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Docherty A, Kious B, Brown T, Francis L, Stark L, Keeshin B, Botkin J, DiBlasi E, Gray D, Coon H. Ethical concerns relating to genetic risk scores for suicide. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:433-444. [PMID: 34472199 PMCID: PMC8692426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide valuable information in research contexts regarding genomic changes that contribute to risks for complex psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder. GWAS results can be used to calculate polygenic risk scores (PRS) for psychiatric conditions, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as well as for other traits, such as obesity or hypertension. Private companies that provide direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing sometimes report PRS for a variety of traits. Recently, the first well-powered GWAS study for suicide death was published. PRS reports that claim to assess suicide risk are therefore likely to appear soon in the DTC setting. We describe ethical concerns regarding the commercial use of GWAS results related to suicide. We identify several issues that must be addressed before PRS for suicide risk is made available to the public through DTC: (a) the potential for misinterpretation of results, (b) consumers' perceptions about determinism and behavior change, (c) potential contributions to stigma, discrimination, and health disparities; and (d) ethical problems regarding the testing of children and vulnerable adults. Tests for genetic prediction of suicidality may eventually have clinical significance, but until then, the potential for individual and public harm significantly outweighs any potential benefit. Even if genetic prediction of suicidality improves significantly, information about genetic risk scores must be distributed cautiously, with genetic counseling, and with adequate safeguards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Brent Kious
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Teneille Brown
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Leslie Francis
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Louisa Stark
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Brooks Keeshin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Jeffrey Botkin
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Emily DiBlasi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Doug Gray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
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Kaltman JR, Thompson PD, Lantos J, Berul CI, Botkin J, Cohen JT, Cook NR, Corrado D, Drezner J, Frick KD, Goldman S, Hlatky M, Kannankeril PJ, Leslie L, Priori S, Saul JP, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Siscovick D, Vetter VL, Boineau R, Burns KM, Friedman RA. Screening for Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young. Circulation 2011; 123:1911-8. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.017228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Kaltman
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Paul D. Thompson
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - John Lantos
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Charles I. Berul
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Jeffrey Botkin
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Joshua T. Cohen
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Nancy R. Cook
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Domenico Corrado
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Jonathan Drezner
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Kevin D. Frick
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Stuart Goldman
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Mark Hlatky
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Prince J. Kannankeril
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Laurel Leslie
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Silvia Priori
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - J. Philip Saul
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Carrie K. Shapiro-Mendoza
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - David Siscovick
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Victoria L. Vetter
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Robin Boineau
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Kristin M. Burns
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
| | - Richard A. Friedman
- From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns
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