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Zhong K, Wang X, Zhang H, Chen N, Mai Y, Dai S, Yang L, Chen D, Zhong W. BIRC6 Modulates the Protein Stability of Axin to Regulate the Growth, Stemness, and Resistance of Renal Cancer Cells via the β-Catenin Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7782-7792. [PMID: 38405482 PMCID: PMC10882609 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear, and effective prevention and therapeutic measures are lacking. BIRC6, a protein inhibitor of apoptosis, has attracted great interest. Our data indicated that overexpression of BIRC6 elevated cell growth, colony formation, migration, and invasion of cultured RCC cells, while siRNA knockdown of BIRC6 suppressed these processes. Additionally, BIRC6 was highly expressed in RCC clinical samples along with a downregulated level of Axin. Immunoprecipitation assays found that BIRC6 interacted with Axin and the two proteins colocalized within the cytoplasm of RCC cells. Overexpression of BIRC6 promoted the ubiquitination modification of Axin, while genetic knockdown of BIRC6 suppressed it. Furthermore, overexpression of BIRC6 significantly promoted the turnover of Axin, suggesting BIRC6's inhibitory effect on Axin protein stability. BIRC6 was also upregulated in cancer stem-like cells of RCC and increased the drug resistance of RCC cells against sunitinib. Western blotting assays showed that the overexpression of BIRC6 upregulated CXCR4 protein expression and activated the β-catenin pathway. Two cell lines were then constructed with BIRC6 overexpressed by lentiviruses. Pharmacological administration of a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, XAV-939, or genetic knockdown of β-catenin inhibited cell growth, tumor sphere formation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of BIRC6-overexpressed cells. In vivo administration of XAV-939 markedly suppressed the tumorigenesis of BIRC6-overexpressed RCC cells in nude mice. In conclusion, we propose that BIRC6 activates the β-catenin signaling pathway via mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of Axin, promoting the growth, stemness, and drug resistance of RCC cells. This project aims to elucidate the role of BIRC6 as a potential therapeutic target and provide new insights into the clinical treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Zhong
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Heyuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Nanhui Chen
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Yang Mai
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Sipin Dai
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lawei Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weifeng Zhong
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510630, China
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2
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Gómez Bergna SM, Marchesini A, Amorós Morales LC, Arrías PN, Farina HG, Romanowski V, Gottardo MF, Pidre ML. Exploring the Role of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis BIRC6 in Breast Cancer: A Database Analysis. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2022; 6:e2200093. [PMID: 36455174 DOI: 10.1200/cci.22.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present work was to investigate the role of apoptosis inhibitor BIRC6 (baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6) in breast cancer (BC), focusing particularly on its involvement in the metastatic cascade. METHODS We analyzed BIRC6 mRNA expression levels and copy number variations in three BC databases from The Cancer Genome Atlas comparing clinical and molecular attributes. Genomic analysis was performed using the cBioPortal platform, whereas transcriptomic studies (mRNA expression levels, correlation heatmaps, survival plots, and gene ontology) were performed using USC Xena and R. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS Our bioinformatic analyses showed that there was a differential expression of BIRC6 in cancer samples when compared with normal samples. Copy number variations that involve amplification and gain of BIRC6 gene were correlated with negative hormone receptor tumors, higher prognostic indexes, younger age at diagnosis, and both chemotherapy and radiotherapy administration. Transcriptomic and gene ontology analyses showed that, under conditions of high BIRC6 mRNA levels, there are differential expression patterns in apoptotic, proliferation, and metastatic pathways. CONCLUSION In summary, our in silico data suggest that BIRC6 plays an antiapoptotic, pro-proliferative, and apparent prometastatic role and could be a relevant molecular target for treatment of BC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago M Gómez Bergna
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM-CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Abril Marchesini
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM-CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Leslie C Amorós Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM-CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula N Arrías
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM-CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Hernán G Farina
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Centro de Oncología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor Romanowski
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM-CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Florencia Gottardo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Centro de Oncología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias L Pidre
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM-CONICET-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Brachtlova T, van Ginkel JW, Luinenburg MJ, de Menezes RX, Koppers-Lalic D, Pegtel DM, Dong W, de Gruijl TD, van Beusechem VW. Expression of Oncolytic Adenovirus-Encoded RNAi Molecules Is Most Effective in a pri-miRNA Precursor Format. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:332-343. [PMID: 33335978 PMCID: PMC7723779 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are being developed as new anti-cancer agents. Their efficacy can be improved by incorporating RNA interference (RNAi) molecules. RNAi molecules can be expressed in various precursor formats. The aim of this study was to determine the most effective format. To this end, we constructed three Δ24-type oncolytic adenoviruses, with human microRNA-1 (miR-1) expression cassettes in short hairpin RNA (shRNA), precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA), and primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) format, respectively. The viruses were compared for virus replication, mature miR-1 expression, and target gene silencing in cancer cells. Incorporation of the cassettes had only minor effects on virus replication. Mature miR-1 expression from the pri-miRNA format reached on average 100-fold higher levels than from the other two formats. This expression remained stable upon long-term virus propagation. Infection with the pri-miR-1-expressing virus silenced the validated miR-1 targets FOXP1 and MET. Drosha knockout almost completely abrogated mature miR-1 expression, confirming that processing of adenovirus-encoded pri-miR-1 was dependent on the host cell miRNA machinery. Using simple in vitro recombination cloning, a similar virus expressing miR-26b was made and shown to silence the validated miR-26b target PTGS2. We thus provide a platform for construction of oncolytic adenoviruses with high expression of RNAi molecules of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Brachtlova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- ORCA Therapeutics B.V., 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mark J. Luinenburg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée X. de Menezes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands Bioinformatics Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danijela Koppers-Lalic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenliang Dong
- ORCA Therapeutics B.V., 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor W. van Beusechem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Victor W. van Beusechem, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, Room CCA 3.50, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Effect of Transgene Location, Transcriptional Control Elements and Transgene Features in Armed Oncolytic Adenoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041034. [PMID: 32340119 PMCID: PMC7226017 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical results with oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) used as antitumor monotherapies show limited efficacy. To increase OAd potency, transgenes have been inserted into their genome, a strategy known as “arming OAds”. Here, we review different parameters that affect the outcome of armed OAds. Recombinant adenovirus used in gene therapy and vaccination have been the basis for the design of armed OAds. Hence, early region 1 (E1) and early region 3 (E3) have been the most commonly used transgene insertion sites, along with partially or complete E3 deletions. Besides transgene location and orientation, transcriptional control elements, transgene function, either virocentric or immunocentric, and even the codons encoding it, greatly impact on transgene levels and virus fitness.
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Wang Z, Luo H, Fang Z, Fan Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Rui S, Chen Y, Hong L, Gao J, Zhang M. MiR-204 acts as a potential therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia by increasing BIRC6-mediated apoptosis. BMB Rep 2018; 51:444-449. [PMID: 29764561 PMCID: PMC6177501 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.9.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common hematological malignancies all around the world. MicroRNAs have been determined to contribute various cancers initiation and progression, including AML. Although microRNA-204 (miR-204) exerts anti-tumor effects in several kinds of cancers, its function in AML remains unknown. In the present study, we assessed miR-204 expression in AML blood samples and cell lines. We also investigated the effects of miR-204 on cellular function of AML cells and the underlying mechanisms of the action of miR-204. Our results showed that miR-204 expression was significantly downregulated in AML tissues and cell lines. In addition, overexpression of miR-204 induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in AML cells, including AML5, HL-60, Kasumi-1 and U937 cells. Cell cycle analysis further confirmed an augmentation in theapoptotic subG1 population by miR-204 overexpression. Mechanistically, baculoviral inhibition of apoptosis protein repeat containing 6 (BIRC6) was identified as a direct target of miR-204. Enforcing miR-204 expression increased the luciferase activity and expression of BIRC6, as well as p53 and Bax expression. Moreover, restoration of BIRC6 reversed the pro-apoptotic effects of miR-204 overexpression in AML cells. Taken together, this study demonstrates that miR-204 causes AML cell apoptosis by targeting BIRC6, suggesting miR-204 may play an anti-carcinogenic role in AML and function as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shanxi Province; Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Harbin Hematological Cancer Institute, Harbin the First Hospital, Harbin 150010, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehui Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Fan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Harbin Hematological Cancer Institute, Harbin the First Hospital, Harbin 150010, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Harbin Hematological Cancer Institute, Harbin the First Hospital, Harbin 150010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Rui
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Harbin Hematological Cancer Institute, Harbin the First Hospital, Harbin 150010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Chen
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Harbin Hematological Cancer Institute, Harbin the First Hospital, Harbin 150010, People's Republic of China
| | - Luojia Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 161000, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- 1Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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6
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Brachtlova T, van Beusechem VW. Unleashing the Full Potential of Oncolytic Adenoviruses against Cancer by Applying RNA Interference: The Force Awakens. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120228. [PMID: 30477117 PMCID: PMC6315459 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy of cancer is an actively pursued field of research. Viruses that were once considered as pathogens threatening the wellbeing of humans and animals alike are with every passing decade more prominently regarded as vehicles for genetic and oncolytic therapies. Oncolytic viruses kill cancer cells, sparing healthy tissues, and provoke an anticancer immune response. Among these viruses, recombinant adenoviruses are particularly attractive agents for oncolytic immunotherapy of cancer. Different approaches are currently examined to maximize their therapeutic effect. Here, knowledge of virus–host interactions may lead the way. In this regard, viral and host microRNAs are of particular interest. In addition, cellular factors inhibiting viral replication or dampening immune responses are being discovered. Therefore, applying RNA interference is an attractive approach to strengthen the anticancer efficacy of oncolytic viruses gaining attention in recent years. RNA interference can be used to fortify the virus’ cancer cell-killing and immune-stimulating properties and to suppress cellular pathways to cripple the tumor. In this review, we discuss different ways of how RNA interference may be utilized to increase the efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses, to reveal their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Brachtlova
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor W van Beusechem
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Evading apoptosis is one of the major hallmarks of cancer cells. Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) proteins are considered as a most important gene families involved in apoptosis. BRUCE protein, a member of IAPs, is able to quench apoptosis as well as playing role in cell division. Our aim in this study was to analyze BRUCE protein expression in gastric carcinoma (GC) and its correlation with the clinicopathological features. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, 52 GC specimens were studied for BRUCE protein expression. A validated scoring method was applied. RESULTS BRUCE protein expression was detected in majority of tumor tissues (98.07 %). A significant correlation between gender and BRUCE expression (p = 0.024) was detected. Indeed, females showed higher level of BRUCE expression than male patients. CONCLUSION Since specific expression of BRUCE protein was revealed in majority of GC tissues, BRUCE protein may be a useful therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Furthermore, based on the native role of BRUCE protein in inhibition of apoptosis, using this protein in targeted therapy of tumor cells may help to inhibit tumor cells growth and survival leading to rapid elimination of tumor mass.
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8
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Zhang J, Ding M, Xu K, Mao L, Zheng J. shRNA-armed conditionally replicative adenoviruses: a promising approach for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29824-34. [PMID: 26980708 PMCID: PMC5045436 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been employed to knockdown the expression of cancer-associated genes and shown some promise in cancer therapy. However, synthetic siRNA duplexes or plasmid mediated delivery of siRNAs have several problems, such as short half-life, low transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity associated with transfection. Conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRAds) as the delivery vector for short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) could overcome these limitations and have shown augmented anti-tumor effects in experimental studies and preclinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of CRAds-shRNA for cancer treatment. Combination of CRAds-shRNA with chemotherapeutics, radiation, dendritic cells, monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors will be necessary to eradicate cancer cells and cancer stem cells and achieve superior outcomes. The use of CRAd platform for efficient delivery of shRNAs and foreign genes will open a new avenue for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lijun Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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Yang M, Yang CS, Guo W, Tang J, Huang Q, Feng S, Jiang A, Xu X, Jiang G, Liu YQ. A novel fiber chimeric conditionally replicative adenovirus-Ad5/F35 for tumor therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:833-840. [PMID: 29144842 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1395115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer; however, significant challenges remain. Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds), which not only kill cancer cells, but also serve as vectors to express therapeutic genes, are a novel and effective method to treat cancer. However, most adenoviruses are Ad5, which infect cells through the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR). The transduction efficacy of Ad5 is restricted because of the absent or low expression of CAR on several cancer cells. Ad serotype 35 has a different tropism pattern to Ad5. Ad35 attaches to cells via a non-CAR receptor, CD46, which is expressed widely on most tumor cells. Thus, chimeric adenoviral vectors consisting of the knob and shaft of Ad35 combined with Ad5 have been constructed. The chimeric fiber adenoviral vectors can transduce CAR-positive and CAR-negative cell lines. In this review, we explore the application of the novel fiber chimeric conditionally replicative adenovirus-Ad5/F35 in tumor therapy in terms of safety, mechanism, transduction efficacy, and antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- a Department of Radiotherapy , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China.,b Department of Oncology , Affiliated Nanyang Second General Hospital , Nanyang , China
| | - Chun Sheng Yang
- c Department of Dermatology , Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , the Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an , China
| | - WenWen Guo
- a Department of Radiotherapy , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - JianQin Tang
- d Department of Dermatology , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Qian Huang
- a Department of Radiotherapy , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - ShouXin Feng
- a Department of Radiotherapy , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - AiJun Jiang
- a Department of Radiotherapy , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - XiFeng Xu
- a Department of Radiotherapy , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Guan Jiang
- d Department of Dermatology , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Yan Qun Liu
- d Department of Dermatology , Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
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10
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Ki67 targeted strategies for cancer therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 20:570-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Guo H, Zhong W, Wang X, Pan B, Li F, Lu K, Su Z, Zhang S. Expression and clinical significance of Apollon in renal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5129-5135. [PMID: 28105219 PMCID: PMC5228483 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apollon, namely baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) repeat containing 6, is an unusually large member of the IAP family, and may be important in oncogenesis. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between renal carcinoma (RC) and Apollon expression, and to highlight the link between Apollon expression and the occurrence, development and prognosis of RC. Apollon expression was detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in RC tissues, adjacent non-cancerous tissues and paired normal tissues, respectively, in order to analyze the association between Apollon expression and clinicopathological features of RC. Kaplan-Meier survival estimate was used to assess the prognostic significance. It was observed that Apollon expression was higher in carcinoma tissues than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues and normal control tissues at the protein and messenger RNA level (P<0.001). There was a significant difference in T-stage (P=0.006), nodal involvement (P=0.007) and tumor-node-metastasis-stage (P=0.035) in patients categorized according to different Apollon expression levels. A prognostic significance of Apollon was also identified by the Kaplan-Meier method. The results of the present study indicate that Apollon expression is associated with the biological characteristics of renal cancer, and is potentially a valuable predictor and novel target for RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- Department of Urology, No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhong
- Graduate School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China; Department of Urology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Luogang, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511447, P.R. China
| | - Kuang Lu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zexuan Su
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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Luk ISU, Shrestha R, Xue H, Wang Y, Zhang F, Lin D, Haegert A, Wu R, Dong X, Collins CC, Zoubeidi A, Gleave ME, Gout PW, Wang Y. BIRC6 Targeting as Potential Therapy for Advanced, Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1542-1551. [PMID: 27663589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Enzalutamide resistance has emerged as a major problem in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Research on therapy resistance of CRPCs has primarily focused on the androgen receptor pathway. In contrast, there is limited information on antiapoptotic mechanisms that may facilitate the treatment resistance. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) family is well recognized for its role in promoting treatment resistance of cancers by inhibiting drug-induced apoptosis. Here, we examined whether BIRC6, an IAP family member, has a role in enzalutamide resistance of CRPCs and could provide a therapeutic target for enzalutamide-resistant CRPC.Experimental Design: Use of enzalutamide-resistant CRPC models: (i) the transplantable, first high-fidelity LTL-313BR patient-derived enzalutamide-resistant CRPC tissue xenograft line showing primary enzalutamide resistance, (ii) MR42D and MR49F CRPC cells/xenografts showing acquired enzalutamide resistance. Specific BIRC6 downregulation in these models was produced using a BIRC6-targeting antisense oligonucleotide (ASO-6w2). Gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR and gene expression profiling. Molecular pathways associated with growth inhibition were assessed via gene enrichment analysis.Results: Of eight IAPs examined, BIRC6 was the only one showing elevated expression in both enzalutamide-resistant CRPC models. Treatment with ASO-6w2 markedly suppressed growth of LTL-313BR xenografts and increased tumor apoptosis without inducing major host toxicity. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that GPCR and matrisome signaling were the most significantly altered pathways. Furthermore, ASO-6w2 inhibited expression of prosurvival genes that were upregulated in the LTL-313BR line.Conclusions:BIRC6 targeting inhibited the growth of enzalutamide-resistant CRPC models and may represent a new option for clinical treatment of advanced, enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(6); 1542-51. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sze Ue Luk
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raunak Shrestha
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Haegert
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Salehi S, Jafarian AH, Forghanifard MM. Expression analysis of BRUCE protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2016; 24:47-51. [PMID: 27649954 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of cell death in response to diverse stressful physiological or pathological stimuli. One of the most important gene families involved in apoptosis is inhibitors of apoptosis. As a member of inhibitors of apoptosis, BRUCE can suppress apoptosis and promote cell division. Because esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells, as well as other cancer cells, are immortal, our aim in this study was to analyze BRUCE protein expression in ESCC and evaluate its correlation with tumoral clinicopathologic features. Fifty ESCC specimens were examined for BRUCE protein expression using immunohistochemistry. A defined scoring method was applied. BRUCE protein was detected in 82% of tumors. Tumor progression stage and invasion depth correlated significantly with BRUCE protein expression (P=.019 and .005, respectively). Furthermore, association of BRUCE expression with tumor location was near significant (P=.058). The correlation of BRUCE overexpression in ESCC and disease aggressiveness may confirm the importance of BRUCE in ESCC progression and invasiveness. Therefore, BRUCE protein may be a molecular marker for aggressive ESCC and, thus, a potential therapeutic target to inhibit tumor cell progression and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Salehi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Jafarian
- Cancer Molecular Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Li R, Chen BL, Zhou YW, Guo RW, Shuai MT, Zeng JX, Leng AM. Expression and clinical significance of Apollon in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1933-40. [PMID: 27432467 PMCID: PMC4991688 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apollon, an unusually large member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family, may be important for oncogenesis development. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and Apollon expression levels, and to highlight the association between Apollon and the occurrence, development and prognosis of ESCC. Apollon expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in ESCC tissues, adjacent non-cancerous tissues and paired normal tissues respectively, in order to analyze the association between Apollon expression and the clinicopathological features of ESCC. Survival analysis was used to assess the prognostic significance of Apollon expression. It was determined that the mRNA and protein expression levels of Apollon were significantly higher in the carcinoma tissues compared with the adjacent non-cancerous tissues and normal control tissues (P<0.001). There was a significant difference in lymph node involvement and the tumor, nodes, and metastases stage in patients categorized according to different Apollon expression levels. The prognostic significance of Apollon was also determined using the log-rank method. The overexpression of Apollon was associated with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival rates. The present study indicates that Apollon expression is associated with the biological characteristics of ESCC, and may be a valuable prognostic factor and a novel chemotherapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Lin Chen
- Thoracic Medicine Department II, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South Univerisity, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Wu Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univerisity, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Wei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Ting Shuai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Xian Zeng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hunan Xiangnan College, Chenzhou, Hunan 423043, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Min Leng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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15
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Milani S, Bandehpour M, Sharifi Z, Kazemi B. Suppressive Effect of Constructed shRNAs against Apollon Induces Apoptosis and Growth Inhibition in the HeLa Cell Line. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 20:145-51. [PMID: 26748613 PMCID: PMC4949978 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common female cancer worldwide. Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) block apoptosis; therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting IAPs have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years. Apollon, a member of IAPs, inhibits apoptosis and cell death. RNA interference is a pathway in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) or shRNA (short hairpin RNA) inactivates the expression of target genes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of constructed shRNAs on apoptosis and growth inhibition through the suppression of apollon mRNA in HeLa cell line. Methods: Three shRNAs with binding ability to three different target sites of the first region of apollon gene were designed and cloned in pRNAin-H1.2/Neo vector. shRNA plasmids were then transfected in HeLa cells using electroporation. Down-regulation effects of apollon and the viability of HeLa cells were analyzed by RT-PCR, lactate dehydrogenase assay, and MTT assay, respectively. Also, the induction and morphological markers of apoptosis were evaluated by caspase assay and immunocytochemistry method. Results: The expression of shRNA in HeLa cells caused a significant decrease in the level of apollon mRNA1. In addition, shRNA1 effectively increased the mRNA level of Smac (as the antagonist of apollon), reduced the viability of HeLa cells and exhibited immunocytochemical apoptotic markers in this cell line. Conclusion: Apollon gene silencing can induce apoptosis and growth impairment in HeLa cells. In this regard, apollon can be considered a candidate therapeutic target in HeLa cells as a positive human papillomavirus cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Milani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Ewin, Chamran highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Ewin, Chamran highway, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Hemmat EXP., Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Ewin, Chamran highway, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Wang YG, Huang PP, Zhang R, Ma BY, Zhou XM, Sun YF. Targeting adeno-associated virus and adenoviral gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:326-337. [PMID: 26755879 PMCID: PMC4698495 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) heavily endangers human heath worldwide. HCC is one of most frequent cancers in China because patients with liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis, have the highest cancer susceptibility. Traditional therapeutic approaches have limited efficacy in advanced liver cancer, and novel strategies are urgently needed to improve the limited treatment options for HCC. This review summarizes the basic knowledge, current advances, and future challenges and prospects of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and adenoviruses as vectors for gene therapy of HCC. This paper also reviews the clinical trials of gene therapy using adenovirus vectors, immunotherapy, toxicity and immunological barriers for AAV and adenoviruses, and proposes several alternative strategies to overcome the therapeutic barriers to using AAV and adenoviruses as vectors.
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17
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Luk SUI, Xue H, Cheng H, Lin D, Gout PW, Fazli L, Collins CC, Gleave ME, Wang Y. The BIRC6 gene as a novel target for therapy of prostate cancer: dual targeting of inhibitors of apoptosis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6896-908. [PMID: 25071009 PMCID: PMC4196171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment resistance, the major challenge in the management of advanced prostate cancer, is in part based on resistance to apoptosis. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family is thought to play key roles in survival and drug resistance of cancer via inhibition of apoptosis. Of the IAP family members, cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP and survivin are known to be up-regulated in prostate cancer. BIRC6, a much less studied IAP member, was recently shown to be elevated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the present study, we showed a correlation between elevated BIRC6 expression in clinical prostate cancer specimens and poor patient prognostic factors, as well as co-upregulation of certain IAP members. In view of this, we designed antisense oligonucleotides that simultaneously target BIRC6 and another co-upregulated IAP member (dASOs). Two dASOs, targeting BIRC6+cIAP1 and BIRC6+survivin, showed substantial inhibition of CRPC cells proliferation, exceeding that obtained with single BIRC6 targeting. The growth inhibition was associated with increased apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppression of NFkB activation. Moreover, treatment with both dASOs led to significantly lower viable tumor volume in vivo, without major host toxicity. This study shows that BIRC6-based dual IAP-targeting ASOs represent potential novel therapeutic agents against advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Ue Iris Luk
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Zhang S, Tang W, Weng S, Liu X, Rao B, Gu J, Chen S, Wang Q, Shen X, Xue R, Dong L. Apollon modulates chemosensitivity in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7183-97. [PMID: 25216531 PMCID: PMC4196194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are often diagnosed with advanced diseases that respond poorly to chemotherapy. Here we reported that Apollon, a membrane-associated inhibitor of apoptosis protein, was overexpressed in ESCC cell lines and clinical ESCC tissues, and Apollon overexpression clinically correlated with poor response to chemotherapy (P = 0.001), and short overall survival (P = 0.021). Apollon knockdown increased cisplatin/docetaxel-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and cytochrome c release in two ESCC cell lines. Apollon knockdown potentiated cisplatin/docetaxel-induced long-term cell growth inhibition, and enhanced chemosensitivity of ESCC cells to cisplatin/docetaxel in xenograft tumor models. Apollon knockdown also enhanced cisplatin/docetaxel-induced activation of caspase-8 (extrinsic pathway) and caspase-9 (intrinsic pathway) in ESCC cells and xenograft tumor models. Mechanism studies revealed that the effect of Apollon on chemosensitivity is mainly mediated by Smac. Apollon expression strongly and negatively correlated with Smac expression in clinical ESCC tissues (P = 0.001). Apollon targeted Smac for degradation in ESCC cells. The effect of Apollon on chemosensitivity was reversed by Smac knockdown in ESCC cells. Taken together, our data show association of Apollon expression with chemotherapeutic response in ESCC, and provide a strong rationale for combining Apollon antagonism with chemotherapy to treat ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wenqing Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shuqiang Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benqiang Rao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Anal Surgery and Institute of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - She Chen
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xizhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Overexpression of BIRC6 Is a Predictor of Prognosis for Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125281. [PMID: 25933218 PMCID: PMC4416929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) have been well investigated in human cancers, where they are frequently overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis. Here we explored the role of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 (BIRC6), a member of IAPs, in human colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We used Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to examine BIRC6 expression in 7 CRC cell lines and 126 CRC clinical samples. We determined the biological significance of BIRC6 in CRC cell lines by a lentivirus-mediated silencing method. RESULTS We reported that BIRC6 was overexpressed in CRC cell lines and clinical CRC tissues. BIRC6 overexpression was correlated with tumor size and invasion depth of CRC. BIRC6 overexpression is associated with worse overall survival (OS) (P = 0.001) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.010). BIRC6 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle at S phase, downregulated cyclin A2, B1, D1 and E1 levels, and sensitized CRC cells to chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggests that BIRC6 overexpression is a predictor of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer and BIRC6 could be a potential target of CRC therapy.
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20
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Li G, Chang H, Zhai YP, Xu W. Targeted silencing of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins with siRNAs: a potential anti-cancer strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4943-52. [PMID: 24175757 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, with a very poor prognosis. Despite significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment in recent years, the long-term therapeutic efficacy is poor, partially due to tumor metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to chemo- or radio-therapy. Recently, it was found that a major feature of tumors is a combination of unrestrained cell proliferation and impaired apoptosis. There are now 8 recognized members of the IAP-family: NAIP, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP, Survivin, Bruce, Livin and ILP-2. These proteins all contribute to inhibition of apoptosis, and provide new potential avenues of cancer treatment. As a powerful tool to suppress gene expression in mammalian cells, RNAi species for inhibiting IAP genes can be directed against cancers. This review will provide a brief introduction to recent developments of the application IAP-siRNA in tumor studies, with the aim of inspiring future treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China E-mail :
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21
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Chen XJ, Zhang K, Xin Y, Jiang G. Oncolytic adenovirus-expressed RNA interference of O 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity may enhance the antitumor effects of temozolomide. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2201-2202. [PMID: 25295108 PMCID: PMC4186622 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an example of an alkylating agent, which are known to be effective anticancer drugs for the treatment of various solid tumors, including glioma and melanoma. TMZ acts predominantly through the mutagenic product O6-methylguanine, a cytotoxic DNA lesion. The DNA repair enzyme, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which functions in the resistance of cancers to TMZ, can repair this damage. RNA interference (RNAi) has been previously shown to be a potent tool for the knockdown of genes, and has potential for use in cancer treatment. Oncolytic adenoviruses not only have the ability to destroy cancer cells, but may also be possible vectors for the expression of therapeutic genes. We therefore hypothesized that the oncolytic virus-mediated RNAi of MGMT activity may enhance the antitumor effect of TMZ and provide a promising method for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jun Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xin
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
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22
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Wang L, Chen YJ, Hou J, Wang YY, Tang WQ, Shen XZ, Tu RQ. Expression and clinical significance of BIRC6 in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4891-6. [PMID: 24453032 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 (BIRC6), an unusually large member of the IAP family, may play an important role in oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the value of BIRC6 in predicting tumor recurrence after curative resection in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. In this study, the differences of BIRC6 expression in four paired EOC and normal tissue were performed by Western blot, and expression of BIRC6 protein was analyzed in 100 clinicopathologically characterized EOC cases from those who underwent curative resection between 2003 and 2011 by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and log-rank tests were used to assess the prognostic significance. It was found that BIRC6 expression was higher in the carcinoma tissue than in normal control tissue at protein level by Western blot. There was a significant difference of BIRC6 expression in patients categorized according to tumor differentiation (p = 0.016). Univariate analyses and multivariate analyses revealed that BIRC6 was an independent significant predictor for overall survival and disease-free survival. A prognostic significance of BIRC6 was also found by Kaplan-Meier method. The expression of BIRC6 in the cytoplasm is associated with EOC differentiation and may be a novel predictor for poor prognosis of EOC patients after curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Elevated expression of BIRC6 protein in non-small-cell lung cancers is associated with cancer recurrence and chemoresistance. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 8:161-70. [PMID: 23287853 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31827d5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an aggressive, highly chemoresistant disease. Reliable prognostic assays and more effective treatments are critically required. BIRC6 (baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis proteins repeat-containing 6) protein is a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family thought to play an important role in the progression or chemoresistance of many cancers. In this study, we investigated whether BIRC6 expression can be used as a prognostic marker or potential therapeutic target for NSCLC. METHODS In a retrospective analysis, BIRC6 protein expression was determined for 78 resected primary NSCLCs and nine benign lung tissues. Twenty-nine chemoresistant or chemosensitive subrenal capsule NSCLC tissue xenografts were assessed for BIRC6 expression, using immunohistochemistry, and 13 of them for BIRC6 gene copy number, using array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. The effect of small interfering RNA-induced BIRC6 knockdown on the growth of human NSCLC cell cultures and apoptosis (in combination with cisplatin) was investigated. RESULTS Elevated BIRC6 protein expression in NSCLC tissues was associated with poor 3-year relapse-free patient survival, lymph node involvement, and advanced pathological tumor, node, metastasis stage. In patient-derived lung squamous cell carcinoma xenografts, chemoresistance was associated with elevated BIRC6 expression and increased gene copy number. Small interfering RNA-induced BIRC6 down-regulation inhibited growth of the NSCLC cells and sensitized the cells to cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS BIRC6 may play an important role in the malignant progression and chemoresistance of NSCLC. Elevated BIRC6 protein expression may serve as a predictive marker for chemoresistance of NSCLCs and a poor prognostic factor for NSCLC patients. Down-regulation of the BIRC6 gene as a therapeutic approach may be effective, especially in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics.
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Wang K, Lin B. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as regulatory factors of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1970-80. [PMID: 23770286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IAPs are a group of regulatory proteins that are structurally related. Their conserved homologues have been identified in various organisms. In human, eight IAP members have been recognized based on baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. IAPs are key regulators of apoptosis, cytokinesis and signal transduction. The antiapoptotic property of IAPs depends on their professional role for caspases. IAPs are functionally non-equivalent and regulate effector caspases through distinct mechanisms. IAPs impede apoptotic process via membrane receptor-dependent (extrinsic) cascade and mitochondrial dependent (intrinsic) pathway. IAP-mediated apoptosis affects the progression of liver diseases. Therapeutic options of liver diseases may depend on the understanding toward mechanisms of the IAP-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA.
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25
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Low CG, Luk ISU, Lin D, Fazli L, Yang K, Xu Y, Gleave M, Gout PW, Wang Y. BIRC6 protein, an inhibitor of apoptosis: role in survival of human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55837. [PMID: 23409057 PMCID: PMC3568134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BIRC6 is a member of the Inhibitors of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) family which is thought to protect a variety of cancer cells from apoptosis. The main objective of the present study was to investigate whether BIRC6 plays a role in prostate cancer and could be useful as a novel therapeutic target. METHODS BIRC6 expression in cell lines was assessed using Western blot analysis and in clinical samples using immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays. The biological significance of BIRC6 was determined by siRNA-induced reduction of BIRC6 expression in LNCaP cells followed by functional assays. RESULTS Elevated BIRC6 protein expression was found in prostate cancer cell lines and clinical specimens as distinct from their benign counterparts. Increased BIRC6 expression was associated with Gleason 6-8 cancers and castration resistance. Reduction of BIRC6 expression in LNCaP cells led to a marked reduction in cell proliferation which was associated with an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in autophagosome formation. Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis was found to be coupled to a reduction in BIRC6 protein expression. CONCLUSION The data suggest a role for BIRC6 in prostate cancer progression and treatment resistance, and indicate for the first time that the BIRC6 gene and its product are potentially valuable targets for treatment of prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Low
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Iris S. U. Luk
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kuo Yang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Martin Gleave
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter W. Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Liu XR, Cai Y, Cao X, Wei RC, Li HL, Zhou XM, Zhang KJ, Wu S, Qian QJ, Cheng B, Huang K, Liu XY. A new oncolytic adenoviral vector carrying dual tumour suppressor genes shows potent anti-tumour effect. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1298-309. [PMID: 21794078 PMCID: PMC3823082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer Targeting Gene-Viro-Therapy (CTGVT) is a promising cancer therapeutical strategy that strengthens the anti-tumour effect of oncolytic virus by expressing inserted foreign anti-tumour genes. In this work, we constructed a novel adenoviral vector controlled by the tumour-specific survivin promoter on the basis of the ZD55 vector, which is an E1B55KD gene deleted vector we previously constructed. Compared with the original ZD55 vector, this new adenoviral vector (ZD55SP/E1A) showed much better ability of replication and reporter gene expression. We then combined anti-tumour gene interleukine-24 (IL-24) with an RNA polymerase III-dependent U6 promoter driving short hairpin RNA (shRNA) that targets M-phase phosphoprotein 1 (MPHOSPH1, a newly identified oncogene) by inserting the IL-24 and the shRNA of MPHOSPH1 (shMPP1) expression cassettes into the new ZD55SP/E1A vector. Our results demonstrated excellent anti-tumour effect of ZD55SP/E1A-IL-24-shMPP1 in vitro on multiple cancer cell lines such as lung cancer, liver cancer and ovarian caner. At high multiplicity-of-infection (MOI), ZD55SP/E1A-IL-24-shMPP1 triggered post-mitotic apoptosis in cancer cells by inducing prolonged mitotic arrest; while at low MOI, senescence was induced. More importantly, ZD55SP/E1A-IL-24-shMPP1 also showed excellent anti-tumour effects in vivo on SW620 xenograft nude mice. In conclusion, our strategy of constructing an IL-24 and shMPP1 dual gene expressing oncolytic adenoviral vector, which is regulated by the survivin promoter and E1B55KD deletion, could be a promising method of cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ran Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Mishra J, Drummond J, Quazi SH, Karanki SS, Shaw JJ, Chen B, Kumar N. Prospective of colon cancer treatments and scope for combinatorial approach to enhanced cancer cell apoptosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 86:232-50. [PMID: 23098684 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the western world. It is also the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States with a recent estimate for new cases of colorectal cancer in the year 2012 being around 103,170. Various risk factors for colorectal cancer include life-style, diet, age, personal and family history, and racial and ethnic background. While a few cancers are certainly preventable but this does not hold true for colon cancer as it is often detected in its advanced stage and generally not diagnosed until symptoms become apparent. Despite the fact that several options are available for treating this cancer through surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and nutritional-supplement therapy, but the success rates are not very encouraging when used alone where secondary complications appear in almost all these therapies. To maximize the therapeutic-effects in patients, combinatorial approaches are essential. In this review we have discussed the therapies previously and currently available to patients diagnosed with colorectal-cancer, focus on some recent developments in basic research that has shaded lights on new therapeutic-concepts utilizing macrophages/dendritic cells, natural killer cells, gene delivery, siRNA-, and microRNA-technology, and specific-targeting of tyrosine kinases that are either mutated or over-expressed in the cancerous cell to treat these cancer. Potential strategies are discussed where these concepts could be applied to the existing therapies under a comprehensive approach to enhance the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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28
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Schläfli AM, Torbett BE, Fey MF, Tschan MP. BIRC6 (APOLLON) is down-regulated in acute myeloid leukemia and its knockdown attenuates neutrophil differentiation. Exp Hematol Oncol 2012; 1:25. [PMID: 23211188 PMCID: PMC3514096 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-1-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) were intensively investigated in the context of cancer where they promote tumor growth and chemoresistence. Overexpression of the IAP BIRC6 is associated with unfavorable clinical features and negatively impacts relapse-free survival in childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Currently, BIRC6 levels in adult primary AML have not been compared to the expression in normal myeloid cells. Thus, we compared for the first time BIRC6 levels in adult primary AML patient samples to normal myeloid cells and studied its regulation and function during neutrophil differentiation. Findings We found significantly lower BIRC6 levels in particular AML subtypes as compared to granulocytes from healthy donors. The lowest BIRC6 expression was found in CD34+ progenitor cells. Moreover, BIRC6 expression significantly increased during neutrophil differentiation of AML cell lines and knocking down BIRC6 in NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells significantly impaired neutrophil differentiation, but not cell viability. Conclusion Together, we found an association of low BIRC6 levels with an immature myeloid phenotype and describe a function for BIRC6 in neutrophil differentiation of APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schläfli
- Experimental Oncology/Hematology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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29
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Tassi E, Zanon M, Vegetti C, Molla A, Bersani I, Perotti V, Pennati M, Zaffaroni N, Milella M, Ferrone S, Carlo-Stella C, Gianni AM, Mortarini R, Anichini A. Role of Apollon in human melanoma resistance to antitumor agents that activate the intrinsic or the extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3316-27. [PMID: 22553342 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the role of Apollon in melanoma resistance to intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis and to identify strategies to reduce its expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Apollon expression was assessed in melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Apollon modulation and melanoma apoptosis were evaluated by Western blot and/or flow cytometry in response to cytotoxic drugs, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)-, BRAF(V600E)-, and mTOR-specific inhibitors, TRAIL and anti-HLA class II monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation, apoptosis assays, and gene expression profiling were used to test effects of Apollon silencing, by siRNA, on melanoma response to antitumor agents. RESULTS Apollon was constitutively expressed by melanoma cells, in vitro and in vivo, and at higher levels than in benign melanocytic lesions. Melanoma apoptosis correlated significantly with Apollon protein downmodulation in response to cytotoxic drugs, MEK, or BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors. Combinatorial treatment with MEK and mTOR inhibitors and HLA class II ligation, by a specific mAb, promoted Apollon downmodulation and enhanced melanoma apoptosis. Apollon downmodulation induced by antitumor agents was caspase independent, but proteasome dependent. Knockdown of Apollon, by siRNA, triggered apoptosis and/or significantly enhanced melanoma cell death in response to cytotoxic drugs, MEK- and BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors, and soluble or membrane-bound TRAIL. Apollon silencing promoted mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-2, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation in response to different antitumor agents and altered the profile of genes modulated by MEK or BRAF(V600E)-specific inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Targeting of Apollon may significantly improve melanoma cell death in response to antitumor agents that trigger the intrinsic or the extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tassi
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit 3, Department of Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori and University of Milan, Italy
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30
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Van Houdt WJ, Emmink BL, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Verheem A, Vries RG, Fratantoni SA, Pronk A, Clevers H, Borel Rinkes IHM, Jimenez CR, Kranenburg O. Comparative proteomics of colon cancer stem cells and differentiated tumor cells identifies BIRC6 as a potential therapeutic target. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.011353. [PMID: 21788403 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.011353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with liver metastases from colon carcinoma show highly variable responses to chemotherapy and tumor recurrence is frequently observed. Therapy-resistant cancer stem cells have been implicated in drug resistance and tumor recurrence. However, the factors determining therapy resistance and tumor recurrence are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to gain insight into these mechanisms by comparing the proteomes of patient-derived cancer stem cell cultures and their differentiated isogenic offspring. We established colonosphere cultures derived from resection specimens of liver metastases in patients with colon cancer. These colonospheres, enriched for colon cancer stem cells, were used to establish isogenic cultures of stably differentiated nontumorigenic progeny. Proteomics based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to nano liquid chromatography tandem MS was used to identify proteome differences between three of these paired cultures. The resulting data were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Software. Out of a total data set of 3048 identified proteins, 32 proteins were at least twofold up-regulated in the colon cancer stem cells when compared with the differentiated cells. Pathway analysis showed that "cell death " regulation is strikingly different between the two cell types. Interestingly, one of the top-up-regulated proteins was BIRC6, which belongs to the class of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. Knockdown of BIRC6 sensitized colon cancer stem cells against the chemotherapeutic drugs oxaliplatin and cisplatin. This study reveals that differentiation of colon cancer stem cells is accompanied by altered regulation of cell death pathways. We identified BIRC6 as an important mediator of cancer stem cell resistance against cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Targeting BIRC6, or other Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins, may help eradicating colon cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Van Houdt
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Surgery, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Van Houdt WJ, Emmink BL, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Verheem A, Vries RG, Fratantoni SA, Pronk A, Clevers H, Borel Rinkes IHM, Jimenez CR, Kranenburg O. Comparative proteomics of colon cancer stem cells and differentiated tumor cells identifies BIRC6 as a potential therapeutic target. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011. [PMID: 21788403 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.011353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with liver metastases from colon carcinoma show highly variable responses to chemotherapy and tumor recurrence is frequently observed. Therapy-resistant cancer stem cells have been implicated in drug resistance and tumor recurrence. However, the factors determining therapy resistance and tumor recurrence are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to gain insight into these mechanisms by comparing the proteomes of patient-derived cancer stem cell cultures and their differentiated isogenic offspring. We established colonosphere cultures derived from resection specimens of liver metastases in patients with colon cancer. These colonospheres, enriched for colon cancer stem cells, were used to establish isogenic cultures of stably differentiated nontumorigenic progeny. Proteomics based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to nano liquid chromatography tandem MS was used to identify proteome differences between three of these paired cultures. The resulting data were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Software. Out of a total data set of 3048 identified proteins, 32 proteins were at least twofold up-regulated in the colon cancer stem cells when compared with the differentiated cells. Pathway analysis showed that "cell death " regulation is strikingly different between the two cell types. Interestingly, one of the top-up-regulated proteins was BIRC6, which belongs to the class of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. Knockdown of BIRC6 sensitized colon cancer stem cells against the chemotherapeutic drugs oxaliplatin and cisplatin. This study reveals that differentiation of colon cancer stem cells is accompanied by altered regulation of cell death pathways. We identified BIRC6 as an important mediator of cancer stem cell resistance against cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Targeting BIRC6, or other Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins, may help eradicating colon cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Van Houdt
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Surgery, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Screening siRNAs targeting a novel gene (HA117) and the development of a derivative recombinant adenovirus delivery system. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:655-62. [PMID: 21720420 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel gene, HA117, was discovered in our previous work. Using the pSOS-HUS vector method which we designed at previous study, we screened for small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that targeted HA117. The pSOS-HUS siRNA screening results were verified and a delivery system was developed that contained a recombinant adenovirus carrying DNA templates for the transcription of the HA117 siRNAs. Of five pairs of DNA templates, siRNA transcribed from HAi5 produced the strongest effect against HA117. A recombinant adenovirus containing HAi5 (Ad-HAi5) was successfully constructed and evaluated. This work has laid the foundation for further study of HA117 gene function using RNA interference technology and has showed the pSOS-HUS vector method was successfully utilized as a rapid and effective screen of siRNAs for a target gene.
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Zheng G, Guo Y, Jin X, Xu Y, Luo Q, Su Y. Construction, screening and evaluation of a derivative recombinant adenovirus for the optimal siRNA targeting of a novel gene (HA117). Gene 2011; 479:10-5. [PMID: 21316428 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
At this study, we screened for an optimal siRNA to target a novel gene named HA117 and constructed and evaluated a recombinant adenovirus carrying the DNA template for the transcription of the optimal HA117 siRNA to examine the function of HA117 and its possible mechanism of action in CW-2 cell lines. An HAi5-carrying recombinant adenovirus (Ad-HAi5) was successfully constructed and evaluated. The results show that, among five pairs of DNA templates, siRNA transcribed from HAi5 gave the strongest interference with the novel gene HA117. The expression of the exogenous HA117 gene increased drug resistance in CW-2 cells. We hypothesized that this action may be a result of HA117 through inhibiting apoptosis in CW-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihuan Zheng
- The Infection and Digestology Department of Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood of Chongqing Medical University and Education Ministry, PR China.
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Jiang G, Xin Y, Zheng JN, Liu YQ. Combining conditionally replicating adenovirus-mediated gene therapy with chemotherapy: a novel antitumor approach. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:263-74. [PMID: 21509783 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in diagnosis and innovations in the therapy of specific cancers, effective treatment of neoplastic diseases still presents major challenges. Recent studies have shown that conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) not only have the ability to destroy cancer cells but may also be potential vectors for the expression of therapeutic genes. Several studies in animal models have demonstrated that the combination of CRAds-mediated gene therapy and chemotherapy has greater therapeutic benefit than either treatment modality alone. In this review, an overview of specifications for a novel antitumor approach combining CRAd-gene therapy and chemotherapy is provided and recent progress in this field is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Jiang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xuzhou City, Xuzhou 221006, China
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35
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Pei DS, Di JH, Chen FF, Zheng JN. Oncolytic-adenovirus-expressed RNA interference for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1331-41. [PMID: 20684738 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.512002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD RNA interference (RNAi) has generated considerable excitement for its potential cancer therapeutic applications. Because of the difficulties in delivering a large amount of siRNA to cancer cells and the short half-life of siRNA, it is important to choose an efficient delivery system for transduction of siRNA into target cells. Oncolytic adenovirus offers a better platform by virtue of its high transfection efficiency and selective replication in cancer cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the synergism between oncolytic adenovirus and siRNA antitumor responses, and discusses recent progresses in oncolytic-adenovirus-expressed siRNA. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN siRNA-expressing oncolytic adenovirus can generate a significantly enhanced antitumor effect through gene knockdown and viral oncolysis. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Due to its potency and target specificity, using siRNA delivery by oncolytic adenovirus has generated much excitement and will open new avenues for treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Pei
- Xuzhou Medical College, Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China.
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Wang K, Cheng L, Liang Y, Liu D, Li K, Wang P. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of shRNA against bFGF mRNA suppresses growth of cultured human primary prostatic stromal cells. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:971-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Höti N, Chowdhury WH, Mustafa S, Ribas J, Castanares M, Johnson T, Liu M, Lupold SE, Rodriguez R. Armoring CRAds with p21/Waf-1 shRNAs: the next generation of oncolytic adenoviruses. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:585-97. [PMID: 20448671 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) represent a promising modality for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, including Prostate Cancer. Selectively replicating viruses can be generated by placing a tissue or cancer-specific promoter upstream of one or more of the viral genes required for replication (for example, E1A, E1B). We have previously reported multiple cellular processes that can attenuate viral replication, which in turn compromises viral oncolysis and tumor kill. In this study, we investigated the importance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/Waf-1, on viral replication and tumor growth. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the importance of p21/Waf-1shRNA on the induction of an androgen responsive element (ARE) based promoter driving the E1A gene. As a proof of concept, the study emphasizes the use of RNA interference technology to overcome promoter weaknesses for tissue-specific oncolytic viruses, as well as the cellular inhibitor pathways on viral life cycle. Using RNA interference against p21/Waf-1, we were able to show an increase in viral replication and viral oncolysis of prostate cancer cells. Similarly, CRAd viruses that carry p21/Waf-1 shRNA (Ad5-RV004.21) were able to prevent tumor outgrowth that resulted in a marked increase in the mean survival time of tumor-bearing mice compared with CRAd without p21/Waf-1 shRNA (Ad5-RV004). In studies combining Ad5-RV004.21 with Adriamycin, a suprar-additive effect was observed only in CRAds that harbor shRNA against p21/Waf-1. Taken together, these findings of enhanced viral replication in prostate cancer cells by using RNA interference against the cdk inhibitor p21/Waf-1 have significant implications in the development of prostate-specific CRAd therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Höti
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA
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Abstract
Targeted therapy of cancer using oncolytic viruses has generated much interest over the past few years in the light of the limited efficacy and side effects of standard cancer therapeutics for advanced disease. In 2006, the world witnessed the first government-approved oncolytic virus for the treatment of head and neck cancer. It has been known for many years that viruses have the ability to replicate in and lyse cancer cells. Although encouraging results have been demonstrated in vitro and in animal models, most oncolytic viruses have failed to impress in the clinical setting. The explanation is multifactorial, determined by the complex interactions between the tumor and its microenvironment, the virus, and the host immune response. This review focuses on discussion of the obstacles that oncolytic virotherapy faces and recent advances made to overcome them, with particular reference to adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsi Wong
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; E-Mails: (H.H.W.); (N.R.L.)
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; E-Mails: (H.H.W.); (N.R.L.)
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; E-Mails: (H.H.W.); (N.R.L.)
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-2078823596, Fax: +44-2078823884
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Salilew-Wondim D, Hölker M, Rings F, Phatsara C, Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh A, Tholen E, Schellander K, Tesfaye D. Depletion of BIRC6 leads to retarded bovine early embryonic development and blastocyst formation in vitro. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:564-79. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis repeat-containing 6 (BIRC6) is believed to inhibit apoptosis by targeting key cell-death proteins. To understand its involvement during bovine preimplantation embryo development, two consecutive experiments were conducted by targeted knockdown of its mRNA and protein using RNA interference. In Experiment 1, the effect of BIRC6 knockdown during the early stages of preimplantation embryo development was assessed by injecting zygotes with long double-stranded RNA (ldsRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against BIRC6 mRNA followed by in vitro culturing until 96 h post insemination (hpi). The results showed that in RNA-injected zygote groups, reduced levels of BIRC6 mRNA and protein were accompanied by an increase (P < 0.05) in the proportion of 2- and 4-cell and uncleaved embryos and a corresponding decrease (P < 0.05) in the number of 8-cell embryos. In Experiment 2, the effect of BIRC6 knockdown on blastocyst formation, blastocyst total cell number and the extent of apoptosis was investigated. Consequently, zygotes injected with ldsRNA and shRNA resulted in lower (P < 0.05) blastocyst formation and total blastocyst cell number. Moreover, the apoptotic cell ratio, CASPASE 3 and 7 activity, BAX to BCL-2 ratio and levels of SMAC and CASPASE 9 were higher in blastocysts derived from the ldsRNA and shRNA groups, suggesting increased apoptosis in those blastocysts. The results of this study reveal the importance of BIRC6 expression for embryo survival during bovine preimplantation embryo development. However, whether BIRC6 is essential for implantation and fetal development during bovine pregnancy needs further research.
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Xiao T, Fan JK, Huang HL, Gu JF, Li LY, Liu XY. VEGI-armed oncolytic adenovirus inhibits tumor neovascularization and directly induces mitochondria-mediated cancer cell apoptosis. Cell Res 2009; 20:367-78. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Scott BJ, Qutob S, Liu QY, Ng CE. APM2 is a novel mediator of cisplatin resistance in a variety of cancer cell types regardless of p53 or MMR status. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1193-204. [PMID: 19444912 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutics in the world today. Unfortunately, chemoresistance often develops hindering the effectiveness of the drug. Mismatch-repair (MMR) and p53 have previously been shown to be important determinants of cisplatin resistance and can contribute to cisplatin resistance clinically. Here, we have used cDNA microarray to identify several genes as up or downregulated in a previously described, cisplatin resistant, clone of the HCT116 cell line (HCT116-K). On follow-up, one gene, APM2, was found to promote cisplatin resistance when overexpressed in sensitive HCT116 clones. Furthermore, silencing APM2 in a panel of cell lines encompassing all combinations of p53 status and MMR proficiency (HCT116-K, HCT116, SW620, MCF7, PC-3 and OV2008) resulted in sensitization regardless of these 2 factors. In addition, silencing APM2 stably using shRNA also resulted in the sensitization of cells to cisplatin. More importantly, cisplatin inhibited the growth of APM2 silenced tumor xenografts (HCT116-K or OV2008 cells) significantly better than it inhibited the growth of xenografts carrying nontargeting control shRNAs. These findings represent a novel strategy that could be exploited to overcome cisplatin resistance in patients regardless of p53 status or ability to perform MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Scott
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Sharma A, Tandon M, Bangari DS, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector-based strategies for cancer therapy. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2009; 4:117-138. [PMID: 20160875 DOI: 10.2174/157488509788185123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Definitive treatment of cancer has eluded scientists for decades. Current therapeutic modalities like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and receptor-targeted antibodies have varied degree of success and generally have moderate to severe side effects. Gene therapy is one of the novel and promising approaches for therapeutic intervention of cancer. Viral vectors in general and adenoviral (Ad) vectors in particular are efficient natural gene delivery systems and are one of the obvious choices for cancer gene therapy. Clinical and preclinical findings with a wide variety of approaches like tumor suppressor and suicide gene therapy, oncolysis, immunotherapy, anti-angiogenesis and RNA interference using Ad vectors have been quite promising, but there are still many hurdles to overcome. Shortcomings like increased immunogenicity, prevalence of preexisting anti-Ad immunity in human population and lack of specific targeting limit the clinical usefulness of Ad vectors. In recent years, extensive research efforts have been made to overcome these limitations through a variety of approaches including the use of conditionally-replicating Ad and specific targeting of tumor cells. In this review, we discuss the potential strengths and limitations of Ad vectors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, and Bindley Bioscience Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Lopergolo A, Pennati M, Gandellini P, Orlotti NI, Poma P, Daidone MG, Folini M, Zaffaroni N. Apollon gene silencing induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through p53 stabilisation and caspase-3 activation. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:739-46. [PMID: 19223905 PMCID: PMC2653776 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Apollon, a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family, on the proliferative potential and ability of human breast cancer cell lines to undergo apoptosis. In wild-type p53 ZR75.1 cells, Apollon knockdown resulted in a marked, time-dependent decline of cell growth and an increased rate of apoptosis, which was associated with p53 stabilisation and activation of the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Pre-incubation of cells with a p53-specific siRNA resulted in a partial rescue of cell growth inhibition, as well as in a marked reduction of the apoptotic response, indicating p53 as a major player in cell growth impairment consequent on Apollon silencing. Apollon knockdown induced consistently less pronounced anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in mutant p53 MDA-MB-231 cells than in ZR75.1 cells. Furthermore, the activation of caspase-3 seemed to be essential for the induction of apoptosis after Apollon knockdown, as the Apollon-specific siRNA had no effect on the viability of caspase-3-deficient, wild-type p53 MCF-7 cells or the ZR75.1 cells after RNA interference-mediated caspase-3 silencing. Our results indicate that p53 stabilisation and caspase-3 activation concur to determine the apoptotic response mediated by Apollon knockdown in breast cancer cells, and suggest Apollon to be a potential new therapeutic target for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lopergolo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) have many advantages as agents for cancer virotherapy and have been safely used in human clinical trials. However, replicating adenoviruses have been limited in their ability to eliminate tumors by oncolysis. Thus, the efficacy of these agents must be improved. To this end, CRAds have been engineered to express therapeutic transgenes that exert antitumor effects independent of direct viral oncolysis. These transgenes can be expressed under native gene control elements, in which case placement within the genome determines the expression profile, or they can be controlled by exogenous promoters. The therapeutic transgenes used to arm replicating adenoviruses can be broadly classified into three groups. There are those that mediate killing of the infected cell, those that modulate the tumor microenvironment and those with immunomodulatory functions. Overall, the studies to date in animal models have shown that arming a CRAd with a rationally chosen therapeutic transgene can improve its antitumor efficacy over that of an unarmed CRAd. However, a number of obstacles must be overcome before the full potential of armed CRAds can be realized in the human clinical context. Hence, strategies are being developed to permit intravenous delivery to disseminated cancer cells, overcome the immune response and enable in vivo monitoring of the biodistribution and activity of armed CRAds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cody
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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