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Goebl AM, Kane NC, Doak DF, Rieseberg LH, Ostevik KL. Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e16785. [PMID: 36374153 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific populations living in adjacent but contrasting microenvironments represent excellent systems for studying natural selection. These systems are valuable because gene flow is expected to force genetic homogeneity except at loci experiencing divergent selection. A history of reciprocal transplant and common garden studies in such systems, and a growing number of genomic studies, have contributed to understanding how selection operates in natural populations. While selection can vary across different fitness components and life stages, few studies have investigated how this ultimately affects allele frequencies and the maintenance of divergence between populations. Here, we study two sunflower ecotypes in distinct, adjacent habitats by combining demographic models with genome-wide sequence data to estimate fitness and allele frequency change at multiple life stages. This framework allows us to estimate that only local ecotypes are likely to experience positive population growth (λ > 1) and that the maintenance of divergent adaptation appears to be mediated via habitat- and life stage-specific selection. We identify genetic variation, significantly driven by loci in chromosomal inversions, associated with different life history strategies in neighbouring ecotypes that optimize different fitness components and may contribute to the maintenance of distinct ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Goebl
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Nolan C Kane
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel F Doak
- Environmental Studies Programme, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kate L Ostevik
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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2
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Gorné LD, Díaz S, Minden V, Onoda Y, Kramer K, Muir C, Michaletz ST, Lavorel S, Sharpe J, Jansen S, Slot M, Chacon E, Boenisch G. The acquisitive-conservative axis of leaf trait variation emerges even in homogeneous environments. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:709-722. [PMID: 33245747 PMCID: PMC9113165 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The acquisitive-conservative axis of plant ecological strategies results in a pattern of leaf trait covariation that captures the balance between leaf construction costs and plant growth potential. Studies evaluating trait covariation within species are scarcer, and have mostly dealt with variation in response to environmental gradients. Little work has been published on intraspecific patterns of leaf trait covariation in the absence of strong environmental variation. METHODS We analysed covariation of four leaf functional traits [specific leaf area (SLA) leaf dry matter content (LDMC), force to tear (Ft) and leaf nitrogen content (Nm)] in six Poaceae and four Fabaceae species common in the dry Chaco forest of Central Argentina, growing in the field and in a common garden. We compared intraspecific covariation patterns (slopes, correlation and effect size) of leaf functional traits with global interspecific covariation patterns. Additionally, we checked for possible climatic and edaphic factors that could affect the intraspecific covariation pattern. KEY RESULTS We found negative correlations for the LDMC-SLA, Ft-SLA, LDMC-Nm and Ft-Nm trait pairs. This intraspecific covariation pattern found both in the field and in the common garden and not explained by climatic or edaphic variation in the field follows the expected acquisitive-conservative axis. At the same time, we found quantitative differences in slopes among different species, and between these intraspecific patterns and the interspecific ones. Many of these differences seem to be idiosyncratic, but some appear consistent among species (e.g. all the intraspecific LDMC-SLA and LDMC-Nm slopes tend to be shallower than the global pattern). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the acquisitive-conservative leaf functional trait covariation pattern occurs at the intraspecific level even in the absence of relevant environmental variation in the field. This suggests a high degree of variation-covariation in leaf functional traits not driven by environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Gorné
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, IMBiV, Córdoba, Argentina
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, IMBiV, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Landscape Ecology Group, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koen Kramer
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Eduardo Chacon
- School of Biology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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3
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Cubry P, Oddou-Muratorio S, Scotti I, Lefèvre F. Interactions between microenvironment, selection and genetic architecture drive multiscale adaptation in a simulation experiment. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:451-466. [PMID: 35170114 PMCID: PMC9306464 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When environmental conditions differ both within and among populations, multiscale adaptation results from processes at both scales and interference across scales. We hypothesize that within-population environmental heterogeneity influences the chance of success of migration events, both within and among populations, and maintains within-population adaptive differentiation. We used a simulation approach to analyze the joint effects of environmental heterogeneity patterns, selection intensity and number of QTL controlling a selected trait on local adaptation in a hierarchical metapopulation design. We show the general effects of within-population environmental heterogeneity: (i) it increases occupancy rate at the margins of distribution ranges, under extreme environments and high levels of selection; (ii) it increases the adaptation lag in all environments; (iii) it impacts the genetic variance in each environment, depending on the ratio of within- to between-populations environmental heterogeneity; (iv) it reduces the selection-induced erosion of adaptive gene diversity. Most often, the smaller the number of QTL involved, the stronger are these effects. We also show that both within- and between-populations phenotypic differentiation (QST ) mainly results from covariance of QTL effects rather than QTL differentiation (FSTq ), that within-population QTL differentiation is negligible, and that stronger divergent selection is required to produce adaptive differentiation within populations than among populations. With a high number of QTL, when the difference between environments within populations exceeds the smallest difference between environments across populations, high levels of within-population differentiation can be reached, reducing differentiation among populations. Our study stresses the need to account for within-population environmental heterogeneity when investigating local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Cubry
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, INRAE, Avignon, France.,DIADE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, INRAE, Avignon, France.,ECOBIOP, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Ivan Scotti
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, INRAE, Avignon, France
| | - François Lefèvre
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, INRAE, Avignon, France
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4
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Genetic, Morphological, and Environmental Differentiation of an Arid-Adapted Oak with a Disjunct Distribution. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of genetic and morphological diversity of a widespread species can be influenced by environmental heterogeneity and the degree of connectivity across its geographic distribution. Here, we studied Quercus havardii Rydb., a uniquely adapted desert oak endemic to the Southwest region of the United States, using genetic, morphometric, and environmental datasets over various geographic scales to quantify differentiation and understand forces influencing population divergence. First, we quantified variation by analyzing 10 eastern and 13 western populations from the disjunct distribution of Q. havardii using 11 microsatellite loci, 17 morphological variables, and 19 bioclimatic variables. We then used regressions to examine local and regional correlations of climate with genetic variation. We found strong genetic, morphological and environmental differences corresponding with the large-scale disjunction of populations. Additionally, western populations had higher genetic diversity and lower relatedness than eastern populations. Levels of genetic variation in the eastern populations were found to be primarily associated with precipitation seasonality, while levels of genetic variation in western populations were associated with lower daily temperature fluctuations and higher winter precipitation. Finally, we found little to no observed environmental niche overlap between regions. Our results suggest that eastern and western populations likely represent two distinct taxonomic entities, each associated with a unique set of climatic variables potentially influencing local patterns of diversity.
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5
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Benham PM, Bowie RCK. The influence of spatially heterogeneous anthropogenic change on bill size evolution in a coastal songbird. Evol Appl 2021; 14:607-624. [PMID: 33664798 PMCID: PMC7896719 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural history collections provide an unparalleled resource for documenting population responses to past anthropogenic change. However, in many cases, traits measured on specimens may vary temporally in response to a number of different anthropogenic pressures or demographic processes. While teasing apart these different drivers is challenging, approaches that integrate analyses of spatial and temporal series of specimens can provide a robust framework for examining whether traits exhibit common responses to ecological variation in space and time. We applied this approach to analyze bill morphology variation in California Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). We found that bill surface area increased in birds from higher salinity tidal marshes that are hotter and drier. Only the coastal subspecies, alaudinus, exhibited a significant increase in bill size through time. As with patterns of spatial variation, alaudinus populations occupying higher salinity tidal marshes that have become warmer and drier over the past century exhibited the greatest increases in bill surface area. We also found a significant negative correlation between bill surface area and total evaporative water loss (TEWL) and estimated that observed increases in bill size could result in a reduction of up to 16.2% in daily water losses. Together, these patterns of spatial and temporal variation in bill size were consistent with the hypothesis that larger bills are favored in freshwater-limited environments as a mechanism of dissipating heat, reducing reliance on evaporative cooling, and increasing water conservation. With museum collections increasingly being leveraged to understand past responses to global change, this work highlights the importance of considering the influence of many different axes of anthropogenic change and of integrating spatial and temporal analyses to better understand the influence of specific human impacts on population change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phred M. Benham
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, BerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Rauri C. K. Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, BerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, BerkeleyCAUSA
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6
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Konečná V, Yant L, Kolář F. The Evolutionary Genomics of Serpentine Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:574616. [PMID: 33391295 PMCID: PMC7772150 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.574616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Serpentine barrens are among the most challenging settings for plant life. Representing a perfect storm of hazards, serpentines consist of broadly skewed elemental profiles, including abundant toxic metals and low nutrient contents on drought-prone, patchily distributed substrates. Accordingly, plants that can tolerate the challenges of serpentine have fascinated biologists for decades, yielding important insights into adaptation to novel ecologies through physiological change. Here we highlight recent progress from studies which demonstrate the power of serpentine as a model for the genomics of adaptation. Given the moderate - but still tractable - complexity presented by the mix of hazards on serpentine, these venues are well-suited for the experimental inquiry of adaptation both in natural and manipulated conditions. Moreover, the island-like distribution of serpentines across landscapes provides abundant natural replicates, offering power to evolutionary genomic inference. Exciting recent insights into the genomic basis of serpentine adaptation point to a partly shared basis that involves sampling from common allele pools available from retained ancestral polymorphism or via gene flow. However, a lack of integrated studies deconstructing complex adaptations and linking candidate alleles with fitness consequences leaves room for much deeper exploration. Thus, we still seek the crucial direct link between the phenotypic effect of candidate alleles and their measured adaptive value - a prize that is exceedingly rare to achieve in any study of adaptation. We expect that closing this gap is not far off using the promising model systems described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Konečná
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pru˚honice, Czechia
| | - Levi Yant
- Future Food Beacon and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pru˚honice, Czechia
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Brousseau L, Fine PVA, Dreyer E, Vendramin GG, Scotti I. Genomic and phenotypic divergence unveil microgeographic adaptation in the Amazonian hyperdominant tree Eperua falcata Aubl. (Fabaceae). Mol Ecol 2020; 30:1136-1154. [PMID: 32786115 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant populations can undergo very localized adaptation, allowing widely distributed populations to adapt to divergent habitats in spite of recurrent gene flow. Neotropical trees-whose large and undisturbed populations often span a variety of environmental conditions and local habitats-are particularly good models to study this process. Here, we explore patterns of adaptive divergence from large (i.e., regional) to small (i.e., microgeographic) spatial scales in the hyperdominant Amazonian tree Eperua falcata Aubl. (Fabaceae) under a replicated design involving two microhabitats (~300 m apart) in two study sites (~300 km apart). A three-year reciprocal transplant illustrates that, beyond strong maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity, genetically driven divergence in seedling growth and leaf traits was detected both between seedlings originating from different regions, and between seedlings from different microhabitats. In parallel, a complementary genome scan for selection was carried out through whole-genome sequencing of tree population pools. A set of 290 divergence outlier SNPs was detected at the regional scale (between study sites), while 185 SNPs located in the vicinity of 106 protein-coding genes were detected as replicated outliers between microhabitats within regions. Outlier-surrounding genomic regions are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including plant responses to stress (e.g., oxidative stress, hypoxia and metal toxicity) and biotic interactions. Together with evidence of microgeographic divergence in functional traits, the discovery of genomic candidates for microgeographic adaptive divergence represents a promising advance in our understanding of local adaptation, which probably operates across multiple spatial scales and underpins divergence and diversification in Neotropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brousseau
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Kourou Cedex, France.,AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erwin Dreyer
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Giovanni G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR-CNR), National Research Council, Division of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ivan Scotti
- UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAE, Avignon, France
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8
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Karbstein K, Tomasello S, Prinz K. Desert-like badlands and surrounding (semi-)dry grasslands of Central Germany promote small-scale phenotypic and genetic differentiation in Thymus praecox. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14066-14084. [PMID: 31938504 PMCID: PMC6953696 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity among sites can generate phenotypic and genetic variation facilitating differentiation and microevolution of plant populations. Badlands are desert-like, predominantly vegetation-poor habitats often embedded in (semi-)dry grasslands. The desert-like conditions of badlands demand extreme adaptation of plants, that is, phenotypic modifications in short-term and/or natural adaptation in long-term. However, detailed knowledge is missing about both plant phenotypic and genetic differentiation in this unique and widely occurring habitat type. The present study focused on the largest known badlands systems in Central Europe located in the "Drei Gleichen" region, a designated nature conservation area in Central Germany. Locations were suitable for this study in terms of having co-occurring badlands and (semi-)dry grassland habitats (sites) occupied by the pioneer plant Thymus praecox. Here, we studied the environmental preferences, morphological and functional trait variation, and genetic variation using microsatellite markers of T. praecox. Results revealed significant, mainly site-dependent environmental, phenotypic, and genetic differentiation. In general, individuals in badlands are shorter in height and have lower patch sizes (length × width), relative growth rates, and smaller stomata. The PCA additionally unveiled slightly increased leaf robustness, trichome density, decreased stomatal conductance, fewer females, and earlier phenology in badlands. We interpret differentiation patterns as adaptive responses to light, temperature, drought, and nutrient stress conditions supported by reviewed literature. Genetic differentiation was strongest between local badlands and grassland sites, and clearly weaker among locations and between sites (in total) as indicated by G ST, AMOVA, PCoA, and population structure. Our study supports the importance of small-scale microhabitat conditions as a driver of microevolutionary processes, and the population's need for sufficient phenotypic variation and genetic resources to deal with environmental changes. We demonstrated that badlands are an appropriate model system for testing plant response to extreme habitats and that more research is needed on these fascinating landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Karbstein
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution of PlantsSystematic Botany with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical GardenFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)Albrecht‐von‐Haller Institute for Plant SciencesUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Salvatore Tomasello
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)Albrecht‐von‐Haller Institute for Plant SciencesUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Kathleen Prinz
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution of PlantsSystematic Botany with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical GardenFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
- Landschaftspflegeverband Suedharz/Kyffhaeuser e.V.NordhausenGermany
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9
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Uniqueness and multiplicity of clines in an environmental pocket. Theor Popul Biol 2019; 130:106-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Lemmen KD, Butler OM, Koffel T, Rudman SM, Symons CC. Stoichiometric Traits Vary Widely Within Species: A Meta-Analysis of Common Garden Experiments. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Hirao AS, Shimono Y, Narita K, Wada N, Kudo G. Ecotypic divergences of the alpine herb Potentilla matsumurae adapted to fellfield-snowbed habitats across a series of mountain sky islands. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:772-787. [PMID: 31124143 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Divergent selection due to environmental heterogeneity can lead to local adaptation. However, the ecological and evolutionary processes of local adaptation that occurs across multiple regions are often unknown. Our previous studies reported on the ecotypic divergence within a local area of variation of Potentilla matsumurae, an alpine herb adapted to the fellfield-snowbed environment. Here we investigated large-scale geographic patterns of ecotypic differentiation in this species to infer local adaptation and selective forces across multiple regions. METHODS We compiled information on the overall distributions of fellfield and snowbed habitats on the mountains in Japan across the distribution of the species. Next, we conducted common garden experiments to test the adaptive divergence of the fellfield-snowbed plants derived from multiple regions. Finally, we evaluated phylogeographic structures based on cpDNA and allozyme variations and inferred the evolutionary history of ecotype differentiation. RESULTS The mosaic distribution of the fellfield-snowbed ecotypes across isolated mountaintops constitutes indirect evidence for habitat-specific natural selection. The significant difference in survivorship between the ecotypes observed in a controlled snow environment provides more substantial evidence of local selection. Phylogeographic structures support the hypothesis that ecotypic divergence events from fellfield to snowbed populations occurred independently in at least two distinct regions. CONCLUSIONS Ecotypic divergence of P. matsumurae has occurred across a series of mountain sky islands. Local selection in snowy environments is a driving force that maintains the divergent ecotypes across multiple mountain regions and can contribute to the diversification of plants in heavy-snow regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira S Hirao
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Ueda, 386-2204, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shimono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Narita
- Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Wada
- Center for Far Eastern Studies, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Gaku Kudo
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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12
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Osman R, Masubelele M, Khomo L, Chimphango SBM. Soil and vegetation differences across ecological boundaries in an arid South African ecosystem. Afr J Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rua Osman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Mmoto Masubelele
- Cape Research Centre South African National Parks Pretoria South Africa
| | - Lesego Khomo
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of South Africa Pretoria South Africa
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Abstract
Our laboratory's study of Lasthenia (Asteraceae) began with an examination of flavonoid profiles of all species of the genus. The finding of two distinct flavonoid races within the L. californica complex led us to investigate environmental factors that might have been responsible for selection of these particular forms. Data were gathered on soil chemistry, allozyme variation, breeding biology, the effect of water stress on plant growth, and ion uptake physiology. In conjunction with workers at other institutions, DNA studies were undertaken to determine evolutionary relationships between the two races. These studies led to the recognition that racial differences had arisen in parallel in two phylogenetically independent lineages. These results are discussed in terms of the evolution of edaphic (soil type) races, and the possible usefulness of the system as a model for future studies of parallel speciation in plants.
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14
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Talebi S, Yadegari P, Behzadpour S, Matsyura AV. Infraspecific morphological variations of Salvia limbata in Iran. ACTA BIOLOGICA SIBIRICA 2019. [DOI: 10.14258/abs.v5.i1.5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia limbata is an aromatic herb of Lamiaceae, which distributed in different parts of Iran. Studies have revealed that this species has several benefit compounds for human health. In this study, we investigated infra‒specific morphological difference in this species. In total, 21 inflorescence morphological features were evaluated in eight populations; ten individuals were evaluated per each population. Data were analysed using SPSS and MVSP softwares. Morphological traits highly differed among the studied populations and ANOVA test revealed significant differences among most of them. According to UPGMA tree, PCA and PCO plots of morphological characteristics, we reported four distinct phenotypes among the studied populations. CA. Joined plot revealed each of these group were characterized by special traits, which were useful in identification of them. Two phenotypes were monotypic, while the rest were composed of two to four populations. This species has a relative large geographical distribution, the distribution of its populations in diverse area will prevent the focus of natural selection in a given direct. Therefore different phenotypes were found in its different populations.
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15
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Mitchell N, Holsinger KE. Microscale trait-environment associations in two closely-related South African shrubs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:211-222. [PMID: 30768876 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plant traits are often associated with the environments in which they occur, but these associations often differ across spatial and phylogenetic scales. Here we study the relationship between microenvironment, microgeographical location, and traits within populations using co-occurring populations of two closely related evergreen shrubs in the genus Protea. METHODS We measured a suite of functional traits on 147 plants along a single steep mountainside where both species occur, and we used data-loggers and soil analyses to characterize the environment at 10 microsites spanning the elevational gradient. We used Bayesian path analyses to detect trait-environment relationships in the field for each species. We used complementary data from greenhouse grown seedlings derived from wild collected seed to determine whether associations detected in the field are the result of genetic differentiation. KEY RESULTS Microenvironmental variables differed substantially across our study site. We found strong evidence for six trait-environment associations, although these differed between species. We were unable to detect similar associations in greenhouse-grown seedlings. CONCLUSIONS Several leaf traits were associated with temperature and soil variation in the field, but the inability to detect these in the greenhouse suggests that differences in the field are not the result of genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Mitchell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Kent E Holsinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
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16
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Selby JP, Willis JH. MajorQTLcontrols adaptation to serpentine soils inMimulus guttatus. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5073-5087. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Willis
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina
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18
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Billington HL, Mortimer AM, McNeilly T. DIVERGENCE AND GENETIC STRUCTURE IN ADJACENT GRASS POPULATIONS. I. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS. Evolution 2017; 42:1267-1277. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/1987] [Accepted: 04/29/1988] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. L. Billington
- Department of Botany; University of Liverpool; P.O. Box 147 Liverpool U.K
| | - A. M. Mortimer
- Department of Botany; University of Liverpool; P.O. Box 147 Liverpool U.K
| | - T. McNeilly
- Department of Botany; University of Liverpool; P.O. Box 147 Liverpool U.K
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19
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Linhart YB. INTRAPOPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN ANNUAL PLANTS. III. THE CONTRASTING EFFECTS OF INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION. Evolution 2017; 42:1047-1064. [PMID: 28581179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/1987] [Accepted: 02/18/1988] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The roles of intraspecific and interspecific competition in producing differentiation within populations of Veronica peregrina were studied in two populations under controlled, greenhouse conditions. In nature, each population spans an environmental gradient across the center and sides of a temporary, vernal pool in California. Individuals at the center are subjected to intense intraspecific competition produced by high densities (to 30 seedlings/cm2 ) generated by quasi-simultaneous germination (90% of seeds germinate in one week). Individuals at the periphery are subjected to interspecific competition with grasses, which shade out the Veronica 4-6 weeks after the onset of winter growth. I predicted that 1) when grown under immediate intraspecific competition in the greenhouse, offspring of plants from the central subpopulation (C) would perform better (i.e., grow larger and produce more seeds) than those from the periphery (P) and that 2) when grown under delayed interspecific competition provided by Agrostis tenuis and Lollium multiflorum, offspring of plants from the periphery would perform better than those from the center. Both predictions were confirmed. The center-periphery differences were pronounced and statistically significant in an undisturbed population (V-2), while in a population disturbed by yearly plowing (V-3), the differences tended to be consistent with those in V-2 but seldom significant. Distribution of variability tended to be positively skewed and/or leptokurtic in subpopulations grown under "foreign" competition (i.e., intraspecific for P plants and interspecific for C plants) but was normally distributed following exposure to "familiar" competition. Timing of competition affected many results. There were four additional significant differences between the central and peripheral subpopulations. 1) Germination rate: the faster rate in central plants can be advantageous under immediate intraspecific competition. The slower rate in peripheral plants can be advantageous under conditions of erratic and unpredictable soil moisture. 2) Response to nutrient competition: central plants were more sensitive to N-deficiency and peripheral plants were more sensitive to P-deficiency. 3) Allocation of biomass: central plants allocated a greater proportion of biomass to seeds, while peripheral plants allocated a greater proportion of biomass to leaves under all growing conditions. 4) Root elongation: at the seedling stage, central plants have longer roots, while at the adult stage, peripheral plants have longer roots (but not more root mass). Most components of this complex pattern of differentiation are interpretable in an adaptive context. Other results defy simple explanations and underline the importance of phenotypic plasticity, which was pronounced in the competition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan B Linhart
- Department of E.P.O. Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309
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20
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Mopper S, Mitton JB, Whitham TG, Cobb NS, Christensen KM. GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AND HETEROZYGOSITY IN PINYON PINE ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTANCE TO HERBIVORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. Evolution 2017; 45:989-999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mopper
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Jeffry B. Mitton
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Neil S. Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Kerry M. Christensen
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
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21
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Miller RE, Fowler NL. VARIATION IN REACTION NORMS AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE GRASS BOUTELOUA RIGIDISETA. Evolution 2017; 47:1446-1455. [PMID: 28564888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/1992] [Accepted: 03/16/1993] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has emphasized the importance of investigating the reaction norms of quantitative traits to understand evolution in natural environments. In this study, genetic differences in reaction norms among eight populations of the grass Bouteloua rigidiseta were examined using clonal replicates of genotypes planted in a common garden with two levels of competition (single B. rigidiseta without competition and single B. rigidiseta surrounded by four Erioneuron pilosum). The populations were found to be genetically differentiated for a variety of traits. Differences in reaction norms of size-specific fecundity (spikelet clusters per tiller number) were detected among the populations: some showed little response to competition; in others size-specific fecundity was much greater in the absence of competition. This divergence in reaction norms among these populations may be the result of past selection (including the cost of plasticity), or genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Miller
- The Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78713
| | - Norma L Fowler
- The Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78713
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22
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Cook SCA, Lefébvre C, McNeilly T. COMPETITION BETWEEN METAL TOLERANT AND NORMAL PLANT POPULATIONS ON NORMAL SOIL. Evolution 2017; 26:366-372. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1971] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C. A. Cook
- Department of Botany; University of Liverpool; L69 3BX. United Kingdom
| | - Claude Lefébvre
- Department of Botany; University of Liverpool; L69 3BX. United Kingdom
| | - Thomas McNeilly
- Department of Botany; University of Liverpool; L69 3BX. United Kingdom
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23
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Wild H, Bradshaw AD. THE EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS OF METALLIFEROUS AND OTHER ANOMALOUS SOILS IN SOUTH CENTRAL AFRICA. Evolution 2017; 31:282-293. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1975] [Revised: 05/14/1976] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Wild
- Botany Department; University of Rhodesia; P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant Salisbury Rhodesia
- Botany Department; University of Liverpool; P.O. Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX England
| | - A. D. Bradshaw
- Botany Department; University of Rhodesia; P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant Salisbury Rhodesia
- Botany Department; University of Liverpool; P.O. Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX England
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24
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Stanton ML, Galen C, Shore J. POPULATION STRUCTURE ALONG A STEEP ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT: CONSEQUENCES OF FLOWERING TIME AND HABITAT VARIATION IN THE SNOW BUTTERCUP,
RANUNCULUS ADONEUS. Evolution 2017; 51:79-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1995] [Accepted: 08/26/1996] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Stanton
- Section of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology University of California Davis California 95616
| | - C. Galen
- Division of Biological Sciences, 105 Tucker Hall University of Missouri Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - J. Shore
- Department of Biology York University 4700 Keele Street North York Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
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25
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Nürnberger B, Harrison RG. SPATIAL POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE WHIRLIGIG BEETLE
DINEUTUS ASSIMILIS:
EVOLUTIONARY INFERENCES BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND FIELD DATA. Evolution 2017; 49:266-275. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/1993] [Accepted: 05/19/1994] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Nürnberger
- Section of Ecology and Systematics Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Richard G. Harrison
- Section of Ecology and Systematics Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853
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26
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Campbell DR. POLLEN AND GENE DISPERSAL: THE INFLUENCES OF COMPETITION FOR POLLINATION. Evolution 2017; 39:418-431. [PMID: 28564230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1984] [Accepted: 11/08/1984] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pollinators that forage indiscriminately can transfer pollen from one species to another, reducing the amount that reaches conspecific flowers. I present evidence that the presence of another plant species visited by the same pollinators can also reduce pollen dispersal distances and outcrossing. This has the potential to influence gene flow and reproductive success. Pollen carryover and movement patterns were measured for the shared insect pollinators of Stellaria pubera and Claytonia virginica in North Carolina. Bee flies deposited similar amounts of Stellaria pollen on a series of pistillate Claytonia flowers as on a series of pistillate Stellaria flowers. In arrays of potted plants, flies and solitary bees visited most flowers on a plant before leaving and then flew to a nearby plant chosen independently of species; 95% of moves were to one of 12 nearest neighbors. These measures of pollen carryover and movement patterns were used in a set of computer simulations to predict pollen dispersal distances. The simulations suggested that C. virginica substantially reduces outcrossing and pollen flow in S. pubera. These predictions were tested by tracking dye movement from anthers in populations of potted plants. Addition of C. virginica reduced the mean squared distance moved by dye to receptive S. pubera flowers by 23% and reduced the amount of dye moved by 51%. The estimated pollen component of gene flow was also much lower in a natural population of 5. pubera mixed with C. virginica than in the synthetic single-species populations.
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27
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Goodnight CJ. THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION ON GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL SELECTION IN A CRESS. Evolution 2017; 39:545-558. [PMID: 28561972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/1984] [Accepted: 01/24/1985] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study of group and individual selection for leaf area under different patterns of environmental variation is presented. This study, which uses the cress Arabidopsis thaliana, demonstrates that group selection can occur in plants. The response to group selection was always in the expected direction, but surprisingly, the response to individual selection was not. Furthermore the interaction between group and individual selection was significant. Individual selection interfered with the response to group selection whether the two forces were acting in concert or were opposed. The effects of the environmental variation treatments were detected mainly as three-way interactions with group and individual selection. Group selection was more effective in environments that interfered with individual selection, as well as in environments that did not interfere with group selection. These results suggest that the ability of a character to respond to group selection, individual selection, or both will depend on a great many factors and that the relative importance of the different levels of selection can only be determined empirically.
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28
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Waser NM, Price MV. CROSSING-DISTANCE EFFECTS IN DELPHINIUM NELSONII: OUTBREEDING AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN PROGENY FITNESS. Evolution 2017; 48:842-852. [PMID: 28568280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/1992] [Accepted: 07/30/1993] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Depending on its genetic causes, outbreeding depression in quantitative characters may occur first in the free-living F1 generation produced by a wide cross. In 1981-1985, we generated F1 progenies by hand-pollinating larkspurs (Delphinium nelsonii) with pollen from 1-m, 3-m, 10-m, or 30-m distances. From the spatial genetic structure indicated by previous electrophoretic and reciprocal transplantation studies, we estimate that these crosses range from being inbred (f ≈ 0.06) to outbred. We planted 594 seeds from 66 maternal sibships under natural conditions. As of 1992, there was strong evidence for both inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression. Progeny from intermediate crossing distances grew approximately twice as large as more inbred or outbred progeny in the first 5 yr after planting (P = 0.013, repeated measures ANOVA), and survived almost 1 yr longer on average (contrast of 3-m and 10-m treatments versus 1 m and 30 m; P = 0.028, ANOVA). Twenty maternal sibships produced flowering individuals; only four and two of these represented 1-m and 30-m crossing distances, respectively (P = 0.021, G-test). The cumulative fitness of intermediate distance sibships averaged about twice that of 1-m sibships, and five to eight times that of 30-m sibships (P = 0.017, ANOVA). Thus, even though progeny of 1-m crosses were inbred to a degree only about one-eighth that of selling, inbreeding depression approximated 50%, and outbreeding depression equaled or exceeded 50% for all fitness components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas M Waser
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224
| | - Mary V Price
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224
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29
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Nagy ES, Rice KJ. LOCAL ADAPTATION IN TWO SUBSPECIES OF AN ANNUAL PLANT: IMPLICATIONS FOR MIGRATION AND GENE FLOW. Evolution 2017; 51:1079-1089. [PMID: 28565494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/1996] [Accepted: 03/20/1997] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant populations often adapt to local environmental conditions. Here we demonstrate local adaptation in two subspecies of the California native annual Gilia capitata using standard reciprocal transplant techniques in two sites (coastal and inland) over three consecutive years. Subspecies performance in each site was measured in four ways: probability of seedling emergence, early vegetative size (length of longest leaf), probability of flowering, and total number of inflorescences produced per plant. Analysis of three of the four variables demonstrated local adaptation through site-by-subspecies interactions in which natives outperformed immigrants. The disparity between natives and immigrants in their probability of emergence and probability of flowering was greater at the coastal site than at the inland site. Treated in isolation, these two fitness components suggest that migration from the coast to the inland site may be less restricted by selection than migration in the opposite direction. Two measurements of individual size (leaf length and number of inflorescences), suggest (though not strongly) that immigrants may be subject to weaker selection at the coastal site than at the inland site. A standard cohort life table is used to compare replacement rates (R0 ) for each subspecies at each site. Comparisons of R0 s suggest that immigrants are under a severe demographic disadvantage at the coastal site, but only a small disadvantage at the inland site. The results point out the importance of integrating over several fitness components when documenting the magnitude of local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Nagy
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Kevin J Rice
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
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30
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Zouros E. A MODEL FOR THE EVOLUTION OF ASYMMETRICAL MALE HYBRID STERILITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SPECIATION. Evolution 2017; 40:1171-1184. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1985] [Accepted: 06/11/1986] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Zouros
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS B3H 4J1 Canada
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31
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Crumpacker DW, Williams JS. RIGID AND FLEXIBLE CHROMOSOMAL POLYMORPHISMS IN NEIGHBORING POPULATIONS OF
DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA. Evolution 2017; 28:57-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/1973] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Silander JA, Antonovics J. THE GENETIC BASIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDE OF SPARTINA PATENS. I. MORPHOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS. Evolution 2017; 33:1114-1127. [PMID: 28563911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1978] [Revised: 03/16/1979] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Silander
- Ecology Section, Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06268.,Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Ecology Section, Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06268.,Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706
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33
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Handel SN. CONTRASTING GENE FLOW PATTERNS AND GENETIC SUBDIVISION IN ADJACENT POPULATIONS OF CUCUMIS SATIVUS (CUCURBITACEAE). Evolution 2017; 37:760-771. [PMID: 28568124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb05598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/1982] [Revised: 09/07/1982] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven N Handel
- Department of Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 6666, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
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34
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Mallet J, Barton NH. STRONG NATURAL SELECTION IN A WARNING-COLOR HYBRID ZONE. Evolution 2017; 43:421-431. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/1987] [Accepted: 09/12/1988] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Mallet
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Biometry; University College London; Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way London NW1 2HE U.K
| | - Nicholas H. Barton
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Biometry; University College London; Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way London NW1 2HE U.K
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35
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García‐Ramos G, Kirkpatrick M. GENETIC MODELS OF ADAPTATION AND GENE FLOW IN PERIPHERAL POPULATIONS. Evolution 2017; 51:21-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/1996] [Accepted: 07/03/1996] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Van Buskirk J, McCollum SA, Werner EE. NATURAL SELECTION FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED PHENOTYPES IN TADPOLES. Evolution 2017; 51:1983-1992. [PMID: 28565118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb05119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1996] [Accepted: 06/30/1997] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Models suggest that phenotypic plasticity is maintained in situations where the optimal phenotype differs through time or space, so that selection acts in different directions in different environments. Some empirical work supports the general premise of this prediction because phenotypes induced by a particular environment sometimes perform better than other phenotypes when tested in that environment. We have extended these results by estimating the targets of selection in Pseudacris triseriata tadpoles in environments without predators and with larval Anax dragonflies. Tadpoles displayed significant behavioral and morphological plasticity when reared in the presence and absence of nonlethal dragonflies for 32 days in cattle tanks. We measured selection in the absence of free predators by regressing growth and survival in the tanks against activity and several measures of tail and body shape. We measured selection in the presence of predators by exposing groups of 10 tadpoles to Anax in overnight predation trials and regressing the average phenotype of survivors against the number of tadpoles killed. Selection in the two environments acted in opposite directions on both tail and body shape, although the affected fitness components were different. In the presence of Anax, tadpoles with shallow and narrow body, deep tail fin, and wide tail muscle survived best. In the absence of free predators, tadpoles with narrow tail muscle grew significantly faster, and those with shallow tail fin and deep body grew somewhat faster. Activity was unrelated to survival or growth in either environment. Developmental plasticity in tail shape closely paralleled selection, because tail fin depth increased after long-term exposure to Anax and tail muscle width tended to increase. In contrast, there was no plasticity in body shape in spite of strong selection for decreasing body depth. Thus, when confronted with a dragonfly predator, P. triseriata tadpoles adjusted their tail shape (but not body shape) almost exactly in the direction of selection imposed by Anax. These results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in some morphological traits, such as tail depth and tail muscle width, has evolved under intermittent selection by dragonflies. Other traits that undergo selection by dragonflies, such as body morphology, appear developmentally rigid, perhaps because of historically strong opposing selection in nature or other constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Van Buskirk
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - S Andy McCollum
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Earl E Werner
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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37
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Galler L, Gould SJ. THE MORPHOLOGY OF A “HYBRID ZONE” IN
CERION:
VARIATION, CLINES, AND AN ONTOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO “SPECIES” IN CUBA. Evolution 2017; 33:714-727. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/1978] [Revised: 11/21/1978] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Galler
- Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge Mass. 02138
| | - Stephen Jay Gould
- Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge Mass. 02138
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38
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Parker MA. LOCAL POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION FOR COMPATIBILITY IN AN ANNUAL LEGUME AND ITS HOST-SPECIFIC FUNGAL PATHOGEN. Evolution 2017; 39:713-723. [PMID: 28561354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/1984] [Accepted: 04/12/1985] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe attack by the fungal pathogen Synchytrium decipiens frequently occurs in natural populations of the annual plant Amphicarpaea bracteata (Leguminosae) in eastern North America. Field transplant experiments indicate that there is significant population differentiation in the plant-fungus association over distances of 1 km or greater: plants transplanted back into their population of origin become heavily infected, while foreign plants from populations 1 or 100 km away experience little or no infection, even though these foreign plants are subject to heavy fungal attack in their native populations. To investigate the fine structure of population differentiation, progeny of A. bracteata plants collected at six sites at 30 m intervals along a transect were inoculated with a single strain of S. decipiens in a controlled environment. Fungal lesions were initiated in all 36 plant progeny groups tested, yet there was highly significant, 5-fold variation among plants from different sites in the mean number of fungal lesions developing per plant. In addition, all fungal lesions aborted without maturing spores on all plants from one site on the transect. Fungal lesion abortion rates averaged only 9% on plants from the other five sites. Such local population differentiation in plant-pathogen compatibility may be related to A. bracteata's high degree of self-pollination. Limited long-distance recombination in A. bracteata due to self-pollination and spatially restricted pollen flow may be a major factor preventing the evolution of increased plant resistance to fungal attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Parker
- Department of Biology, Whitman Laboratory, University of Chicago, 915 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637
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39
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Antlfinger AE. THE GENETIC BASIS OF MICRODIFFERENTIATION IN NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF BORRICHIA FRUTESCENS
IN RELATION TO SALINITY. Evolution 2017; 35:1056-1068. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/1980] [Revised: 02/09/1981] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Antlfinger
- Department of Botany and Institute of Ecology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
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40
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Godt MJW, Hamrick JL. ATTERNS AND LEVELS OF POLLEN-MEDIATED GENE FLOW IN LATHYRUS LATIFOLIUS. Evolution 2017; 47:98-110. [PMID: 28568079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1991] [Accepted: 05/29/1992] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While gene flow can be an important force in evolution, few direct measures are available in the plant literature. Descriptions of gene movement within populations are more common, but have primarily involved crop species and artificially constructed populations. In this study, fractional paternity procedures were used to examine patterns of pollen movement over two years within two sites of Lathyrus latifolius, a bumblebee-pollinated, self-compatible perennial legume. Study sites consisted of 15 to 23 semi-discrete flowering patches that contained 1 to 29 distinct genotypes. Distributions of gene movement distances within the study sites differed significantly from that expected under random mating. Mean gene movement was 14 m. On average, 17.6% (range = 0-52%) of matings occurred within a flowering patch. Outcrossing rates, estimated from paternity analysis, ranged from 0.87 to 0.90 across sites and years. Significant heterogeneity occurred among maternal individuals with respect to outcrossing and immigration rates, indicating that mating patterns were idiosyncratic to each plant. Apparent rates of pollen flow into the sites ranged from 5 to 15%, while estimates of total pollen flow into sites ranged from 16 to 46%. Significant increases in immigration rates between years were associated with decreases in the density of flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo W Godt
- Departments of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - J L Hamrick
- Departments of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Departments of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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41
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Christie P, Macnair MR. THE DISTRIBUTION OF POSTMATING REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING GENES IN POPULATIONS OF THE YELLOW MONKEY FLOWER, MIMULUS GUTTATUS. Evolution 2017; 41:571-578. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1986] [Accepted: 10/20/1986] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Christie
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories; Exeter Devon UK
| | - Mark R. Macnair
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories; Exeter Devon UK
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42
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Snaydon RW. RAPID POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN A MOSAIC ENVIRONMENT. I. THE RESPONSE OFANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUMPOPULATIONS TO SOILS. Evolution 2017; 24:257-269. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1969] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Snaydon
- Agricultural Botany Department; The University; Reading U.K
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43
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Linhart YB. INTRA‐POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN ANNUAL PLANTS I.
VERONICA PEREGRINA
L. RAISED UNDER NON‐COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS. Evolution 2017; 28:232-243. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/1973] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan B. Linhart
- Department of Environmental Population and Organismic Biology University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80302
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44
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Devlin B, Ellstrand NC. THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A REFINED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING GENE FLOW FROM ANGIOSPERM PATERNITY ANALYSIS. Evolution 2017; 44:248-259. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb05195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/1988] [Accepted: 11/14/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Devlin
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Program in Plant Genetics University of California Riverside CA 92521
| | - N. C. Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Program in Plant Genetics University of California Riverside CA 92521
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45
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Aitken SN, Libby WJ. EVOLUTION OF THE PYGMY-FOREST EDAPHIC SUBSPECIES OF PINUS CONTORT A ACROSS AN ECOLOGICAL STAIRCASE. Evolution 2017; 48:1009-1019. [PMID: 28564456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb05289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/1992] [Accepted: 03/29/1994] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of allozyme variation within and between two of the subspecies of Pinus contorta were examined for the evolutionary relationship between them. In coastal northern California, these subspecies are parapatric. Pinus contorta ssp. contorta occurs on grassy coastal bluffs on the lowest and youngest of a sequence of five marine terraces; P. contorta ssp. bolanderi is endemic to a pygmy forest ecosystem that occurs on the increasingly older and harsher soils of the third, fourth, and fifth terraces. The soils of the upper three terraces are characterized by extreme podzolization, low pH, low nutrient availability, summer drought (with periodic fires), and winter surface flooding above the hardpan. Dune and cliff soils support a tall redwood and Douglas-fir forest between the terraces. Analyses of seeds collected from 11 pygmy-forest and 6 coastal populations showed ssp. bolanderi to have significantly less allozyme variation than spp. contorta. The two subspecies did not show the phylogenetic dichotomy in allozyme allelic constitutions expected for subspecific classification. Within ssp. bolanderi, the pattern of genetic distances correlated better with edaphic differences among sites than with geographic distance. It appears that ssp. bolanderi is a recently evolved derivative of ssp. contorta, and that the low degree of allozyme differentiation among the bolanderi populations may be due to colonization of the sites by small numbers of individuals, or to hitchhiking of allozyme loci linked to loci undergoing strong selection imposed by the severe edaphic conditions typical of bolanderi sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forestry and Resource Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - William J Libby
- Department of Forestry and Resource Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
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46
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Fenster CB. GENE FLOW IN
CHAMAECRISTA FASCICULATA
(LEGUMINOSAE) II. GENE ESTABLISHMENT. Evolution 2017; 45:410-422. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/1988] [Accepted: 07/28/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Fenster
- Department of Biology, Barnes Laboratory The University of Chicago 5630 S. Ingleside Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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47
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Johannesson K, Johannesson B, Rolán-Alvarez E. MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND GENETIC COHESIVENESS OVER A MICROENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT IN THE MARINE SNAIL LITTORINA SAXATILIS. Evolution 2017; 47:1770-1787. [PMID: 28568008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/1992] [Accepted: 03/03/1993] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The marine gastropod Littorina saxatilis has different ecotypes in shores only a few meters apart. This has both taxonomic and evolutionary implications. Here we report on an extreme type of within-shore dimorphism in shell characters. In the wave-exposed rocky shores in northwestern Spain, we found one form of L. saxatilis in the upper-level barnacle zone. It had a white, ridged shell, with black bands in the grooves. Another form confined to the lower-shore mussel belt had a smooth shell that was either white and tessellated or darkly colored. These two forms cooccured in a narrow midshore zone together with individuals that had combined characters, but were present in low frequencies (11%-29%). We used principal-component analysis of metric shell characters to study variation in shell size and shape. We found that the upper-shore form was larger than the lower-shore form. We also found small but significant differences in shell shape. Experiments in a common laboratory environment suggested the differences in shell ornamentation and color are inherited, but the individuals did not develop the morph-specific characters until a shell height of about 3 mm. The occurrence of mainly two distinct forms may suggest the presence of two species that hybridize. An analysis of five polymorphic enzyme loci in populations of snails from three geographically separated sites indicated, however, that there was no positive correlation between morphological distances and genetic distances among populations on a geographic scale (tens of kilometers). Thus, we rejected the hypothesis of two species. However, on a microgeographic scale (meters), genetic differentiation between groups with the same form was less than differentiation between forms. This indicated a partial barrier to gene flow between the two forms, and preliminary mate choice data suggested this was caused by nonrandom mating in the midshore zone of overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Johannesson
- Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, S-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Emilio Rolán-Alvarez
- Departmento de Biologia Fundamental, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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48
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Hamrick JL, Holden LR. INFLUENCE OF MICROHABITAT HETEROGENEITY ON GENE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND GAMETIC PHASE DISEQUILIBRIUM IN
AVENA BARBATA. Evolution 2017; 33:521-533. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/1978] [Revised: 11/28/1978] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Hamrick
- Departments of Botany and Systematics and Ecology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - L. R. Holden
- Departments of Botany and Systematics and Ecology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045
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49
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Schaal BA, Smith WG. THE APPORTIONMENT OF GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN AND AMONG POPULATIONS OF
DESMODIUM NUDIFLORUM. Evolution 2017; 34:214-221. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/1979] [Revised: 08/02/1979] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Schaal
- Departments of Botany and Genetics Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210
- Department of Biology Ohio Dominican College Columbus Ohio 43219
| | - William G. Smith
- Departments of Botany and Genetics Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210
- Department of Biology Ohio Dominican College Columbus Ohio 43219
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50
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Pounds JA, Jackson JF. RIVERINE BARRIERS TO GENE FLOW AND THE DIFFERENTIATION OF FENCE LIZARD POPULATIONS. Evolution 2017; 35:516-528. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1981.tb04914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/1980] [Revised: 09/16/1980] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Alan Pounds
- Department of Biology; University of Southwestern Louisiana; Lafayette Louisiana 70504
| | - James F. Jackson
- Department of Biology; University of Southwestern Louisiana; Lafayette Louisiana 70504
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