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Malektaj H, Nour S, Imani R, Siadati MH. Angiogenesis induction as a key step in cardiac tissue Regeneration: From angiogenic agents to biomaterials. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123233. [PMID: 37460050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. After myocardial infarction, the vascular supply of the heart is damaged or blocked, leading to the formation of scar tissue, followed by several cardiac dysfunctions or even death. In this regard, induction of angiogenesis is considered as a vital process for supplying nutrients and oxygen to the cells in cardiac tissue engineering. The current review aims to summarize different approaches of angiogenesis induction for effective cardiac tissue repair. Accordingly, a comprehensive classification of induction of pro-angiogenic signaling pathways through using engineered biomaterials, drugs, angiogenic factors, as well as combinatorial approaches is introduced as a potential platform for cardiac regeneration application. The angiogenic induction for cardiac repair can enhance patient treatment outcomes and generate economic prospects for the biomedical industry. The development and commercialization of angiogenesis methods often involves collaboration between academic institutions, research organizations, and biomedical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Malektaj
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Shirin Nour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rana Imani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad H Siadati
- Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Wang J, Song Y, Xie W, Zhao J, Wang Y, Yu W. Therapeutic angiogenesis based on injectable hydrogel for protein delivery in ischemic heart disease. iScience 2023; 26:106577. [PMID: 37192972 PMCID: PMC10182303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and leads to myocardial necrosis and negative myocardial remodeling, ultimately leading to heart failure. Current treatments include drug therapy, interventional therapy, and surgery. However, some patients with severe diffuse coronary artery disease, complex coronary artery anatomy, and other reasons are unsuitable for these treatments. Therapeutic angiogenesis stimulates the growth of the original blood vessels by using exogenous growth factors to generate more new blood vessels, which provides a new treatment for IHD. However, direct injection of these growth factors can cause a short half-life and serious side effects owing to systemic spread. Therefore, to overcome this problem, hydrogels have been developed for temporally and spatially controlled delivery of single or multiple growth factors to mimic the process of angiogenesis in vivo. This paper reviews the mechanism of angiogenesis, some important bioactive molecules, and natural and synthetic hydrogels currently being applied for bioactive molecule delivery to treat IHD. Furthermore, the current challenges of therapeutic angiogenesis in IHD and its potential solutions are discussed to facilitate real translation into clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 26000, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yancheng Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 26000, China
| | - Wenjie Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, Qingdao, Shandong 26000, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 26000, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Wenzhou Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 26003, China
- Corresponding author
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Nam M, Lee J, Lee KY, Kim J. Sequential Targeted Delivery of Liposomes to Ischemic Tissues by Controlling Blood Vessel Permeability. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:532-538. [PMID: 33418742 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delivery systems for therapeutic angiogenesis that deliver angiogenic factors to ischemic tissues have recently been fabricated. However, these systems are designed for surgical implantation or multiple local injections which can cause pain and potential physical burden in patients. Here, we propose a minimally invasive sequential nanoparticle-mediated delivery strategy for ischemic tissue using a murine hindlimb ischemic model. Intravenously injected liposomes that encapsulate VEGF, an angiogenic factor, first target the ischemic sites via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in early stages of ischemia. VEGF released from the targeted liposomes maintains the blood vessel permeability for a longer period of time compared to the delivery of empty liposomes. This first nanoparticle-mediated delivery of VEGF to the ischemic site enables extending the temporal window of leaky blood vessel up to 7 days so that the second liposomes could be targeted to the ischemic sites via EPR effect. This strategy will provide opportunities for the targeted delivery of other vessel maturation agents loaded in nanoparticles to ischemic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjoo Nam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwook Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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4
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Wu JPJ, Cheng B, Roffler SR, Lundy DJ, Yen CYT, Chen P, Lai JJ, Pun SH, Stayton PS, Hsieh PCH. Reloadable multidrug capturing delivery system for targeted ischemic disease treatment. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:365ra160. [PMID: 27856799 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human clinical trials of protein therapy for ischemic diseases have shown disappointing outcomes so far, mainly because of the poor circulatory half-life of growth factors in circulation and their low uptake and retention by the targeted injury site. The attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) extends the circulatory half-lives of protein drugs but reduces their extravasation and retention at the target site. To address this issue, we have developed a drug capture system using a mixture of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel and anti-PEG immunoglobulin M antibodies, which, when injected at a target body site, can capture and retain a variety of systemically injected PEGylated therapeutics at that site. Furthermore, repeated systemic injections permit "reloading" of the capture depot, allowing the use of complex multistage therapies. This study demonstrates this capture system in both murine and porcine models of critical limb ischemia. The results show that the reloadable HA/anti-PEG system has the potential to be clinically applied to patients with ischemic diseases, who require sequential administration of protein drugs for optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine P J Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Bill Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - David J Lundy
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - James J Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics and Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Zhou Q, Deng Q, Hu B, Wang YJ, Chen JL, Cui JJ, Cao S, Song HN. Ultrasound combined with targeted cationic microbubble-mediated angiogenesis gene transfection improves ischemic heart function. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2293-2303. [PMID: 28565841 PMCID: PMC5443262 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to construct targeted cationic microbubbles (TCMBs) by synthesizing cationic microbubbles conjugated to an intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibody, and then to use the TCMBs to deliver the angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) gene into infarcted heart tissue using ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction. It was hypothesized that the TCMBs would accumulate in higher numbers than non-targeted cationic microbubbles (CMBs) in the infarcted heart, and would therefore increase the efficiency of targeted Ang-1 gene transfection and promote angiogenesis. The results of the study demonstrated that the ability of TCMBs to target inflammatory endothelial cells was 18.4-fold higher than that of the CMBs in vitro. The accumulation of TCMBs was greater than that of CMBs in TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical cord veins, indicated by a 212% higher acoustic intensity. In vivo, the TCMBs specifically accumulated in the myocardial infarct area in a rabbit model. Three days after ultrasound microbubble-mediated gene transfection, Ang-1 protein expression in the TCMB group was 2.7-fold higher than that of the CMB group. Angiogenesis, the thickness of the infarct region and the heart function of the TCMB group were all significantly improved compared with those in the CMB and control groups at 4 weeks following gene transfection (all P<0.01). Therefore, the results of the current study demonstrate that ultrasound-mediated TCMB destruction effectively delivered the Ang-1 gene to the infarcted myocardium, resulting in improved cardiac morphology and function in the animal model. Ultrasound-mediated TCMB destruction is a promising strategy for improving gene therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jia Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ling Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Cui
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ning Song
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Awada HK, Johnson NR, Wang Y. Sequential delivery of angiogenic growth factors improves revascularization and heart function after myocardial infarction. J Control Release 2015; 207:7-17. [PMID: 25836592 PMCID: PMC4430430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of ischemia through therapeutic angiogenesis faces significant challenges. Growth factor (GF)-based therapies can be more effective when concerns such as GF spatiotemporal presentation, bioactivity, bioavailability, and localization are addressed. During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial GF (VEGF) is required early to initiate neovessel formation while platelet-derived GF (PDGF-BB) is needed later to stabilize the neovessels. The spatiotemporal delivery of multiple bioactive GFs involved in angiogenesis, in a close mimic to physiological cues, holds great potential to treat ischemic diseases. To achieve sequential release of VEGF and PDGF, we embed VEGF in fibrin gel and PDGF in a heparin-based coacervate that is distributed in the same fibrin gel. In vitro, we show the benefits of this controlled delivery approach on cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and capillary formation. A rat myocardial infarction (MI) model demonstrated the effectiveness of this delivery system in improving cardiac function, ventricular wall thickness, angiogenesis, cardiac muscle survival, and reducing fibrosis and inflammation in the infarct zone compared to saline, empty vehicle, and free GFs. Collectively, our results show that this delivery approach mitigated the injury caused by MI and may serve as a new therapy to treat ischemic hearts pending further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan K Awada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Noah R Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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PEDF improves cardiac function in rats with acute myocardial infarction via inhibiting vascular permeability and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5618-34. [PMID: 25768344 PMCID: PMC4394496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a pleiotropic gene with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-angiogenic properties. However, recent reports about the effects of PEDF on cardiomyocytes are controversial, and it is not known whether and how PEDF acts to inhibit hypoxic or ischemic endothelial injury in the heart. In the present study, adult Sprague-Dawley rat models of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were surgically established. PEDF-small interfering RNA (siRNA)-lentivirus (PEDF-RNAi-LV) or PEDF-LV was delivered into the myocardium along the infarct border to knockdown or overexpress PEDF, respectively. Vascular permeability, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, myocardial infarct size and animal cardiac function were analyzed. We also evaluated PEDF’s effect on the suppression of the endothelial permeability and cardiomyocyte apoptosis under hypoxia in vitro. The results indicated that PEDF significantly suppressed the vascular permeability and inhibited hypoxia-induced endothelial permeability through PPARγ-dependent tight junction (TJ) production. PEDF protected cardiomyocytes against ischemia or hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro via preventing the activation of caspase-3. We also found that PEDF significantly reduced myocardial infarct size and enhanced cardiac function in rats with AMI. These data suggest that PEDF could protect cardiac function from ischemic injury, at least by means of reducing vascular permeability, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial infarct size.
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The angiopoietin/TIE receptor system: Focusing its role for ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:281-91. [PMID: 25466648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) are of fatal consequence for the affected organs, as they provoke a profound inflammatory reaction. This thoroughly destroys cells and tissues, inducing functional failure or even complete loss of organ function. Since I/R is primarily a vascular problem, the interaction between the endothelium and the surrounding environment is of great significance. The angiopoietins (ANG) and the TIE receptors are key players for the vascular homeostasis. This review summarizes biochemical and cellular mechanisms leading to I/R injury. After a brief introduction to the ANG/TIE system, a comprehensive overview of its role for the development of I/R syndrome is given. Finally, current therapeutic approaches to mitigate the consequences of I/R by modulating ANG/TIE signaling are reviewed in detail.
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Gao X, Zhang H, Zhuang W, Yuan G, Sun T, Jiang X, Zhou Z, Yuan H, Zhang Z, Dong H. PEDF and PEDF-derived peptide 44mer protect cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced apoptosis and necroptosis via anti-oxidative effect. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5637. [PMID: 25012184 PMCID: PMC4092347 DOI: 10.1038/srep05637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has many biological activities. But it's not known whether PEDF and its functional peptides could protect against hypoxia-induced cell death and the mechanisms are still unclear. We used cultured H9c2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes to show that apoptosis and necroptosis were significantly increased after hypoxia. Both PEDF and its fuctional peptides 44mer reduced apoptosis and necroptosis rates and inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3). Furthermore, PEDF and 44mer could up-regulate super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, promote clearing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). While, 34mer, another functional peptides had no effect on cell apoptosis and necroptosis. Hereby this is the first evidence that PEDF and its functional peptide 44mer protect cultured H9c2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes against apoptosis and necroptosis under hypoxic condition via the anti-oxidative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Center of Neurobiological Research, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221004
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Guangda Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Teng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Zhongxin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Center of Neurobiological Research, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221004
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221002
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Center of Neurobiological Research, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221004
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Antidepressant-induced vascular dynamics in the hippocampus of adult mouse brain. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:43-55. [PMID: 24962546 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New neurons are continuously added to hippocampal circuitry involved with spatial learning and memory throughout life. These new neurons originate from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). Recent studies indicate that vascular reconstruction is closely connected with neurogenesis, but little is known about its mechanism. We have examined vascular reconstruction in the hippocampus of adult mouse brain after the administration of the antidepressant fluoxetine, a potent inducer of hippocampal neurogenesis. The immunohistochemistry of laminin and CD31 showed that filopodia of endothelial cells sprouted from existing thick microvessels and often formed a bridge between two thick microvessels. These filopodia were frequently seen at the molecular layer and dentate hilus of the DG, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1, and the stratum oriens of the CA3. The filopodia were exclusively localized along cellular processes of astrocytes, but such intimate association was not seen with cell bodies and processes of NSPCs. The administration of fluoxetine significantly increased vascular density by enlarging the luminal size of microvessels and eliminating the filopodia of endothelial cells in the molecular layer and dentate hilus. Treatment with fluoxetine increased the number of proliferating NSPCs in the granule cell layer and dentate hilus, and that of endothelial cells in the granule cell layer. Thus, antidepressant-induced vascular dynamics in the DG are possibly attributable to the alteration of the luminal size of microvessels rather than to proliferation of endothelial cells.
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Wang T, Liao TA, Zhong SB. Transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using green fluorescence protein labeled hVEGF165 recombinant plasmid mediated by liposome. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:739-42. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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