1
|
Richards JL, Knight SJ. Parents' Perspectives on Secondary Genetic Ancestry Findings in Pediatric Genomic Medicine. Clin Ther 2023; 45:719-728. [PMID: 37573223 PMCID: PMC11182349 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE With advances in genome sequencing technologies, large-scale genome-wide sequencing has advanced our understanding of disease risk and etiology and contributes to the rapidly expanding genomic health services in pediatric settings. Because it is possible to return ancestry estimates following clinical genomic sequencing, it is important to understand the interest in ancestry results among families who may have the option of receiving these results. METHODS We conducted 26 semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews of parents with children/newborns with likely genetic conditions from two studies of clinical genome sequencing. Using a purposive sampling approach, we selected parents from the SouthSeq cohort, Clinical Sequencing Evidence-Generating Research (CSER Phase 2) project active in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, or an earlier Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER Phase 1) initiative based in the same region. Our interviews focused on parental knowledge about, attitudes on, interest in, and preferences for receiving genetic ancestry results following clinical genome sequencing in the neonatal intensive care unit or in pediatric clinics. FINDINGS Overall, parents prioritized clinical results or results that would help guide the diagnosis and treatment of their child, but they were also interested in any genetic result, including genetic ancestry, that potentially could enhance the meaning of information on disease risk, prevention and screening guidance, or family planning. While parents thought that ancestry results would help them learn about themselves and their heritage, the had concerns over the privacy, security, and accuracy of genetic ancestry information, although parents indicated that they had greater trust in ancestry findings provided as part of clinical care compared with those offered commercially. Parents also wanted ancestry results to be returned in a timely manner by knowledgeable staff, with kid-friendly materials and online tools available to aid, as needed, in the understanding of their results. IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our results highlight that despite being in high-stress situations, such as having a newborn in the neonatal intensive care unit, parents were interested in receiving genetic ancestry results along with their clinically relevant findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie L Richards
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara J Knight
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytical Sciences Center of Innovation, Salt Lake City VA Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walker A. Diversity, Profit, Control: An Empirical Study of Industry Employees' Views on Ethics in Private Sector Genomics. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2022; 13:166-178. [PMID: 35435802 PMCID: PMC10194829 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2022.2063993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large amounts of capital are currently being invested in genomics companies across the "bench to clinic pipeline" - companies which are now shaping the future of biomedicine globally. Understanding the perspectives of people who work in such companies can contribute to shaping this industry in service of just and equitable futures of medicine. METHODS Using in-depth interviews as the primary method, this paper analyzes perspectives on ethical and social issues in private sector genomics expressed by members of the commercial genomics industry in the US. RESULTS Interviewees described a wide range of issues as pressing ethical concerns in commercial genomics. Key themes included concerns about diversity in genetic datasets, data governance and control, and pricing and profits in the industry. However, concern about diversity of datasets was not accompanied by expressions of concern about diversity in the industry workforce. CONCLUSIONS Most interviewees described concerns in the industry that are rather removed from their own work. But along with this "ethical distancing," moral concerns appeared to be the basis for competition amongst companies - to attract both employees and customers. Research in business ethics suggests that expanding moral analysis of one's own work helps improve day to day decision-making in the interest of justice. Opening space for people to examine ethics in their own subsector may provide a means for the private sector genomics industry to become a leader in ethics in the biosciences and a model for equity in our current moment of late capitalism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Walker
- Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mladucky J, Baty B, Botkin J, Anderson R. Secondary Data Usage in Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: To What Extent Are Customers Aware and Concerned? Public Health Genomics 2021; 24:199-206. [PMID: 33640892 DOI: 10.1159/000512660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Customer data from direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC GT) are often used for secondary purposes beyond providing the customer with test results. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were to determine customer knowledge of secondary uses of data, to understand their perception of risks associated with these uses, and to determine the extent of customer concerns about privacy. METHODS Twenty DTC GT customers were interviewed about their experiences. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for common themes. RESULTS Most participants were aware of some secondary uses of data. All participants felt that data usage for research was acceptable, but acceptability for non-research purposes varied across participants. The majority of participants were aware of the existence of a privacy policy, but few read the majority of the privacy statement. When previously unconsidered uses of data were discussed, some participants expressed concern over privacy protections for their data. CONCLUSION When exposed to new information on secondary uses of data, customers express concerns and a desire to improve consent with transparency, more opt-out options, improved readability, and more information on future uses and potential risks from direct-to-consumer companies. Effective ways to improve readership about the secondary use, risk of use, and protection of customer data should be investigated and the findings implemented by DTC companies to protect public trust in these practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janessa Mladucky
- University of Utah Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,
| | - Bonnie Baty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey Botkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kling D, Phillips C, Kennett D, Tillmar A. Investigative genetic genealogy: Current methods, knowledge and practice. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 52:102474. [PMID: 33592389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) has emerged as a new, rapidly growing field of forensic science. We describe the process whereby dense SNP data, commonly comprising more than half a million markers, are employed to infer distant relationships. By distant we refer to degrees of relatedness exceeding that of first cousins. We review how methods of relationship matching and SNP analysis on an enlarged scale are used in a forensic setting to identify a suspect in a criminal investigation or a missing person. There is currently a strong need in forensic genetics not only to understand the underlying models to infer relatedness but also to fully explore the DNA technologies and data used in IGG. This review brings together many of the topics and examines their effectiveness and operational limits, while suggesting future directions for their forensic validation. We further investigated the methods used by the major direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic ancestry testing companies as well as submitting a questionnaire where providers of forensic genetic genealogy summarized their operation/services. Although most of the DTC market, and genetic genealogy in general, has undisclosed, proprietary algorithms we review the current knowledge where information has been discussed and published more openly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kling
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christopher Phillips
- Forensic Genetics Unit, Institute of Forensic Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Debbie Kennett
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Tillmar
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McDonald WS, Wagner JK, Deverka PA, Woods LA, Peterson JF, Williams MS. Genetic testing and employer-sponsored wellness programs: An overview of current vendors, products, and practices. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1414. [PMID: 32715662 PMCID: PMC7549551 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Employer-sponsored corporate wellness programs have spread despite limited evidence of effectiveness in improving health or reducing costs. Some programs have offered genetic testing as a benefit to employees, but little is known about this practice. METHODS In December 2019, we conducted a systematic Google search to identify vendors offering corporate wellness programs involving genetics. We performed qualitative content analysis of publicly available information about the vendors' products and practices disclosed on their websites. RESULTS Fifteen vendors were identified. Details regarding genetic testing offered within wellness programs were difficult to decipher from vendors' websites, including which specific products were included. No evidence was provided to support vendor claimed improvements in employer costs, employee health, and job performance. Only half offered health and genetic counseling services. Most vendors were ambiguous regarding data sharing. Disclaimer language was included in vendors' stated risks and limitations, ostensibly to avoid oversight and liability. CONCLUSION We found a lack of transparency among corporate wellness program vendors, underscoring challenges that stakeholders encounter when trying to assess (a) how such programs are using genetics, (b) the potential benefits of such applications, and (c) the adequacy of protections to ensure scientific evidence support any health claims and genetic nondiscrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer K. Wagner
- Center for Translational Bioethics & Health Care PolicyGeisingerDanvillePAUSA
| | | | - Laura A. Woods
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Josh F. Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Katsanis SH. Pedigrees and Perpetrators: Uses of DNA and Genealogy in Forensic Investigations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2020; 21:535-564. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-111819-084213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, cases with DNA evidence that could not be solved with direct matches in DNA databases have benefited from comparing single-nucleotide polymorphism data with private and public genomic databases. Using a combination of genome comparisons and traditional genealogical research, investigators can triangulate distant relatives to the contributor of DNA data from a crime scene, ultimately identifying perpetrators of violent crimes. This approach has also been successful in identifying unknown deceased persons and perpetrators of lesser crimes. Such advances are bringing into focus ethical questions on how much access to DNA databases should be granted to law enforcement and how best to empower public genome contributors with control over their data. The necessary policies will take time to develop but can be informed by reflection on the familial searching policies developed for searches of the federal DNA database and considerations of the anonymity and privacy interests of civilians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Katsanis
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Impacts of personal DNA ancestry testing. J Community Genet 2020; 12:37-52. [PMID: 32789669 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-020-00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer uptake of direct-to-consumer (DTC) DNA ancestry testing is accelerating, yet few empirical studies have examined test impacts on recipients despite the DTC ancestry industry being two decades old. Participants in a longitudinal cohort study of response to health-related DTC genomic testing also received personal DNA ancestry testing at no additional cost. Baseline survey data from the primary study were analyzed together with responses to an additional follow-up survey focused on the response to ancestry results. Ancestry results were generated for 3466 individuals. Of those, 1317 accessed their results, and 322 individuals completed an ancestry response survey, in other words, approximately one in ten who received ancestry testing responded to the survey. Self-reported race/ethnicity was predictive of those most likely to view their results. While 46% of survey responders (N = 147) reported their ancestry results as surprising or unexpected, less than 1% (N = 3) were distressed by them. Importantly, however, 21% (N = 67) reported that their results reshaped their personal identity. Most (81%; N = 260) planned to share results with family, and 12% (N = 39) intended to share results with a healthcare provider. Many (61%; N = 196) reported test benefits (e.g., health insights), while 12% (N = 38) reported negative aspects (e.g., lack of utility). Over half (N = 162) reported being more likely to have other genetic tests in the future. DNA ancestry testing affected individuals with respect to personal identity, intentions to share genetic information with family and healthcare providers, and the likelihood to engage with other genetic tests in the future. These findings have implications for medical care and research, specifically, provider readiness to engage with genetic ancestry information.
Collapse
|
8
|
Roth WD, Yaylacı Ş, Jaffe K, Richardson L. Do genetic ancestry tests increase racial essentialism? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227399. [PMID: 31995576 PMCID: PMC6988910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic ancestry testing is a billion-dollar industry, with more than 26 million tests sold by 2018, which raises concerns over how it might influence test-takers' understandings of race. While social scientists argue that genetic ancestry tests may promote an essentialist view of race as fixed and determining innate abilities, others suggest it could reduce essentialist views by reinforcing a view of race as socially constructed. Essentialist views are a concern because of their association with racism, particularly in its most extreme forms. Here we report the first randomized controlled trial of genetic ancestry testing conducted to examine potential causal relationships between taking the tests and essentialist views of race. Native-born White Americans were randomly assigned to receive Admixture and mtDNA tests or no tests. While we find no significant average effect of genetic ancestry testing on essentialism, secondary analyses reveal that the impact of these tests on racial essentialism varies by type of genetic knowledge. Within the treatment arm, essentialist beliefs significantly declined after testing among individuals with high genetic knowledge, but increased among those with the least genetic knowledge. Additional secondary analysis show that essentialist beliefs do not change based on the specific ancestries reported in test-takers' results. These results indicate that individuals' interpretations of genetic ancestry testing results, and the links between genes and race, may depend on their understanding of genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D. Roth
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Şule Yaylacı
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for European Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn Jaffe
- Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lindsey Richardson
- Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Public reactions to direct-to-consumer genetic health tests: A comparison across the US, UK, Japan and Australia. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 28:339-348. [PMID: 31645768 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While direct to consumer health-related genetic testing (DTCGT) has potential to provide accessible genetic information and empower individuals to make informed healthcare decisions, it attracts concern associated with regulatory gaps, clinical utility and potential for harm. Understanding public reactions to DTCGT is vital to facilitate considered regulatory, health care and consumer protection strategies. Yet little is known, particularly outside the dominant US market, about how the general public view and might engage with DTCGT outside traditional health care systems. This paper addresses this knowledge gap with the first empirical study to investigate general public views across four countries, each at different stages of market development. US (n = 1000), UK (n = 1014), Japanese (n = 1018) and Australian (n = 1000) respondents completed an online experimental survey assessing comprehension, risk perceptions, and potential psychological and behavioural outcomes by type of test (disease pre-disposition and drug sensitivity), severity, lifestyle factors, and family history. Results showed generally low awareness and intention to purchase across countries, highest in the US and lowest in Japan. Results also showed clear preference for within-country purchases (less in Japan), with reports returned via doctors far more important in Japan. All respondents were more likely to act on test results, where there was higher genetic or lifestyle risk of developing a disease. Statistical comparisons of demographic and health-related variables across countries point to the need for further analyses designed to explain much needed cross-cultural, cross-health care system and developed versus developing market differences.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kennett D. Using genetic genealogy databases in missing persons cases and to develop suspect leads in violent crimes. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Walajahi H, Wilson DR, Hull SC. Constructing identities: the implications of DTC ancestry testing for tribal communities. Genet Med 2019; 21:1744-1750. [PMID: 30662065 PMCID: PMC6642857 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic ancestry companies have rapidly increased in popularity, with top testing services maintaining genetic databases of several million consumers. While genetic ancestry tests are often characterized as recreational, companies invoke deeply personal concepts of individual identity, group membership, and kinship when marketing their services. In particular, many companies claim to be able to determine Native American heritage, claims that are not supported by the state of the science and may have significant cultural and political consequences for US tribal communities. This study aims to fill the gaps in empirical work on this issue and characterize how genetic ancestry companies articulate indigenous identity through their marketing strategies. METHODS We conducted a qualitative content analysis of the public facing websites for 25 DTC genetic ancestry companies that offer services measuring Native American ancestry. RESULTS Our findings describe how genetic ancestry companies promote a causal relationship between genetics and self-identity through marketing language such as "Discover Yourself" and "Are you Native American?" and how this may affect US tribal communities. CONCLUSION Genetic ancestry company claims regarding genetic ancestry, personal identity, and cultural membership are problematic and challenge how US tribal nations currently identify and create potential obstacles for tribal sovereignty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hina Walajahi
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Wilson
- Tribal Health Research Office, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Chandros Hull
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Bioethics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blell M, Hunter MA. Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing's Red Herring: "Genetic Ancestry" and Personalized Medicine. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:48. [PMID: 30984759 PMCID: PMC6449432 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth in the direct-to-consumer genetic testing industry poses a number of challenges for healthcare practice, among a number of other areas of concern. Several companies providing this service send their customers reports including information variously referred to as genetic ethnicity, genetic heritage, biogeographic ancestry, and genetic ancestry. In this article, we argue that such information should not be used in healthcare consultations or to assess health risks. Far from representing a move toward personalized medicine, use of this information poses risks both to patients as individuals and to racialized ethnic groups because of the way it misrepresents human genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mwenza Blell
- Policy, Ethics and Life Sciences Research Centre, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - M A Hunter
- Department of Philosophy, Logic, and Scientific Method, Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS), The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom.,Philosophy Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Horowitz AL, Saperstein A, Little J, Maiers M, Hollenbach JA. Consumer (dis-)interest in Genetic Ancestry Testing: The roles of race, immigration, and ancestral certainty. NEW GENETICS AND SOCIETY 2019; 38:165-194. [PMID: 31814797 PMCID: PMC6897494 DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2018.1562327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic ancestry testing (GAT) is marketed as a way to make up for missing knowledge about one's ancestry. Previous research questions the GAT industry's ability to fulfill this promise in terms of the validity and reliability of test results. We instead explore the demand side of GAT, evaluating who is most and least likely to express interest in GAT. Using data from an original, nationwide survey of over 100,000 American adults, we find that GAT interest is related to both self-identified race and immigrant generation, with Asian Americans and first-generation immigrants expressing the least interest. Our quantitative and qualitative evidence suggests interest is further shaped by a pre-existing sense of ancestral certainty, leading some individuals to decline GAT, even if it were free. How interest and ancestral certainty are patterned has implications for who is included in - and thus for the conclusions that can be drawn from - genetic ancestry databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin Maiers
- Bioinformatics Research Department, National Marrow Donor Program
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
“Bridge to the Literature”? Third-Party Genetic Interpretation Tools and the Views of Tool Developers. J Genet Couns 2018; 27:770-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-018-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
Blanchard JW, Tallbull G, Wolpert C, Powell J, Foster MW, Royal C. Barriers and Strategies Related to Qualitative Research on Genetic Ancestry Testing in Indigenous Communities. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2017; 12:169-179. [PMID: 28434393 DOI: 10.1177/1556264617704542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conducting genetics-related research with populations that have historically experienced considerable harm and little benefit from genetics research poses unique challenges for understanding community-based perceptions of new genetic technologies. This article identifies challenges and strategies for collecting qualitative data on the perceptions of direct-to-consumer (DTC) Genetic Ancestry tests (GAT) among diverse Indigenous communities. Based on a 3-year project related to perceptions, attitudes, and values associated with genetic ancestry testing among diverse Indigenous communities in Oklahoma, the engagement process revealed specific opportunities to improve the process of qualitative data collection related to GAT, and more broadly, to conduct genetics-related research with Indigenous communities in culturally and methodologically appropriate ways. Priority areas include issues related to participant recruitment and tribal advisory boards, challenges of self-identification as a recruitment mechanism, and the necessity of including Indigenous researchers in all aspects of the research process.
Collapse
|
16
|
Smart A, Bolnick DA, Tutton R. Health and genetic ancestry testing: time to bridge the gap. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:3. [PMID: 28069037 PMCID: PMC5223458 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is becoming increasingly difficult to keep information about genetic ancestry separate from information about health, and consumers of genetic ancestry tests are becoming more aware of the potential health risks associated with particular ancestral lineages. Because some of the proposed associations have received little attention from oversight agencies and professional genetic associations, scientific developments are currently outpacing governance regimes for consumer genetic testing. MAIN TEXT We highlight the recent and unremarked upon emergence of biomedical studies linking markers of genetic ancestry to disease risks, and show that this body of scientific research is becoming part of public discourse connecting ancestry and health. For instance, data on genome-wide ancestry informative markers are being used to assess health risks, and we document over 100 biomedical research articles that propose associations between mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome markers of genetic ancestry and a wide variety of disease risks. Taking as an example an association between coronary heart disease and British men belonging to Y chromosome haplogroup I, we show how this science was translated into mainstream and online media, and how it circulates among consumers of genetic tests for ancestry. We find wide variations in how the science is interpreted, which suggests the potential for confusion or misunderstanding. CONCLUSION We recommend that stakeholders involved in creating and using estimates of genetic ancestry reconsider their policies for communicating with each other and with the public about the health implications of ancestry information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Smart
- Department of Sociology, Bath Spa University, Newton Park, Bath, BA2 9BN UK
| | - Deborah A. Bolnick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway, Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712-1723 USA
| | - Richard Tutton
- Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Bowland North, Bailrigg, LA1 4YN UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Y chromosome as the most popular marker in genetic genealogy benefits interdisciplinary research. Hum Genet 2016; 136:559-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
18
|
All your data (effectively) belong to us: data practices among direct-to-consumer genetic testing firms. Genet Med 2016; 19:513-520. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
19
|
Sanderson SC, Linderman MD, Suckiel SA, Diaz GA, Zinberg RE, Ferryman K, Wasserstein M, Kasarskis A, Schadt EE. Motivations, concerns and preferences of personal genome sequencing research participants: Baseline findings from the HealthSeq project. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:14-20. [PMID: 26036856 PMCID: PMC4795230 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole exome/genome sequencing (WES/WGS) is increasingly offered to ostensibly healthy individuals. Understanding the motivations and concerns of research participants seeking out personal WGS and their preferences regarding return-of-results and data sharing will help optimize protocols for WES/WGS. Baseline interviews including both qualitative and quantitative components were conducted with research participants (n=35) in the HealthSeq project, a longitudinal cohort study of individuals receiving personal WGS results. Data sharing preferences were recorded during informed consent. In the qualitative interview component, the dominant motivations that emerged were obtaining personal disease risk information, satisfying curiosity, contributing to research, self-exploration and interest in ancestry, and the dominant concern was the potential psychological impact of the results. In the quantitative component, 57% endorsed concerns about privacy. Most wanted to receive all personal WGS results (94%) and their raw data (89%); a third (37%) consented to having their data shared to the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). Early adopters of personal WGS in the HealthSeq project express a variety of health- and non-health-related motivations. Almost all want all available findings, while also expressing concerns about the psychological impact and privacy of their results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C Sanderson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Linderman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina A Suckiel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - George A Diaz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randi E Zinberg
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Melissa Wasserstein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Emery L, Magnaye K, Bigham A, Akey J, Bamshad M. Estimates of continental ancestry vary widely among individuals with the same mtDNA haplogroup. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:183-93. [PMID: 25620206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between a geographical region and an mtDNA haplogroup(s) has provided the basis for using mtDNA haplogroups to infer an individual's place of origin and genetic ancestry. Although it is well known that ancestry inferences using mtDNA haplogroups and those using genome-wide markers are frequently discrepant, little empirical information exists on the magnitude and scope of such discrepancies between multiple mtDNA haplogroups and worldwide populations. We compared genetic-ancestry inferences made by mtDNA-haplogroup membership to those made by autosomal SNPs in ∼940 samples of the Human Genome Diversity Panel and recently admixed populations from the 1000 Genomes Project. Continental-ancestry proportions often varied widely among individuals sharing the same mtDNA haplogroup. For only half of mtDNA haplogroups did the highest average continental-ancestry proportion match the highest continental-ancestry proportion of a majority of individuals with that haplogroup. Prediction of an individual's mtDNA haplogroup from his or her continental-ancestry proportions was often incorrect. Collectively, these results indicate that for most individuals in the worldwide populations sampled, mtDNA-haplogroup membership provides limited information about either continental ancestry or continental region of origin.
Collapse
|
21
|
McEwen JE, Boyer JT, Sun KY, Rothenberg KH, Lockhart NC, Guyer MS. The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute: reflections on an ongoing experiment. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2014; 15:481-505. [PMID: 24773317 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For more than 20 years, the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute has supported empirical and conceptual research to anticipate and address the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomics. As a component of the agency that funds much of the underlying science, the program has always been an experiment. The ever-expanding number of issues the program addresses and the relatively low level of commitment on the part of other funding agencies to support such research make setting priorities especially challenging. Program-supported studies have had a significant impact on the conduct of genomics research, the implementation of genomic medicine, and broader public policies. The program's influence is likely to grow as ELSI research, genomics research, and policy development activities become increasingly integrated. Achieving the benefits of increased integration while preserving the autonomy, objectivity, and intellectual independence of ELSI investigators presents ongoing challenges and new opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean E McEwen
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4076; , , , , ,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Roberts JS, Ostergren J. Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing and Personal Genomics Services: A Review of Recent Empirical Studies. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013; 1:182-200. [PMID: 24058877 PMCID: PMC3777821 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) has sparked much controversy and undergone dramatic changes in its brief history. Debates over appropriate health policies regarding DTC-GT would benefit from empirical research on its benefits, harms, and limitations. We review the recent literature (2011-present) and summarize findings across (1) content analyses of DTC-GT websites, (2) studies of consumer perspectives and experiences, and (3) surveys of relevant health care providers. Findings suggest that neither the health benefits envisioned by DTC-GT proponents (e.g., significant improvements in positive health behaviors) nor the worst fears expressed by its critics (e.g., catastrophic psychological distress and misunderstanding of test results, undue burden on the health care system) have materialized to date. However, research in this area is in its early stages and possesses numerous key limitations. We note needs for future studies to illuminate the impact of DTC-GT and thereby guide practice and policy regarding this rapidly evolving approach to personal genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jenny Ostergren
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Field of genes: an investigation of sports-related genetic testing. J Pers Med 2012; 2:119-37. [PMID: 25562204 PMCID: PMC4251368 DOI: 10.3390/jpm2030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports-related genetic testing is a sector of the diverse direct-to-consumer (DTC) industry that has not yet been examined thoroughly by academic scholars. A systematic search was used to identify companies in this sector and content analysis of online information was performed. More than a dozen companies were identified. Marketing practices observed generally did not target parents for child testing, and marketing images were mild compared to images used in popular media. Information was provided at a high reading level (industry-wide Flesh-Kincaid Grade Levels > 11). While ~75% of companies provide privacy policies and terms of service prior to purchase and ~40% provide scientific citations for their tests, <25% reported using American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) accredited or the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) certified laboratories. Tests ranged considerably in price (~$100–$1,100) and were substantively diverse. These findings highlight the need to appreciate nuances and avoid broad generalizations of this and other DTC sectors. Utilization of consumer protections available for e-commerce generally may adequately protect DTC genetics consumers without new federal legislation or regulation.
Collapse
|
24
|
|