of pathogens and activation of the immune system. Previously, these genes have been analysed using species‐specific primers and PCR. Here, we leverage an existing short‐read reference genome, whole‐genome resequencing population data set, and bioinformatic tools to characterize TLR gene diversity in captive and wild tchūriwat’/tūturuatu/shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae), a threatened bird endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand. Our results show that TLR gene diversity in tchūriwat’/tūturuatu is low, and forms two distinct captive and wild genetic clusters. The bioinformatic approach presented here has broad applicability to other threatened species with existing genomic resources in Aotearoa New Zealand and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Magid
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | - Jana R. Wold
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | - Roger Moraga
- Tea Break Bioinformatics, Ltd Palmerston North NZ
| | - Ilina Cubrinovska
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
| | | | - Brett D. Gartrell
- Wildbase Massey University Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, Manawatu NZ
| | - Tammy E. Steeves
- University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch NZ
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4
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Losol P, Kim S, Ahn S, Lee S, Choi J, Kim Y, Hong S, Kim B, Chang Y. Genetic variants in the TLR-related pathway and smoking exposure alter the upper airway microbiota in adult asthmatic patients. Allergy 2021; 76:3217-3220. [PMID: 34061362 DOI: 10.1111/all.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Purevsuren Losol
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seoul National University Medical Research Council Seoul Korea
| | - Sae‐Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seoul National University Medical Research Council Seoul Korea
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Division of Statistics Medical Research Collaborating Center Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
| | - Sejoon Lee
- Precision Medicine Center Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
| | - Jun‐Pyo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seoul National University Medical Research Council Seoul Korea
| | - Yong‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seoul National University Medical Research Council Seoul Korea
| | - Soo‐Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics Childhood Asthma Atopy Center Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Bong‐Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science Multidisciplinary Genome Institute Hallym University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Yoon‐Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seongnam Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seoul National University Medical Research Council Seoul Korea
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5
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Kircheis R, Schuster M, Planz O. COVID-19: Mechanistic Model of the African Paradox Supports the Central Role of the NF-κB Pathway. Viruses 2021; 13:1887. [PMID: 34578468 PMCID: PMC8473087 DOI: 10.3390/v13091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded into a global pandemic, with more than 220 million affected persons and almost 4.6 million deaths by 8 September 2021. In particular, Europe and the Americas have been heavily affected by high infection and death rates. In contrast, much lower infection rates and mortality have been reported generally in Africa, particularly in the sub-Saharan region (with the exception of the Southern Africa region). There are different hypotheses for this African paradox, including less testing, the young age of the population, genetic disposition, and behavioral and epidemiological factors. In the present review, we address different immunological factors and their correlation with genetic factors, pre-existing immune status, and differences in cytokine induction patterns. We also focus on epidemiological factors, such as specific medication coverage, helminth distribution, and malaria endemics in the sub-Saharan region. An analysis combining different factors is presented that highlights the central role of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the African paradox. Importantly, insights into the interplay of different factors with the underlying immune pathological mechanisms for COVID-19 can provide a better understanding of the disease and the development of new targets for more efficient treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Planz
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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6
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Ramos RI, Shaw MA, Foshag L, Stern SL, Rahimzadeh N, Elashoff D, Hoon DSB. Genetic Variants in Immune Related Genes as Predictors of Responsiveness to BCG Immunotherapy in Metastatic Melanoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010091. [PMID: 33396862 PMCID: PMC7795941 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study objective was to determine if an SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)-based immune multi-gene panel has the ability to predict adjuvant BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) immunotherapy responsiveness post-tumor resection in AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) stages III and IV metastatic melanoma patients. A pilot study followed by further verification and control melanoma patient cohorts involving three phase III multicenter clinical trials was used to verify if an immune gene SNP panel could identify if adjuvant BCG therapy correlates with disease outcomes. We found a specific immune gene SNP panel that could identify which patients would respond to adjuvant BCG immunotherapy, but it was not applicable in the control non-immunotherapy treated patients. These studies provide evidence that SNP immune-gene assessment has utility in predicting melanoma patient’s immunotherapy responses to adjuvant BCG immunotherapy. Abstract Adjuvant immunotherapy in melanoma patients improves clinical outcomes. However, success is unpredictable due to inherited heterogeneity of immune responses. Inherent immune genes associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may influence anti-tumor immune responses. We assessed the predictive ability of 26 immune-gene SNPs genomic panels for a clinical response to adjuvant BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) immunotherapy, using melanoma patient cohorts derived from three phase III multicenter clinical trials: AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) stage IV patients given adjuvant BCG (pilot cohort; n = 92), AJCC stage III patients given adjuvant BCG (verification cohort; n = 269), and AJCC stage III patients that are sentinel lymph node (SLN) positive receiving no immunotherapy (control cohort; n = 80). The SNP panel analysis demonstrated that the responder patient group had an improved disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84, 95% CI 1.09–3.13, p = 0.021) in the pilot cohort. In the verification cohort, an improved overall survival (OS) (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.07–2.67, p = 0.025) was observed. No significant differences of SNPs were observed in DFS or OS in the control patient cohort. This study demonstrates that SNP immune genes can be utilized as a predictive tool for identifying melanoma patients that are inherently responsive to BCG and potentially other immunotherapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romela Irene Ramos
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (R.I.R.); (M.A.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Misa A. Shaw
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (R.I.R.); (M.A.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Leland Foshag
- Division of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA;
| | - Stacey L. Stern
- Department of Biostatistics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA;
| | - Negin Rahimzadeh
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (R.I.R.); (M.A.S.); (N.R.)
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - Dave S. B. Hoon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (R.I.R.); (M.A.S.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Komori T, Dainichi T, Masuno Y, Otsuka A, Nakano H, Sawamura D, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Kabashima K. p.Glu477Lys mutation in keratin 5 is not necessarily mortal in generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J Dermatol 2018; 45:e209-e210. [PMID: 29464779 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Komori
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Masuno
- Department of Dermatology, Uji Tokushukai Medical Center, Uji, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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8
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Patel S, Thakkar J, Koringa P, Jakhesara S, Patel A, De S, Joshi C. Evolution and diversity studies of innate immune genes in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) breeds using next generation sequencing. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Susceptibility to infection and response to vaccination differ between populations and as a function of age. The underlying mechanisms for this age- and population-dependent variation are not known. Specifically, it is unclear if these variations are due to differences in genetically encoded host programs or driven by environmental influences or a combination of both. To address the relationship between gene and environment regarding immune ontogeny, we determined the innate cytokine responses following PRR stimulation of blood mononuclear cells at birth, 1, and 2 yr of age in infants from Caucasian vs . Asian parents and were raised in the same city. At birth, we found that innate cytokine responses were significantly elevated in Asian compared with Caucasian infants. However, these differences waned and responses became more similar over the course of 1-2 yr of living in a similar environment. Our observations that innate response differences present at birth subsequently equalized rather than diverged suggest a key role for environmental effects common to both racial groups in shaping the innate immune responses early in life. Delineating the underlying environmental factors that modulate innate immune responses early in life could provide avenues for targeted beneficial immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Garand
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,2 Vaccine Evaluation Centre, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Ling JD, Mehta V, Fathy C, Rapoport Y, Zhang MM, Daniels A, Kohanim S. Racial Disparities in Corneal Transplantation Rates, Complications, and Outcomes. Semin Ophthalmol 2016; 31:337-44. [PMID: 27092728 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2016.1154162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is a common type of tissue transplantation that aims to improve vision or relieve pain. Given the immune privilege of the cornea, the primary graft often has a high success rate, approaching 90%. Despite the good overall outcome of corneal transplantation in various studies, the individual graft survival rate varies, depending on the preoperative diagnosis and donor and recipient factors. Race and ethnicity have been shown to be important in other types of organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to review the available ophthalmic literature regarding any differences in rates and outcomes of corneal transplantation based on ethnicity and race. A small body of evidence suggests that race might be an important risk factor for graft rejection and graft failure. More robust studies are needed to clarify these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanie D Ling
- a Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Viraj Mehta
- a Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Cherie Fathy
- a Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Yuna Rapoport
- a Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Matthew M Zhang
- a Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Anthony Daniels
- a Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Sahar Kohanim
- a Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
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11
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Furman D, Davis MM. New approaches to understanding the immune response to vaccination and infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:5271-81. [PMID: 26232539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a network of specialized cell types and tissues that communicates via cytokines and direct contact, to orchestrate specific types of defensive responses. Until recently, we could only study immune responses in a piecemeal, highly focused fashion, on major components like antibodies to the pathogen. But recent advances in technology and in our understanding of the many components of the system, innate and adaptive, have made possible a broader approach, where both the multiple responding cells and cytokines in the blood are measured. This systems immunology approach to a vaccine response or an infection gives us a more holistic picture of the different parts of the immune system that are mobilized and should allow us a much better understanding of the pathways and mechanisms of such responses, as well as to predict vaccine efficacy in different populations well in advance of efficacy studies. Here we summarize the different technologies and methods and discuss how they can inform us about the differences between diseases and vaccines, and how they can greatly accelerate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Furman
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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12
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Ralls MW, Demehri FR, Feng Y, Woods Ignatoski KM, Teitelbaum DH. Enteral nutrient deprivation in patients leads to a loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function. Surgery 2015; 157:732-42. [PMID: 25704423 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of nutrient withdrawal on human intestinal epithelial barrier function (EBF). We hypothesized that unfed mucosa results in decreased EBF. This was tested in a series of surgical small intestinal resection specimens. DESIGN Small bowel specifically excluding inflamed tissue, was obtained from pediatric patients (aged 2 days to 19 years) undergoing intestinal resection. EBF was assessed in Ussing chambers for transepithelial resistance (TER) and passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (4 kD). Tight junction and adherence junction proteins were imaged with immunofluorescence staining. Expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and inflammatory cytokines were measured in loop ileostomy takedowns in a second group of patients. RESULTS Because TER increased with patient age (P < .01), results were stratified into infant versus teenage groups. Fed bowel had significantly greater TER versus unfed bowel (P < .05) in both age populations. Loss of EBF was also observed by an increase in FITC-dextran permeation in enteral nutrient-deprived segments (P < .05). Immunofluorescence staining showed marked declines in intensity of ZO-1, occludin, E-cadherin, and claudin-4 in unfed intestinal segments, as well as a loss of structural formation of tight junctions. Analysis of cytokine and TLR expression showed significant increases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TLR4 in unfed segments of bowel compared with fed segments from the same individual. CONCLUSION EBF declined in unfed segments of human small bowel. This work represents the first direct examination of EBF from small bowel derived from nutrient-deprived humans and may explain the increased incidence of infectious complications seen in patients not receiving enteral feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Ralls
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Farokh R Demehri
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yongjia Feng
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Daniel H Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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13
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Smolen KK, Cai B, Fortuno ES, Gelinas L, Larsen M, Speert DP, Chamekh M, Cooper PJ, Esser M, Marchant A, Kollmann TR. Single-cell analysis of innate cytokine responses to pattern recognition receptor stimulation in children across four continents. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3003-3012. [PMID: 25135829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity instructs adaptive immunity, and suppression of innate immunity is associated with an increased risk for infection. We showed previously that whole-blood cellular components from a cohort of South African children secreted significantly lower levels of most cytokines following stimulation of pattern recognition receptors compared with whole blood from cohorts of Ecuadorian, Belgian, or Canadian children. To begin dissecting the responsible molecular mechanisms, we set out to identify the relevant cellular source of these differences. Across the four cohorts represented in our study, we identified significant variation in the cellular composition of whole blood; however, a significant reduction in the intracellular cytokine production on the single-cell level was only detected in South African children's monocytes, conventional dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. We also uncovered a marked reduction in polyfunctionality for each of these cellular compartments in South African children compared with children from the other continents. Together, our data identify differences in cell composition, as well as profoundly lower functional responses of innate cells, in our cohort of South African children. A possible link between altered innate immunity and increased risk for infection or lower response to vaccines in South African infants needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Smolen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Edgardo S Fortuno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Laura Gelinas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Martin Larsen
- INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - David P Speert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Mustapha Chamekh
- Institut d'Immunologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Philip J Cooper
- Centro de Investigaciones FEPIS, Esmeraldas Quininde, Ecuador, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Centro de Investgación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Casilla 17-22-20418, Quito, Ecuador Ecuador
| | - Monika Esser
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services and Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institut d'Immunologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium.,Département de pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Rue Haute, 322 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
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14
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Leitner WW. Adjuvants in the Driver's Seat: How Magnitude, Type, Fine Specificity and Longevity of Immune Responses Are Driven by Distinct Classes of Immune Potentiators. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:252-96. [PMID: 26344620 PMCID: PMC4494256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W65, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division on Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Smolen KK, Ruck CE, Fortuno ES, Ho K, Dimitriu P, Mohn WW, Speert DP, Cooper PJ, Esser M, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Kollmann TR. Pattern recognition receptor-mediated cytokine response in infants across 4 continents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:818-26.e4. [PMID: 24290283 PMCID: PMC3969582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Susceptibility to infection as well as response to vaccination varies among populations. To date, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these clinical observations have not been fully delineated. Because innate immunity instructs adaptive immunity, we hypothesized that differences between populations in innate immune responses may represent a mechanistic link to variation in susceptibility to infection or response to vaccination. Objective Determine whether differences in innate immune responses exist among infants from different continents of the world. Methods We determined the innate cytokine response following pattern recognition receptor (PRR) stimulation of whole blood from 2-year-old infants across 4 continents (Africa, North America, South America, and Europe). Results We found that despite the many possible genetic and environmental exposure differences in infants across 4 continents, innate cytokine responses were similar for infants from North America, South America, and Europe. However, cells from South African infants secreted significantly lower levels of cytokines than did cells from infants from the 3 other sites, and did so following stimulation of extracellular and endosomal but not cytosolic PRRs. Conclusions Substantial differences in innate cytokine responses to PRR stimulation exist among different populations of infants that could not have been predicted. Delineating the underlying mechanism(s) for these differences will not only aid in improving vaccine-mediated protection but possibly also provide clues for the susceptibility to infection in different regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Smolen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Candice E Ruck
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edgardo S Fortuno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pedro Dimitriu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William W Mohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David P Speert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip J Cooper
- Centro de Investigaciones FEPIS, Esmeraldas, Quininde, Ecuador; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Centro de Investgación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Casilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Monika Esser
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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