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Zheng B, Yan J, Li T, Zhao Y, Xu Z, Rao R, Zhu J, Hu R, Li Y, Yang Y. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic modified microchip for detecting multiple gene doping candidates using CRISPR-Cas12a and RPA. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 263:116631. [PMID: 39111252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
With significant advancements in understanding gene functions and therapy, the potential misuse of gene technologies, particularly in the context of sports through gene doping (GD), has come to the forefront. This raises concerns regarding the need for point-of-care testing of various GD candidates to counter illicit practices in sports. However, current GD detection techniques, such as PCR, lack the portability required for on-site multiplexed detection. In this study, we introduce an integrated microfluidics-based chip for multiplexed gene doping detection, termed MGD-Chip. Through the strategic design of hydrophilic and hydrophobic channels, MGD-Chip enables the RPA and CRISPR-Cas12a assays to be sequentially performed on the device, ensuring minimal interference and cross-contamination. Six potential GD candidates were selected and successfully tested simultaneously on the platform within 1 h. Demonstrating exceptional specificity, the platform achieved a detection sensitivity of 0.1 nM for unamplified target plasmids and 1 aM for amplified ones. Validation using mouse models established by injecting IGFI and EPO transgenes confirmed the platform's efficacy in detecting gene doping in real samples. This technology, capable of detecting multiple targets using portable elements, holds promise for real-time GD detection at sports events, offering a rapid, highly sensitive, and user-friendly solution to uphold the integrity of sports competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jiayu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Shanghai Institute of Doping Analyses, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Ruotong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Yunhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
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2
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Puchalska M, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Gene doping in horse racing and equine sports: Current landscape and future perspectives. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39267222 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Gene doping, the use of gene therapy or genetic manipulation to enhance athletic performance, has emerged as a potential threat to the integrity and welfare of equine sports, such as horse racing and equestrian sports. This review aims to provide an overview of gene doping in horses, including the underlying technologies, potential applications, detection methods, ethical concerns and future perspectives. By understanding the current landscape of gene doping in horses, stakeholders can work together to develop strategies to safeguard the integrity of equine sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Puchalska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Adhikari B, Tellez-Isaias G, Jiang T, Wooming B, Kwon YM. Development of real-time PCR assay for quantitative detection of Clostridium septicum. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103681. [PMID: 38603932 PMCID: PMC11017044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulitis is an important disease in commercial turkey farms associated with significant economic loss. Although the etiology of cellulitis is not fully elucidated, Clostridium septicum (C. septicum) is one of the main causes of this infectious disease. In this study, we report the development of a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT PCR) assay targeting the alpha-toxin gene (csa), which involves a prior 15-cyle PCR using a nested pair of primers to increase the detection sensitivity. Additionally, the TaqMan probe was employed to increase the target-specificity of the assay. The performance of our nested qRT-PCR assay was evaluated using Clostridium isolates from turkey farms, representing both septicum and non-septicum species, as well as sponge swab samples from turkey farms. Our step-by-step development of the assay showed that the csa gene is a suitable target for specific detection of C. septicum strains and that the inclusion of nested PCR step significantly increased the detection sensitivity of the final qRT PCR assay. The performance of the assay was also validated by a high correlation of the threshold cycle numbers of the qRT PCR assay with the relative abundance of C. septicum read counts in 16S rRNA gene microbiota profiles of the C. septicum-containing samples from turkey farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Current address: Research and Development, Aldevron, Fargo, ND 58104, USA.
| | | | - Tieshan Jiang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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4
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Li R, Su P, Shi Y, Shi H, Ding S, Su X, Chen P, Wu D. Gene doping detection in the era of genomics. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38403949 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Recent progress in gene editing has enabled development of gene therapies for many genetic diseases, but also made gene doping an emerging risk in sports and competitions. By delivery of exogenous transgenes into human body, gene doping not only challenges competition fairness but also places health risk on athletes. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has clearly inhibited the use of gene and cell doping in sports, and many techniques have been developed for gene doping detection. In this review, we will summarize the main tools for gene doping detection at present, highlight the main challenges for current tools, and elaborate future utilizations of high-throughput sequencing for unbiased, sensitive, economic and large-scale gene doping detections. Quantitative real-time PCR assays are the widely used detection methods at present, which are useful for detection of known targets but are vulnerable to codon optimization at exon-exon junction sites of the transgenes. High-throughput sequencing has become a powerful tool for various applications in life and health research, and the era of genomics has made it possible for sensitive and large-scale gene doping detections. Non-biased genomic profiling could efficiently detect new doping targets, and low-input genomics amplification and long-read third-generation sequencing also have application potentials for more efficient and straightforward gene doping detection. By closely monitoring scientific advancements in gene editing and sport genetics, high-throughput sequencing could play a more and more important role in gene detection and hopefully contribute to doping-free sports in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Li
- eHealth Program of Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center of Agri-Products Quality and Safety, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Su
- Innovative Program of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- eHealth Program of Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shi
- eHealth Program of Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqian Ding
- eHealth Program of Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianbin Su
- eHealth Program of Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Die Wu
- eHealth Program of Shanghai Anti-doping Laboratory, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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5
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Wilkin T, Hamilton NA, Cawley AT, Bhat S, Baoutina A. PCR-Based Equine Gene Doping Test for the Australian Horseracing Industry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2570. [PMID: 38473816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The term 'gene doping' is used to describe the use of any unauthorized gene therapy techniques. We developed a test for five likely candidate genes for equine gene doping: EPO, FST, GH1, IGF1, and ILRN1. The test is based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and includes separate screening and confirmation assays that detect different unique targets in each transgene. For doping material, we used nonviral (plasmid) and viral (recombinant adeno-associated virus) vectors carrying complementary DNA for the targeted genes; the vectors were accurately quantified by digital PCR. To reduce non-specific amplification from genomic DNA observed in some assays, a restriction digest step was introduced in the PCR protocol prior to cycling to cut the amplifiable targets within the endogenous genes. We made the screening stage of the test simpler and faster by multiplexing PCR assays for four transgenes (EPO, FST, IGF1, and ILRN1), while the GH1 assay is performed in simplex. Both stages of the test reliably detect at least 20 copies of each transgene in a background of genomic DNA equivalent to what is extracted from two milliliters of equine blood. The test protocol was documented and tested with equine blood samples provided by an official doping control authority. The developed tests will form the basis for screening official horseracing samples in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Wilkin
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Natasha A Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Equine Genetics Research Centre, Racing Australia, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | - Somanath Bhat
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Anna Baoutina
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
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6
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Yi JY, Kim M, Ahn JH, Kim BG, Son J, Sung C. CRISPR/deadCas9-based high-throughput gene doping analysis (HiGDA): A proof of concept for exogenous human erythropoietin gene doping detection. Talanta 2023; 258:124455. [PMID: 36933297 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
A genetic approach targeted toward improving athletic performance is called gene doping and is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Currently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein (Cas)-related assays have been utilized to detect genetic deficiencies or mutations. Among the Cas proteins, deadCas9 (dCas9), a nuclease-deficient mutant of Cas9, acts as a DNA binding protein with a target-specific single guide RNA. On the basis of the principles, we developed a dCas9-based high-throughput gene doping analysis for exogenous gene detection. The assay comprises two distinctive dCas9s, a magnetic bead immobilized capture dCas9 for exogenous gene isolation and a biotinylated dCas9 with streptavidin-polyHRP that enables rapid signal amplification. For efficient biotin labeling via maleimide-thiol chemistry, two cysteine residues of dCas9 were structurally validated, and the Cys574 residue was identified as an essential labeling site. As a result, we succeeded in detecting the target gene in a concentration as low as 12.3 fM (7.41 × 105 copies) and up to 10 nM (6.07 × 1011 copies) in a whole blood sample within 1 h with HiGDA. Assuming an exogenous gene transfer scenario, we added a direct blood amplification step to establish a rapid analytical procedure while detecting target genes with high sensitivity. Finally, we detected the exogenous human erythropoietin gene at concentrations as low as 2.5 copies within 90 min in 5 μL of the blood sample. Herein, we propose that HiGDA is a very fast, highly sensitive, and practical detection method for actual doping field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yeop Yi
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Ahn
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Changmin Sung
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
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7
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DNA Sequencing from Subcritical Concentration of Cell-Free DNA Extracted from Electrowetting-on-Dielectric Platform. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040507. [PMID: 35457812 PMCID: PMC9031944 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Electro-Wetting-On-Dielectric (EWOD) based digital operations have demonstrated outstanding potential in actuating and manipulating liquid droplets. Here, we adapted the EWOD for extracting femtogram quantities of cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) from 1 μL of KSOM mouse embryo culture medium. Our group extracted the femtogram quantity of cf-DNA from 1 μL of mouse embryo culture medium in our previous work. Here, we initially explain a modification from our previous extraction protocol, which improves the extraction percentage to 36.74%. Though the modified extraction protocol improves the extraction percentage from our previously reported work, the quantity is still in the femtogram range. The cf-DNA in femtogram quantity is in subcritical/subthreshold concentration for any further analysis, such as sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, we need a minimum of picogram/nanogram DNA quantities for further analysis. We demonstrated a ground-breaking mechanism of this subcritical concentration of cf-DNA amplification to the nanogram range and performed DNA sequencing. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is used as a sequence similarity search program to confirm the identity percentage between query and subject. More than 97% of nucleotide identities between query and subject sequences have been obtained from the sequencing result. Hence, we can use the methodology to amplify the subcritical concentration of extracted DNA for further analytics. Moreover, as we extract the cf-DNA from the embryo culture medium, the natural growth of the embryo has not been disrupted. This entire mechanism will pave a new path towards the lab-on-a-chip (LOC) concept.
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8
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Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Kusano K, Nagata SI. Identification of processed pseudogenes in the genome of Thoroughbred horses: Possibility of gene-doping detection considering the presence of pseudogenes. Anim Genet 2022; 53:183-192. [PMID: 35077588 DOI: 10.1111/age.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Processed pseudogenes, also known as retrocopy genes, are copies of messenger RNAs that have been reverse transcribed into DNA and inserted into the genome. In this study, we identified 62 processed pseudogene candidates as intron-less genes from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of Thoroughbred horses using delly structural variation software. The 62 processed pseudogene candidates were confirmed by PCR amplification of intron-less products. A total of 11 processed pseudogenes were confirmed in the genome of all 23 analysed horses, whereas three processed pseudogenes with structures of ATP11B, DPH3 and RPL17 were detected in only one of 115 horses by PCR amplification of intron-less products. Currently, most of the gene doping tests proposed in human and horse sports are adapted PCR-based methods using hydrolysis probes to detect exon/exon junctions in transgenes because the operation is simple and economical. However, when the pseudogene is present in the host genome, the PCR-based methods may have a potential risk of detecting false positives. In this study, because processed pseudogenes that exist less frequently in the horse genome may affect PCR-based transgene detection in gene-doping tests, we propose and demonstrate that PCR amplification and sequencing using primers designed on transgene and promotors and/or polyadenylation signal for gene expression are useful for gene-doping detection as an additional confirmatory test to prevent false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Aoi Ohnuma
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taichiro Ishige
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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9
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Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Kusano K, Nagata SI. Design and storage stability of reference materials for microfluidic quantitative PCR-based equine gene doping tests. J Equine Sci 2022; 32:125-134. [PMID: 35023990 PMCID: PMC8731687 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One method of gene doping in horseracing is administering of exogenous genetic materials, known as transgenes. Several polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have been developed for detecting transgenes with high sensitivity and specificity. However, novel designs for reference materials (RMs) and/or positive template controls (PTCs) are necessary for simultaneous analysis of multiple transgene targets. In this study, we designed and developed a novel RM for simultaneously detecting multiple targets via microfluidic quantitative PCR (MFQPCR). Twelve equine genes were selected as targets in this study. A sequence region including primers and probes for quantitative PCR was designed, and a 10 bp sequence was inserted to allow the RM to be distinguished from the original transgene sequences. The sequences of individual detection sites were then connected for 12 genes and cloned into a single plasmid vector. We performed fragment size analysis to distinguish between the PCR products of the original transgene sequence and those of the RM, enabling identification of RM contamination. PTCs diluted to 10,000, 1,000, 100, and 10 copies/µl with horse genomic DNA from RM were stably stored at 4°C for 1 year. As digital PCR enabled absolute quantification, the designed substances can serve as an RM. These findings indicate that the RM design and storage conditions were suitable for gene doping tests using MFQPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Aoi Ohnuma
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Taichiro Ishige
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo 106-8401, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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10
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Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Hamilton NA, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Kusano K, Nagata SI. Low-copy transgene detection using nested digital polymerase chain reaction for gene-doping control. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:382-387. [PMID: 34608764 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene doping is prohibited for fair competition in human and horse sports. One style of gene doping is the administration of an exogeneous gene, called a transgene, to postnatal humans and horses. Although many transgene detection methods based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including real-time PCR and digital PCR, have been recently developed, it remains difficult to reliably detect low-copy transgenes. In this study, we developed and validated a nested digital PCR method to specifically detect low-copy transgenes. The nested digital PCR consists of (1) preamplification using conventional PCR and (2) droplet digital PCR detection using a hydrolysis probe. Using 5, 10, 20, 60 and 120 transgene copies as template, 496.0, 1089.7, 1820.7, 4313.3 and 7840.0 copies per microlitre, respectively, were detected using our nested digital PCR. Although high concentrations of phenol, proteinase K, ethanol, EDTA, heparin and genomic DNA all inhibited preamplification, their effects on the digital PCR detection were limited. Once preamplification was successful, even substitution of bases within the primers and probes had minimal effects on transgene detection. The nested digital PCR developed in this study successfully detected low-copy transgenes and can be used to perform a qualitative test, indicating its usefulness in the prevention of false positives and false negatives in gene-doping detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Aoi Ohnuma
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Natasha A Hamilton
- Equine Genetics Research Centre, Racing Australia, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taichiro Ishige
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Jiang Z, Haughan J, Moss KL, Stefanovski D, Ortved KF, Robinson MA. A quantitative PCR screening method for adeno-associated viral vector 2-mediated gene doping. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:963-972. [PMID: 34412153 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is currently prohibited in human and equine athletes and novel analytical methods are needed for its detection. Most in vivo products use non-integrating, recombinant viral vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver transgenes into cells, where they are transcribed and translated into functional proteins. Although the majority of wild-type AAV (WTAAV) DNA is removed from recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors, some sequences are conserved. The goal of this study was to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) screening test targeting conserved AAV sequences to enable theoretical detection of all rAAV gene therapy products, regardless of encoded transgenes while excluding the presence of WTAAV DNA in horses. Primer sets were developed and validated to target an AAV2 sequence highly conserved across rAAV viral vectors and a sequence only found in wild type AAV2 (WTAAV2). Six horses were administered an intra-articular injection of rAAV. Plasma and synovial fluid were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Using QPCR, rAAV was detected in plasma for up to 2-4 days in all horses. rAAV DNA was detected for 28 days in synovial fluid from two horses for which synovial fluid samples were available. No WTAAV2 DNA was detected in any sample. This is the first study to develop a QPCR test capable of screening for rAAV vectors that may be used for gene doping in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joanne Haughan
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaitlyn L Moss
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Identification of the insertion site of transgenic DNA based on cyclization of the target gene with the flanking sequence and nested inverse PCR. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Kusano K, Nagata SI. Robustness of digital PCR and real-time PCR against inhibitors in transgene detection for gene doping control in equestrian sports. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1768-1775. [PMID: 34270866 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene doping is a threat to fair competition in sports, both human and equestrian. One method of gene doping is to administer exogenous genetic materials, called transgenes, into the bodies of postnatal humans and horses. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based transgene detection methods such as digital PCR and real-time PCR have been developed for gene doping testing in humans and horses. However, the significance of PCR inhibitors in gene doping testing has not been well evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PCR inhibitors on transgene detection using digital PCR and real-time PCR against gene doping. Digital PCR amplification was significantly inhibited by high concentrations of proteinase K (more than 0.1 μg/μl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (more than 5 nmol/μl), and heparin (more than 0.05 unit/μl) but not by ethanol or genomic DNA. In addition, phenol affected droplet formation in the digital PCR amplification process. Real-time PCR amplification was inhibited by high concentrations of phenol (more than 1% v/v), proteinase K (more than 0.001 μg/μl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (more than 1 nmol/μl), heparin (more than 0.005 unit/μl), and genomic DNA (more than 51.9 ng/μl) but not by ethanol. Although both PCR systems were inhibited by nearly the same substances, digital PCR was more robust than real-time PCR against the inhibitors. We believe that our findings are important for the development of better methods for transgene detection and prevention of false negative results in gene doping testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Aoi Ohnuma
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taichiro Ishige
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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14
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Yi JY, Kim M, Min H, Kim BG, Son J, Kwon OS, Sung C. New application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for site-specific exogenous gene doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:871-875. [PMID: 33201595 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased potential for gene doping since the introduction of gene therapy presents the need to develop antidoping assays. We therefore aimed to develop a quick and simple method for the detection of specifically targeted exogenous doping genes utilizing an in vitro clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system. A human erythropoietin (hEPO) is a drug frequently used for doping in athletes, and gene doping using gene transfer techniques may be attempted. Therefore, we selected hEPO gene as a model of exogenous doping gene, and complemental single guide RNA (sgRNA) was designed to specifically bind to the four exon-exon junctions in the hEPO cDNA. For the rapid reaction of CRISPR-Cas9, further optimization was performed using an open-source program (CRISPOR) that avoids TT and GCC motifs before the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) domain and predicts the efficiency of the sgRNA. We optimized the in vitro Cas9 assay and dual use of sgRNA for double cleavage and identified the limit of detection (LOD) of the 1.25 nM of the double cleavage method. We expect that the improved CRISPR-Cas9 method can be used for antidoping analysis of gene doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yeop Yi
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Max/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Seung Kwon
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Sung
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Paßreiter A, Thomas A, Grogna N, Delahaut P, Thevis M. First Steps toward Uncovering Gene Doping with CRISPR/Cas by Identifying SpCas9 in Plasma via HPLC–HRMS/MS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16322-16328. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Paßreiter
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicolas Grogna
- CER Groupe—Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe—Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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16
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Cheung HW, Wong KS, Lin VYC, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. A duplex qPCR assay for human erythropoietin (EPO) transgene to control gene doping in horses. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:113-121. [PMID: 32762114 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The misuse of genetic manipulation technology to enhance athletic performance is termed gene doping which is prohibited in human sports, horseracing, and equestrian sports. Although many qPCR assays have been developed, most assays employ genomic DNA (gDNA) from humans, non-human primates, and mice as a background and they may not be applicable for testing horse samples. This study aimed to develop a qPCR assay for the detection of human erythropoietin (hEPO) transgene in horse blood cells where the viral vectors used in gene therapy can reside for months. For the detection of hEPO transgene, the performance of three sets of primers and a hydrolysis probe for hEPO were compared. One set showed adequate specificity, sensitivity, amplification efficiency, and a dynamic range of detection in the presence of horse gDNA. The assay was duplexed with the detection of horse tubulin α 4A (TUBA4A) gene as an endogenous internal control in order to prevent false-negative results due to poor recovery and storage of extracted DNA and/or qPCR experimental variation. For the extraction of hEPO-plasmid, the QIAGEN Gentra Puregene blood kit was shown to recover the majority (62%) of hEPO-plasmid from spiked horse blood cells. The specificity and limit of detection (LOD) of the duplex qPCR assay were determined in accordance with MIQE guidelines. These findings supported the application of this duplex qPCR assay to the detection of hEPO transgene in horse blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Wing Cheung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Sing Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Venus Y C Lin
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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17
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Detection of non-targeted transgenes by whole-genome resequencing for gene-doping control. Gene Ther 2020; 28:199-205. [PMID: 32770095 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-00185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene doping has raised concerns in human and equestrian sports and the horseracing industry. There are two possible types of gene doping in the sports and racing industry: (1) administration of a gene-doping substance to postnatal animals and (2) generation of genetically engineered animals by modifying eggs. In this study, we aimed to identify genetically engineered animals by whole-genome resequencing (WGR) for gene-doping control. Transgenic cell lines, in which the erythropoietin gene (EPO) cDNA form was inserted into the genome of horse fibroblasts, were constructed as a model of genetically modified horse. Genome-wide screening of non-targeted transgenes was performed to find structural variation using DELLY based on split-read and paired-end algorithms and Control-FREEC based on read-depth algorithm. We detected the EPO transgene as an intron deletion in the WGR data by the split-read algorithm of DELLY. In addition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions artificially introduced in the EPO transgene were identified by WGR. Therefore, genome-wide screening using WGR can contribute to gene-doping control even if the targets are unknown. This is the first study to detect transgenes as intron deletions for gene-doping detection.
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18
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19
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Abstract
The misuse of sport-related gene transfer methods in elite athletes is a real and growing concern. The success of gene therapy in the treatment of hereditary diseases has been most evident since targets in gene therapy products can be used in healthy individuals to improve sports performance. Performing these practices threatens the sporting character of competitions and may pose potential health hazards. Since the World Anti-Doping Agency pronouncement on the prohibition of such practices in 2003, several researchers have been trying to address the challenge of developing an effective method for the detection of genetic doping. This review presents an overview of the published methods developed for this purpose, the advantages and limitations of technologies and the putative target genes. At last, we present the perspective related to the application of the detection methods in the doping control field.
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20
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Microfluidic Quantitative PCR Detection of 12 Transgenes from Horse Plasma for Gene Doping Control. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040457. [PMID: 32340130 PMCID: PMC7230449 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene doping, an activity which abuses and misuses gene therapy, is a major concern in sports and horseracing industries. Effective methods capable of detecting and monitoring gene doping are urgently needed. Although several PCR-based methods that detect transgenes have been developed, many of them focus only on a single transgene. However, numerous genes associated with athletic ability may be potential gene-doping material. Here, we developed a detection method that targets multiple transgenes. We targeted 12 genes that may be associated with athletic performance and designed two TaqMan probe/primer sets for each one. A panel of 24 assays was prepared and detected via a microfluidic quantitative PCR (MFQPCR) system using integrated fluidic circuits (IFCs). The limit of detection of the panel was 6.25 copy/μL. Amplification-specificity was validated using several concentrations of reference materials and animal genomic DNA, leading to specific detection. In addition, target-specific detection was successfully achieved in a horse administered 20 mg of the EPO transgene via MFQPCR. Therefore, MFQPCR may be considered a suitable method for multiple-target detection in gene-doping control. To our knowledge, this is the first application of microfluidic qPCR (MFQPCR) for gene-doping control in horseracing.
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21
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Haughan J, Jiang Z, Stefanovski D, Moss KL, Ortved KF, Robinson MA. Detection of intra-articular gene therapy in horses using quantitative real time PCR in synovial fluid and plasma. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:743-751. [PMID: 32133745 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy promotes the expression of missing or defective genes and can be curative following administration of a single dose. Gene therapy is prohibited in equine athletes by regulatory bodies due to the high potential for abuse and novel analytical methods are needed for detection. The goal of this study was to detect the administration of an experimental gene therapy: a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) carrying a transgene for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (rAAV-IL10). Twelve horses were randomly assigned to receive an intra-articular injection of rAAV-IL10 or phosphate buffered saline (vehicle) into a middle carpal joint. Plasma and synovial fluid were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Primer pairs were designed to detect two unique regions of rAAV. Using quantitative real time PCR, both sets of primers detected rAAV for 14-28 days in joints and up to 4 days in plasma, in all six treated horses. In synovial fluid, rAAV was detected on day 56 in 4/6 horses by both primer sets, and on day 84 in 1/6 horses by one primer set. In plasma, rAAV was detected for 7 days in 5/6 horses, 14 days in 2/6 horses, and 28 days in 1/6 horses by one primer set, and was detected for up to 14 days in 1/6 horses by the other primer set. This study is the first to validate that quantitative real time PCR can be used to systemically detect the local administration of a gene therapy product to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Haughan
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Zibin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaitlyn L Moss
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
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22
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Abstract
Being an elite athlete is an extremely coveted position, which can lead an individual to use doping. As knowledge is extended, doping techniques have become increasingly sophisticated, and the newest method of doping is gene doping. This article aims to present an updated bibliographic survey that addresses gene doping between 1983 and 2018. Anti-doping agencies have not yet approved any detection technique for this type of doping. The possibility of eradicating such doping is almost zero mainly because gene therapy advances rapidly. In this scenario, the future of gene doping must be discussed and decided before irreversible limits are exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Araujo Cantelmo
- Curso de Especialização em Ciências Forenses, Instituto Paulista de Estudos Bioéticos e Jurídicos (IPEBJ), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departmento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departmento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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23
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A next-generation sequencing method for gene doping detection that distinguishes low levels of plasmid DNA against a background of genomic DNA. Gene Ther 2019; 26:338-346. [PMID: 31296934 PMCID: PMC6760532 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene doping confers health risks for athletes and is a threat to fair competition in sports. Therefore the anti-doping community has given attention on its detection. Previously published polymerase chain reaction-based methodologies for gene doping detection are targeting exon–exon junctions in the intron-less transgene. However, because these junctions are known, it would be relatively easy to evade detection by tampering with the copyDNA sequences. We have developed a targeted next-generation sequencing based assay for the detection of all exon–exon junctions of the potential doping genes, EPO, IGF1, IGF2, GH1, and GH2, which is resistant to tampering. Using this assay, all exon–exon junctions of copyDNA of doping genes could be detected with a sensitivity of 1296 copyDNA copies in 1000 ng of genomic DNA. In addition, promotor regions and plasmid-derived sequences are readily detectable in our sequence data. While we show the reliability of our method for a selection of genes, expanding the panel to detect other genes would be straightforward. As we were able to detect plasmid-derived sequences, we expect that genes with manipulated junctions, promotor regions, and plasmid or virus-derived sequences will also be readily detected.
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24
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Rodrigues GA, Shalaev E, Karami TK, Cunningham J, Slater NKH, Rivers HM. Pharmaceutical Development of AAV-Based Gene Therapy Products for the Eye. Pharm Res 2018; 36:29. [PMID: 30591984 PMCID: PMC6308217 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A resurgence of interest and investment in the field of gene therapy, driven in large part by advances in viral vector technology, has recently culminated in United States Food and Drug Administration approval of the first gene therapy product targeting a disease caused by mutations in a single gene. This product, LUXTURNA™ (voretigene neparvovec-rzyl; Spark Therapeutics, Inc., Philadelphia, PA), delivers a normal copy of the RPE65 gene to retinal cells for the treatment of biallelic RPE65 mutation–associated retinal dystrophy, a blinding disease. Many additional gene therapy programs targeting both inherited retinal diseases and other ocular diseases are in development, owing to an improved understanding of the genetic basis of ocular disease and the unique properties of the ocular compartment that make it amenable to local gene therapy. Here we review the growing body of literature that describes both the design and development of ocular gene therapy products, with a particular emphasis on target and vector selection, and chemistry, manufacturing, and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612-1531, USA
| | - Thomas K Karami
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612-1531, USA
| | - James Cunningham
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612-1531, USA
| | - Nigel K H Slater
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Hongwen M Rivers
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612-1531, USA.
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25
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Wilkin T, Baoutina A, Hamilton N. Equine performance genes and the future of doping in horseracing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1456-1471. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Wilkin
- Vet Faculty; University of Sydney; Gunn Building, Sydney University, Camperdown NSW Australia
- Bioanalysis; The National Measurement Institute; 36 Bradfield Rd, Lindfield Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anna Baoutina
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Bradfield Rd West Lindfield New South Wales Australia
| | - Natasha Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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26
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:6-29. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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