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Liu Q, Liu Z, Wang H, Yao X. Different species of Chiroptera: Immune cells and molecules. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29772. [PMID: 38949201 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The distinct composition and immune response characteristics of bats' innate and adaptive immune systems, which enable them to serve as host of numerous serious zoonotic viruses without falling ill, differ substantially from those of other mammals, it have garnered significant attention. In this article, we offer a systematic review of the names, attributes, and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells & molecules across different bat species. This includes descriptions of the differences shown by research between 71 bat species in 10 families, as well as comparisons between bats and other mammals. Studies of the immune cells & molecules of different bat species are necessary to understand the unique antiviral immunity of bats. By providing comprehensive information on these unique immune responses, it is hoped that new insights will be provided for the study of co-evolutionary dynamics between viruses and the bat immune system, as well as human antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zegang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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2
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Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Hoover B, Jakubas D, Fort J, Grémillet D, Gavrilo M, Zielińska S, Zagalska-Neubauer M. Diversity of major histocompatibility complex of II B gene and mate choice in a monogamous and long-lived seabird, the Little Auk (Alle alle). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304275. [PMID: 38865310 PMCID: PMC11168636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, and is known to influence mate choice in many species. In birds, the MHC has been extensively examined but mainly in galliforms and passerines while other taxa that represent specific ecological and evolutionary life-histories, like seabirds, are underexamined. Here, we characterized diversity of MHC Class II B exon 2 in a colonial pelagic seabird, the Little Auk (or Dovekie Alle alle). We further examined whether MHC variation could be maintained through balancing selection and disassortative mating. We found high polymorphism at the genotyped MHC fragment, characterizing 99 distinct alleles across 140 individuals from three populations. The alleles frequencies exhibited a similar skewed distribution in both sexes, with the four most commonly occurring alleles representing approximately 35% of allelic variation. The results of a Bayesian site-by-site selection analysis suggest evidence of balancing selection and no direct evidence for MHC-dependent disassortative mating preferences in the Little Auk. The latter result might be attributed to the high overall polymorphism of the examined fragment, which itself may be maintained by the large population size of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Hoover
- Farallon Institute, Petaluma, California, United States of America
| | - Dariusz Jakubas
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS – La Rochelle University, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - David Grémillet
- Excellence Chair Nouvelle Aquitaine - CEBC UMR 7372 CNRS, La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France & FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | - Sylwia Zielińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Fleischer R, Schmid DW, Uddin W, Brändel SD, Rasche A, Corman VM, Drosten C, Tschapka M, Sommer S. Interaction between MHC diversity and constitution, gut microbiota and Astrovirus infections in a neotropical bat. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3342-3359. [PMID: 35510794 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) infect numerous mammalian species including reservoirs such as bats. Peptides encoded by the genes of the highly polymorphic Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) form the first line of host defence against pathogens. Aside from direct involvement in mounting adaptive immune responses, MHC class II genes are hypothesized to regulate gut commensal diversity and shape the production of immune-modulatory substances by microbes, indirectly affecting host susceptibility. Despite initial empirical evidence for the link between host MHC and the microbiota, associations among these factors remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we examined MHC allelic diversity and constitution, the gut bacterial community and abundance pattern of a wild population of the neotropical bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) challenged by AstV infections. First, we show an age-dependent relationship between the host MHC class II diversity and constitution and the gut microbiota in AstV uninfected bats. Crucially, these associations changed in AstV infected bats. Additionally, we identify changes in abundance of specific bacterial taxa linked to the presence of certain MHC supertypes and AstV infection. We suggest changes in the microbiota to be either a result of AstV infection or the MHC-mediated modulation of microbial communities. The latter could subsequently affect microbe-mediated immunity and resistance against AstV infection. Our results underscore that the reciprocal nature of host immune genetics, gut microbial diversity and pathogen infection requires attention, which is particularly important given its repercussions for disease susceptibility and severity in wild animal populations with a history of zoonotic spillover and frequent human contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Fleischer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Werner Schmid
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wasim Uddin
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Stefan Dominik Brändel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
| | - Andrea Rasche
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama.,Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University, Humboldt-University and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University, Humboldt-University and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner Charité, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University, Humboldt-University and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner Charité, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
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5
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Li X, Liu T, Li A, Zhang L, Dai W, Jin L, Sun K, Feng J. Genetic polymorphisms and the independent evolution of major histocompatibility complex class II‐
DRB
in sibling bat species
Rhinolophus episcopus
and
Rhinolophus siamensis. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Tong Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Aoqiang Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Wentao Dai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Longru Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology Ministry of Education Changchun China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
- College of Life Science Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
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6
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Yi X, Donner DM, Marquardt PE, Palmer JM, Jusino MA, Frair J, Lindner DL, Latch EK. Major histocompatibility complex variation is similar in little brown bats before and after white-nose syndrome outbreak. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10031-10043. [PMID: 33005361 PMCID: PMC7520216 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), has driven alarming declines in North American hibernating bats, such as little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). During hibernation, infected little brown bats are able to initiate anti-Pd immune responses, indicating pathogen-mediated selection on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. However, such immune responses may not be protective as they interrupt torpor, elevate energy costs, and potentially lead to higher mortality rates. To assess whether WNS drives selection on MHC genes, we compared the MHC DRB gene in little brown bats pre- (Wisconsin) and post- (Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Pennsylvania) WNS (detection spanning 2014-2015). We genotyped 131 individuals and found 45 nucleotide alleles (27 amino acid alleles) indicating a maximum of 3 loci (1-5 alleles per individual). We observed high allelic admixture and a lack of genetic differentiation both among sampling sites and between pre- and post-WNS populations, indicating no signal of selection on MHC genes. However, post-WNS populations exhibited decreased allelic richness, reflecting effects from bottleneck and drift following rapid population declines. We propose that mechanisms other than adaptive immunity are more likely driving current persistence of little brown bats in affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Yi
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Deahn M. Donner
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceRhinelanderWIUSA
| | | | | | - Michelle A. Jusino
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Jacqueline Frair
- Roosevelt Wild Life StationSUNY College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
| | | | - Emily K. Latch
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWIUSA
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7
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Dandine-Roulland C, Laurent R, Dall'Ara I, Toupance B, Chaix R. Genomic evidence for MHC disassortative mating in humans. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182664. [PMID: 30890093 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pervasive in many animal species, the evidence for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disassortative mating in humans remains inconsistent across studies. Here, to revisit this issue, we analyse dense genotype data for 883 European and Middle Eastern couples. To distinguish MHC-specific effects from socio-cultural confounders, the pattern of relatedness between spouses in the MHC region is compared to the rest of the genome. Couples from Israel exhibit no significant pattern of relatedness across the MHC region, whereas across the genome, they are more similar than random pairs of individuals, which may reflect social homogamy and/or cousin marriages. On the other hand, couples from The Netherlands and more generally from Northern Europe are significantly more MHC-dissimilar than random pairs of individuals, and this pattern of dissimilarity is extreme when compared with the rest of the genome. Our findings support the hypothesis that the MHC influences mate choice in humans in a context-dependent way: MHC-driven preferences may exist in all populations but, in some populations, social constraints over mate choice may reduce the ability of individuals to rely on such biological cues when choosing their mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dandine-Roulland
- Eco-Anthropologie, UMR 7206, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France
| | - Romain Laurent
- Eco-Anthropologie, UMR 7206, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France
| | - Irene Dall'Ara
- Eco-Anthropologie, UMR 7206, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France
| | - Bruno Toupance
- Eco-Anthropologie, UMR 7206, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France
| | - Raphaëlle Chaix
- Eco-Anthropologie, UMR 7206, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France
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8
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Qurkhuli T, Schwensow N, Brändel SD, Tschapka M, Sommer S. Can extreme MHC class I diversity be a feature of a wide geographic range? The example of Seba's short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata). Immunogenetics 2019; 71:575-587. [PMID: 31520134 PMCID: PMC7079943 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the most diverse genetic regions under pathogen-driven selection because of its central role in antigen binding and immunity. The highest MHC variability, both in terms of the number of individual alleles and gene copies, has so far been found in passerine birds; this is probably attributable to passerine adaptation to both a wide geographic range and a diverse array of habitats. If extraordinary high MHC variation and duplication rates are adaptive features under selection during the evolution of ecologically and taxonomically diverse species, then similarly diverse MHC architectures should be found in bats. Bats are an extremely species-rich mammalian group that is globally widely distributed. Many bat species roost in multitudinous groups and have high contact rates with pathogens, conspecifics, and allospecifics. We have characterized the MHC class I diversity in 116 Panamanian Seba's short-tailed bats (Carollia perspicillata), a widely distributed, generalist, neotropical species. We have detected a remarkable individual and population-level diversity of MHC class I genes, with between seven and 22 alleles and a unique genotype in each individual. This diversity is comparable with that reported in passerine birds and, in both taxonomic groups, further variability has evolved through length polymorphisms. Our findings support the hypothesis that, for species with a geographically broader range, high MHC class I variability is particularly adaptive. Investigation of the details of the underlying adaptive processes and the role of the high MHC diversity in pathogen resistance are important next steps for a better understanding of the role of bats in viral evolution and as carriers of several deadly zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Qurkhuli
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Schwensow
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Dominik Brändel
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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9
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Meléndez-Rosa J, Bi K, Lacey EA. Genomic analysis of MHC-based mate choice in the monogamous California mouse. Behav Ecol 2018; 29:1167-1180. [PMID: 30214134 PMCID: PMC6129947 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation at Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes is thought to be an important mechanism underlying mate choice in vertebrates, with individuals typically predicted to prefer MHC-dissimilar reproductive partners. However, analyses based on individual MHC loci have generated contradictory results regarding the role of these genes in mate-choice decisions. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of relationships between MHC variation and mating behavior, we used an exome capture strategy to characterize variability at 13 MHC loci, 312 innate immune system genes, and 1044 nonimmune genes in 25 obligate monogamous pairs of California mice (Peromyscus californicus) from 2 free-living populations of this species in Monterey County, California. Pairwise genotypic comparisons and analyses of SNP-based allelic differences failed to detect disassortative mating based on MHC variability; reproductive partners were not more dissimilar than randomly generated male-female pairs at MHC, innate or nonimmune loci. Within populations, individuals tended to be more closely related at MHC genes than at innate or nonimmune genes. Consistent with the functional role of immunogenes, the 2 study populations were highly differentiated at MHC and innate genes but not at nonimmune loci. Collectively, our results suggest that MHC genetic variation in California mice reflects local differences in pathogen exposure rather than disassortative mating based on variability at MHC Class I and II genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesyka Meléndez-Rosa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley Valley Life Sciences Bldg., Berkeley, CA
| | - Ke Bi
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley Valley Life Sciences Bldg., Berkeley, CA
- Computational Genomics Resource, MC University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Eileen A Lacey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley Valley Life Sciences Bldg., Berkeley, CA
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10
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Ng JHJ, Tachedjian M, Wang LF, Baker ML. Insights into the ancestral organisation of the mammalian MHC class II region from the genome of the pteropid bat, Pteropus alecto. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:388. [PMID: 28521747 PMCID: PMC5437515 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are an extremely successful group of mammals and possess a variety of unique characteristics, including their ability to co-exist with a diverse range of pathogens. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the most gene dense and polymorphic region of the genome and MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules play a vital role in the presentation of antigens derived from extracellular pathogens and activation of the adaptive immune response. Characterisation of the MHC-II region of bats is crucial for understanding the evolution of the MHC and of the role of pathogens in shaping the immune system. RESULTS Here we describe the relatively contracted MHC-II region of the Australian black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto), providing the first detailed insight into the MHC-II region of any species of bat. Twelve MHC-II genes, including one locus (DRB2) located outside the class II region, were identified on a single scaffold in the bat genome. The presence of a class II locus outside the MHC-II region is atypical and provides evidence for an ancient class II duplication block. Two non-classical loci, DO and DM and two classical, DQ and DR loci, were identified in P. alecto. A putative classical, DPB pseudogene was also identified. The bat's antigen processing cluster, though contracted, remains highly conserved, thus supporting its importance in antigen presentation and disease resistance. CONCLUSIONS This detailed characterisation of the bat MHC-II region helps to fill a phylogenetic gap in the evolution of the mammalian class II region and is a stepping stone towards better understanding of the immune responses in bats to viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H J Ng
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Michelle L Baker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
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11
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Spatial distribution of microsatellite and MHC-DRB exon 2 gene variability in the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) in Mexico. Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Salmier A, de Thoisy B, Crouau-Roy B, Lacoste V, Lavergne A. Spatial pattern of genetic diversity and selection in the MHC class II DRB of three Neotropical bat species. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:229. [PMID: 27782798 PMCID: PMC5080761 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although bats are natural reservoirs of many pathogens, few studies have been conducted on the genetic variation and detection of selection in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. These genes are critical for resistance and susceptibility to diseases, and host–pathogen interactions are major determinants of their extensive polymorphism. Here we examined spatial patterns of diversity of the expressed MHC class II DRB gene of three sympatric Neotropical bats, Carollia perspicillata and Desmodus rotundus (Phyllostomidae), and Molossus molossus (Molossidae), all of which use the same environments (e.g., forests, edge habitats, urban areas). Comparison with neutral marker (mtDNA D-loop) diversity was performed at the same time. Results Twenty-three DRB alleles were identified in 19 C. perspicillata, 30 alleles in 35 D. rotundus and 20 alleles in 28 M. molossus. The occurrence of multiple DRB loci was found for the two Phyllostomidae species. The DRB polymorphism was high in all sampling sites and different signatures of positive selection were detected depending on the environment. The patterns of DRB diversity were similar to those of neutral markers for C. perspicillata and M. molossus. In contrast, these patterns were different for D. rotundus for which a geographical structure was highlighted. A heterozygote advantage was also identified for this species. No recombination or gene conversion event was found and phylogenetic relationships showed a trans-species mode of evolution in the Phyllostomids. Conclusions This study of MHC diversity demonstrated the strength of the environment and contrasting pathogen pressures in shaping DRB diversity. Differences between positively selected sites identified in bat species highlighted the potential role of gut microbiota in shaping immune responses. Furthermore, multiple geographic origins and/or population admixtures observed in C. perspicillata and M. molossus populations acted as an additional force in shaping DRB diversity. In contrast, DRB diversity of D. rotundus was shaped by environment rather than demographic history. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0802-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Salmier
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Benoit de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Brigitte Crouau-Roy
- CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 UPS, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne, Cedex, French Guiana.
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Ng JHJ, Tachedjian M, Deakin J, Wynne JW, Cui J, Haring V, Broz I, Chen H, Belov K, Wang LF, Baker ML. Evolution and comparative analysis of the bat MHC-I region. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21256. [PMID: 26876644 PMCID: PMC4753418 DOI: 10.1038/srep21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts to numerous viruses and have ancient origins, having diverged from other eutherian mammals early in evolution. These characteristics place them in an important position to provide insights into the evolution of the mammalian immune system and antiviral immunity. We describe the first detailed partial map of a bat (Pteropus alecto) MHC-I region with comparative analysis of the MHC-I region and genes. The bat MHC-I region is highly condensed, yet relatively conserved in organisation, and is unusual in that MHC-I genes are present within only one of the three highly conserved class I duplication blocks. We hypothesise that MHC-I genes first originated in the β duplication block, and subsequently duplicated in a step-wise manner across the MHC-I region during mammalian evolution. Furthermore, bat MHC-I genes contain unique insertions within their peptide-binding grooves potentially affecting the peptide repertoire presented to T cells, which may have implications for the ability of bats to control infection without overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. J. Ng
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Janine Deakin
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Jie Cui
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Volker Haring
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Ivano Broz
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Honglei Chen
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Real-Monroy MD, Martínez-Méndez N, Ortega J. MHC-DRB Exon 2 Diversity of the Jamaican Fruit-Eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) from Mexico. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.3161/150811014x687260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Drift rather than selection dominates MHC class II allelic diversity patterns at the biogeographical range scale in natterjack toads Bufo calamita. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100176. [PMID: 24937211 PMCID: PMC4061088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci has gained great popularity in recent years, partly due to their function in protecting vertebrates from infections. This is of particular interest in amphibians on account of major threats many species face from emergent diseases such as chytridiomycosis. In this study we compare levels of diversity in an expressed MHC class II locus with neutral genetic diversity at microsatellite loci in natterjack toad (Bufo (Epidalea) calamita) populations across the whole of the species' biogeographical range. Variation at both classes of loci was high in the glacial refugium areas (REF) and much lower in postglacial expansion areas (PGE), especially in range edge populations. Although there was clear evidence that the MHC locus was influenced by positive selection in the past, congruence with the neutral markers suggested that historical demographic events were the main force shaping MHC variation in the PGE area. Both neutral and adaptive genetic variation declined with distance from glacial refugia. Nevertheless, there were also some indications from differential isolation by distance and allele abundance patterns that weak effects of selection have been superimposed on the main drift effect in the PGE zone.
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Abstract
Despite being the second most species-rich and abundant group of mammals, bats are also among the least studied, with a particular paucity of information in the area of bat immunology. Although bats have a long history of association with rabies, the emergence and re-emergence of a number of viruses from bats that impact human and animal health has resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat immunology. Understanding how bats coexist with viruses in the absence of disease is essential if we are to begin to develop therapeutics to target viruses in humans and susceptible livestock and companion animals. Here, we review the current status of knowledge in the field of bat antiviral immunology including both adaptive and innate mechanisms of immune defence and highlight the need for further investigations in this area. Because data in this field are so limited, our discussion is based on both scientific discoveries and theoretical predictions. It is hoped that by provoking original, speculative or even controversial ideas or theories, this review may stimulate further research in this important field. Efforts to understand the immune systems of bats have been greatly facilitated in recent years by the availability of partial genome sequences from two species of bats, a megabat, Pteropus vampyrus, and a microbat, Myotis lucifugus, allowing the rapid identification of immune genes. Although bats appear to share most features of the immune system with other mammals, several studies have reported qualitative and quantitative differences in the immune responses of bats. These observations warrant further investigation to determine whether such differences are associated with the asymptomatic nature of viral infections in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia.
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Papenfuss AT, Baker ML, Feng ZP, Tachedjian M, Crameri G, Cowled C, Ng J, Janardhana V, Field HE, Wang LF. The immune gene repertoire of an important viral reservoir, the Australian black flying fox. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:261. [PMID: 22716473 PMCID: PMC3436859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are the natural reservoir host for a range of emerging and re-emerging viruses, including SARS-like coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, henipaviruses and Rabies viruses. However, the mechanisms responsible for the control of viral replication in bats are not understood and there is little information available on any aspect of antiviral immunity in bats. Massively parallel sequencing of the bat transcriptome provides the opportunity for rapid gene discovery. Although the genomes of one megabat and one microbat have now been sequenced to low coverage, no transcriptomic datasets have been reported from any bat species. In this study, we describe the immune transcriptome of the Australian flying fox, Pteropus alecto, providing an important resource for identification of genes involved in a range of activities including antiviral immunity. Results Towards understanding the adaptations that have allowed bats to coexist with viruses, we have de novo assembled transcriptome sequence from immune tissues and stimulated cells from P. alecto. We identified about 18,600 genes involved in a broad range of activities with the most highly expressed genes involved in cell growth and maintenance, enzyme activity, cellular components and metabolism and energy pathways. 3.5% of the bat transcribed genes corresponded to immune genes and a total of about 500 immune genes were identified, providing an overview of both innate and adaptive immunity. A small proportion of transcripts found no match with annotated sequences in any of the public databases and may represent bat-specific transcripts. Conclusions This study represents the first reported bat transcriptome dataset and provides a survey of expressed bat genes that complement existing bat genomic data. In addition, these data provide insight into genes relevant to the antiviral responses of bats, and form a basis for examining the roles of these molecules in immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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MacManes MD, Lacey EA. Is promiscuity associated with enhanced selection on MHC-DQα in mice (genus Peromyscus)? PLoS One 2012; 7:e37562. [PMID: 22649541 PMCID: PMC3359288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive behavior may play an important role in shaping selection on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes. For example, the number of sexual partners that an individual has may affect exposure to sexually transmitted pathogens, with more partners leading to greater exposure and, hence, potentially greater selection for variation at MHC loci. To explore this hypothesis, we examined the strength of selection on exon 2 of the MHC-DQα locus in two species of Peromyscus. While the California mouse (P. californicus) is characterized by lifetime social and genetic monogamy, the deer mouse (P. maniculatus) is socially and genetically promiscuous; consistent with these differences in mating behavior, the diversity of bacteria present within the reproductive tracts of females is significantly greater for P. maniculatus. To test the prediction that more reproductive partners and exposure to a greater range of sexually transmitted pathogens are associated with enhanced diversifying selection on genes responsible for immune function, we compared patterns and levels of diversity at the Class II MHC-DQα locus in sympatric populations of P. maniculatus and P. californicus. Using likelihood based analyses, we show that selection is enhanced in the promiscuous P. maniculatus. This study is the first to compare the strength of selection in wild sympatric rodents with known differences in pathogen milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D MacManes
- Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
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Schad J, Dechmann DKN, Voigt CC, Sommer S. Evidence for the 'good genes' model: association of MHC class II DRB alleles with ectoparasitism and reproductive state in the neotropical lesser bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37101. [PMID: 22615910 PMCID: PMC3353892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has a major impact on parasite resistance and life history strategies. Immunological defence is costly both in terms of immediate activation and long-term maintenance. The 'good genes' model predicts that males with genotypes that promote a good disease resistance have the ability to allocate more resources to reproductive effort which favours the transmission of good alleles into future generations. Our study shows a correlation between immune gene constitution (Major Histocompatibility Complex, MHC class II DRB), ectoparasite loads (ticks and bat flies) and the reproductive state in a neotropical bat, Noctilio albiventris. Infestation rates with ectoparasites were linked to specific Noal-DRB alleles, differed among roosts, increased with body size and co-varied with reproductive state particularly in males. Non-reproductive adult males were more infested with ectoparasites than reproductively active males, and they had more often an allele (Noal-DRB*02) associated with a higher tick infestation than reproductively active males or subadults. We conclude that the individual immune gene constitution affects ectoparasite susceptibility, and contributes to fitness relevant trade-offs in male N. albiventris as suggested by the 'good genes' model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schad
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Evolutionary Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dina K. N. Dechmann
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christian C. Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Evolutionary Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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Independent evolution of functional MHC class II DRB genes in New World bat species. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:535-47. [PMID: 22426641 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a pivotal role in the vertebrate immune system and are attractive markers for functional, fitness-related, genetic variation. Although bats (Chiroptera) represent the second largest mammalian order and are prone to various emerging infectious diseases, little is known about MHC evolution in bats. In the present study, we examined expressed MHC class II DRB sequences (exons 1 to 4) of New World bat species, Saccopteryx bilineata, Carollia perspicillata, Noctilio albiventris and Noctilio leporinus (only exon 2). We found a wide range of copy number variation of DRB loci with one locus detected in the genus Noctilio and up to ten functional loci observed in S. bilineata. Sequence variation between alleles of the same taxa was high with evidence for positive selection. We found statistical support for recombination or gene conversion events among sequences within the same but not between bat species. Phylogenetic relationships among DRB alleles provided strong evidence for independent evolution of the functional MHC class II DRB genes in the three investigated species, either by recent gene duplication, or homogenization of duplicated loci by frequent gene conversion events. Phylogenetic analysis of all available chiropteran DRB exon 2 sequences confirmed their monophyletic origin within families, but revealed a possible trans-species mode of evolution pattern in congeneric bat species, e.g. within the genera Noctilio and Myotis. This is the first study investigating phylogenetic relationships of MHC genes within bats and therefore contributes to a better understanding of MHC evolution in one of the most dominant mammalian order.
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Meng Z, Yang S, Fan B, Wang L, Lin H. Genetic variation and balancing selection at MHC class II exon 2 in cultured stocks and wild populations of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3869-81. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.november.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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