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Haag CR. Loss of sex in brown algae. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02497-3. [PMID: 39152326 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
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2
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Hoshino M, Cossard G, Haas FB, Kane EI, Kogame K, Jomori T, Wakimoto T, Glemin S, Coelho SM. Parallel loss of sexual reproduction in field populations of a brown alga sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the emergence of asexuality. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02490-w. [PMID: 39152327 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is widespread, but asexual lineages have repeatedly arisen from sexual ancestors across a wide range of eukaryotic taxa. The molecular changes underpinning the switch to asexuality remain elusive, particularly in organisms with haploid sexual systems. Here we explore independent events of loss of sex in the brown alga Scytosiphon, examine the proximate and evolutionary mechanisms involved, and test the importance of sexual conflict on gene expression changes following loss of sex. We find that asexual females ('Amazons') lose ability to produce sex pheromone and, consequently, are incapable of attracting males, whereas they gain rapid parthenogenic development from large, unfertilized eggs. These phenotypic changes are accompanied by convergent changes in gene expression. Decay of female functions, rather than relaxation of sexual antagonism, may be a dominant force at play during the emergence of asexuality in haploid sexual systems. Moreover, we show that haploid purifying selection plays a key role in limiting the accumulation of deleterious alleles in Amazons, and we identify an autosomal locus associated with the Amazon phenotype. The sex chromosome, together with this autosomal locus, may underlie the switch to obligate asexuality in the Amazon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hoshino
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nadaku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Guillaume Cossard
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emma I Kane
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Kogame
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Jomori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Sylvain Glemin
- Laboratoire ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553, CNRS, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Huguet MD, Robin S, Hudaverdian S, Tanguy S, Leterme-Prunier N, Cloteau R, Baulande S, Legoix-Né P, Legeai F, Simon JC, Jaquiéry J, Tagu D, Le Trionnaire G. Transcriptomic basis of sex loss in the pea aphid. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:202. [PMID: 38383295 PMCID: PMC10882735 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are common in eukaryotes, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. The pea aphid-Acyrthosiphon pisum-exhibits reproductive polymorphism, with cyclical parthenogenetic and obligate parthenogenetic lineages, offering an opportunity to decipher the genetic basis of sex loss. Previous work on this species identified a single 840 kb region controlling reproductive polymorphism and carrying 32 genes. With the aim of identifying the gene(s) responsible for sex loss and the resulting consequences on the genetic programs controlling sexual or asexual embryogenesis, we compared the transcriptomic response to photoperiod shortening-the main sex-inducing cue-of a sexual and an obligate asexual lineage of the pea aphid, focusing on heads (where the photoperiodic cue is detected) and embryos (the final target of the cue). RESULTS Our analyses revealed that four genes (one expressed in the head, and three in the embryos) of the region responded differently to photoperiod in the two lineages. We also found that the downstream genetic programs expressed during embryonic development of a future sexual female encompass ∼1600 genes, among which miRNAs, piRNAs and histone modification pathways are overrepresented. These genes mainly co-localize in two genomic regions enriched in transposable elements (TEs). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the causal polymorphism(s) in the 840 kb region somehow impair downstream epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulations in obligate asexual lineages, thereby sustaining asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Huguet
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - S Robin
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Genscale, Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - S Hudaverdian
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - S Tanguy
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - N Leterme-Prunier
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - R Cloteau
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - S Baulande
- Centre de Recherche, Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - P Legoix-Né
- Centre de Recherche, Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - F Legeai
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Genscale, Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - J-C Simon
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - J Jaquiéry
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - D Tagu
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France
| | - G Le Trionnaire
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Le Rheu, 35653, France.
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Wu YT, Hu XS, Wu MC, Yao WY, Xu XL. Morph-specific fitness throughout the life cycle of the grain aphid, nonhost-alternating, holocyclic Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:658-664. [PMID: 37545351 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Aphids exhibit seasonally alternating asexual and sexual reproductive modes. Different morphs are produced throughout the life cycle. To evaluate morph-specific fitness during reproductive switching, holocyclic Sitobion avenae were induced continuously under short light conditions, and development and reproduction were compared in each morph. Seven morphs, including apterous and alate virginoparae, apterous and alate sexuparae, oviparae, males, and fundatrices, were produced during the life cycle. The greatest proportions of sexuparae, oviparae, males, and virginoparae were in the G1, G2, G3, and G4 generations, respectively. Regardless of asexual or sexual morphs, alate morphs exhibited a marked delay in age at maturity compared with that of apterous morphs. Among the alate morphs, males had the longest age at maturity, followed by sexuparae and virginoparae. Among the apterous morphs, sexuparae were older at maturity than the fundatrices, virginoparae, and oviparae. The nymphs of each morph had equal survival potentials. For the same wing morphs, apterous sexuparae and oviparae exhibited substantial delays in the pre-reproductive period and considerable reductions in fecundity, compared with those of apterous virginoparae and fundatrices, whereas alate sexuparae and alate virginoparae had similar fecundity. The seven morphs exhibited Deevey I survivorship throughout the life cycle. These results suggest that sexual production, particularly in males, has short-term development and reproduction costs. The coexistence of sexual and asexual morphs in sexuparae offspring may be regarded as an adaptive strategy for limiting the risk of low fitness in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Chu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang-Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwestern Loess Plateau Crops Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Rimbault M, Legeai F, Peccoud J, Mieuzet L, Call E, Nouhaud P, Defendini H, Mahéo F, Marande W, Théron N, Tagu D, Le Trionnaire G, Simon JC, Jaquiéry J. Contrasting Evolutionary Patterns Between Sexual and Asexual Lineages in a Genomic Region Linked to Reproductive Mode Variation in the pea aphid. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad168. [PMID: 37717171 PMCID: PMC10538257 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although asexual lineages evolved from sexual lineages in many different taxa, the genetics of sex loss remains poorly understood. We addressed this issue in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, whose natural populations encompass lineages performing cyclical parthenogenesis (CP) and producing one sexual generation per year, as well as obligate parthenogenetic (OP) lineages that can no longer produce sexual females but can still produce males. An SNP-based, whole-genome scan of CP and OP populations sequenced in pools (103 individuals from 6 populations) revealed that an X-linked region is associated with the variation in reproductive mode. This 840-kb region is highly divergent between CP and OP populations (FST = 34.9%), with >2,000 SNPs or short Indels showing a high degree of association with the phenotypic trait. In OP populations specifically, this region also shows reduced diversity and Tajima's D, consistent with the OP phenotype being a derived trait in aphids. Interestingly, the low genetic differentiation between CP and OP populations at the rest of the genome (FST = 2.5%) suggests gene flow between them. Males from OP lineages thus likely transmit their op allele to new genomic backgrounds. These genetic exchanges, combined with the selection of the OP and CP reproductive modes under different climates, probably contribute to the long-term persistence of the cp and op alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Rimbault
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
- University of Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Jean Peccoud
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7267 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers CEDEX 9, France
| | - Lucie Mieuzet
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Elsa Call
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Pierre Nouhaud
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Defendini
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédérique Mahéo
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - William Marande
- French Plant Genomic Resource Center, INRAE-CNRGV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Théron
- French Plant Genomic Resource Center, INRAE-CNRGV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Denis Tagu
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Gaël Le Trionnaire
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
| | - Julie Jaquiéry
- INRAE, UMR 1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Le Rheu, France
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6
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Molinier C, Lenormand T, Haag CR. No recombination suppression in asexually produced males of Daphnia pulex. Evolution 2023; 77:1987-1999. [PMID: 37345677 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Obligate parthenogenesis (OP) is often thought to evolve by disruption of reductional meiosis and suppression of crossover recombination. In the crustacean Daphnia pulex, OP lineages, which have evolved from cyclical parthenogenetic (CP) ancestors, occasionally produce males that are capable of reductional meiosis. Here, by constructing high-density linkage maps, we find that these males show only slightly and nonsignificantly reduced recombination rates compared to CP males and females. Both meiosis disruption and recombination suppression are therefore sex-limited (or partly so), which speaks against the evolution of OP by disruption of a gene that is essential for meiosis or recombination in both sexes. The findings may be explained by female-limited action of genes that suppress recombination, but previously identified candidate genes are known to be expressed in both sexes. Alternatively, and equally consistent with the data, OP might have evolved through a reuse of the parthenogenesis pathways already present in CP and through their extension to all events of oogenesis. The causal mutations for the CP to OP transition may therefore include mutations in genes involved in oogenesis regulation and may not necessarily be restricted to genes of the "meiosis toolkit." More generally, our study emphasizes that there are many ways to achieve asexuality, and elucidating the possible mechanisms is key to ultimately identify the genes and traits involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Molinier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
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7
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Defendini H, Rimbault M, Mahéo F, Cloteau R, Denis G, Mieuzet L, Outreman Y, Simon JC, Jaquiéry J. Evolutionary consequences of loss of sexual reproduction on male-related traits in parthenogenetic lineages of the pea aphid. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:3672-3685. [PMID: 37143321 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transition from sexual reproduction to parthenogenesis constitutes a major life-history change with deep evolutionary consequences for sex-related traits, which are expected to decay. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum shows intraspecific reproductive polymorphism, with cold-resistant cyclically parthenogenetic (CP) lineages that alternate sexual and asexual generations and cold-sensitive obligately parthenogenetic (OP) lineages that produce only asexual females but still males. Here, the genotyping of 219 pea aphid lineages collected in cold-winter and mild-winter regions revealed contrasting population structures. Samples from cold-winter regions consisted mostly of distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs) usually represented by a single sample (101 different MLGs for 111 samples) and were all phenotyped as CP. In contrast, fewer MLGs were found in mild-winter regions (28 MLGs for 108 samples), all but one being OP. Since the males produced by OP lineages are unlikely to pass on their genes (sexual females being rare in mild-winter regions), we tested the hypothesis that their traits could degenerate due to lack of selection by comparing male production and male reproductive success between OP and CP lineages. Male production was indeed reduced in OP lineages, but a less clear pattern was observed for male reproductive success: females mated with OP males laid fewer eggs (fertilized or not) but OP and CP males fertilized the same proportion of eggs. These differences may stem from the type of selective forces: male production may be counter-selected whereas male performances may evolve under the slower process of relaxed selection. The overall effective reproductive capacity of OP males could result from recent sex loss in OP lineages or underestimated reproductive opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Defendini
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Maud Rimbault
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédérique Mahéo
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Romuald Cloteau
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Gaëtan Denis
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Lucie Mieuzet
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Yannick Outreman
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Julie Jaquiéry
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
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8
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Chen J, Du X, Xu X, Zhang S, Yao L, He X, Wang Y. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Provides New Insights into the Molecular Basis of Thermal-Induced Parthenogenesis in Silkworm ( Bombyx mori). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020134. [PMID: 36835703 PMCID: PMC9962255 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Artificial parthenogenetic induction via thermal stimuli in silkworm is an important technique that has been used in sericultural production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying it remains largely unknown. We have created a fully parthenogenetic line (PL) with more than 85% occurrence and 80% hatching rate via hot water treatment and genetic selection, while the parent amphigenetic line (AL) has less than 30% pigmentation rate and less than 1% hatching rate when undergoing the same treatment. Here, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based analysis were used to investigate the key proteins and pathways associated with silkworm parthenogenesis. We uncovered the unique proteomic features of unfertilized eggs in PL. In total, 274 increased abundance proteins and 211 decreased abundance proteins were identified relative to AL before thermal induction. Function analysis displayed an increased level of translation and metabolism in PL. After thermal induction, 97 increased abundance proteins and 187 decreased abundance proteins were identified. An increase in stress response-related proteins and decrease in energy metabolism suggested that PL has a more effective response to buffer the thermal stress than AL. Cell cycle-related proteins, including histones, and spindle-related proteins were decreased in PL, indicating an important role of this decrease in the process of ameiotic parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jine Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xin Du
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lusong Yao
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiuling He
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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9
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Khan Z, Khan MS, Bawazeer S, Bawazeer N, Suleman, Irfan M, Rauf A, Su XH, Xing LX. A comprehensive review on the documented characteristics of four Reticulitermes termites (Rhinotermitidae, Blattodea) of China. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 84:e256354. [PMID: 35319619 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.256354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites are known as social insects worldwide. Presently in China 473 species, 44 genera and 4 families of termites have been reported. Of them, 111 Reticulitermes species are widely spread in different zones of China. The dispersion flight season of these Chinese Reticulitermes species are usually started from February to June, but in some regions different species are distributed, sharing their boundaries and having overlapping flight seasons. These reasons become important sources of hybridization between two different heterospecific populations of termites. It was confirmed that the fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs of some Reticulitermes termites have the capacity of cleavage. While the unfertilized eggs of R. aculabialis, R. chinensis and R. labralis cleaved normally and the only R. aculabialis unfertilized eggs develop in embryos. While, the R. flaviceps and R. chinensis were observed with their abnormal embryonic development, and not hatching of eggs parthenogenetically. They were reported more threatening to Chinese resources as they propagate with parthenogenesis, hybridization and sexual reproduction. Eggshell and macrophiles of eggs play important roles in species identification and control. Although, they are severe pests and cause a wide range of damages to wooden structures and products in homes, buildings, building materials, trees, crops, and forests in China's Mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khan
- Northwest University, College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, China.,University of Swabi, Zoology Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M S Khan
- University of Swabi, Zoology Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S Bawazeer
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - N Bawazeer
- Minister of Interior General Directorate of Prison's Health, Pharmacy Department, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suleman
- University of Swabi, Zoology Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M Irfan
- Abdul Wali Khan University, Department of Botany, Mardan, Pakistan.,University of Swabi, Department of Botany, Swabi, Pakistan.,Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - A Rauf
- University of Swabi, Department of Chemistry, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - X-H Su
- Northwest University, College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, China.,Northwest University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Xi'an, China.,Northwest University, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Xi'an, China
| | - L-X Xing
- Northwest University, College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, China.,Northwest University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Xi'an, China.,Northwest University, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Xi'an, China
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10
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Huylmans AK, Macon A, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. Transitions to asexuality and evolution of gene expression in Artemia brine shrimp. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211720. [PMID: 34547909 PMCID: PMC8456138 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While sexual reproduction is widespread among many taxa, asexual lineages have repeatedly evolved from sexual ancestors. Despite extensive research on the evolution of sex, it is still unclear whether this switch represents a major transition requiring major molecular reorganization, and how convergent the changes involved are. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationship and patterns of gene expression of sexual and asexual lineages of Eurasian Artemia brine shrimp, to assess how gene expression patterns are affected by the transition to asexuality. We find only a few genes that are consistently associated with the evolution of asexuality, suggesting that this shift may not require an extensive overhauling of the meiotic machinery. While genes with sex-biased expression have high rates of expression divergence within Eurasian Artemia, neither female- nor male-biased genes appear to show unusual evolutionary patterns after sexuality is lost, contrary to theoretical expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Huylmans
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Ariana Macon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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11
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Singh KS, Cordeiro EMG, Troczka BJ, Pym A, Mackisack J, Mathers TC, Duarte A, Legeai F, Robin S, Bielza P, Burrack HJ, Charaabi K, Denholm I, Figueroa CC, ffrench-Constant RH, Jander G, Margaritopoulos JT, Mazzoni E, Nauen R, Ramírez CC, Ren G, Stepanyan I, Umina PA, Voronova NV, Vontas J, Williamson MS, Wilson ACC, Xi-Wu G, Youn YN, Zimmer CT, Simon JC, Hayward A, Bass C. Global patterns in genomic diversity underpinning the evolution of insecticide resistance in the aphid crop pest Myzus persicae. Commun Biol 2021; 4:847. [PMID: 34234279 PMCID: PMC8263593 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aphid Myzus persicae is a destructive agricultural pest that displays an exceptional ability to develop resistance to both natural and synthetic insecticides. To investigate the evolution of resistance in this species we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly and living panel of >110 fully sequenced globally sampled clonal lines. Our analyses reveal a remarkable diversity of resistance mutations segregating in global populations of M. persicae. We show that the emergence and spread of these mechanisms is influenced by host-plant associations, uncovering the widespread co-option of a host-plant adaptation that also offers resistance against synthetic insecticides. We identify both the repeated evolution of independent resistance mutations at the same locus, and multiple instances of the evolution of novel resistance mechanisms against key insecticides. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the genomic responses of global insect populations to strong selective forces, and hold practical relevance for the control of pests and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Saurabh Singh
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Erick M. G. Cordeiro
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz,”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Bartlomiej J. Troczka
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Adam Pym
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Joanna Mackisack
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Thomas C. Mathers
- grid.14830.3e0000 0001 2175 7246Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | | | | | - Pablo Bielza
- grid.218430.c0000 0001 2153 2602Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Hannah J. Burrack
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Kamel Charaabi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies, National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Ariana Tunisia
| | - Ian Denholm
- grid.5846.f0000 0001 2161 9644Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Christian C. Figueroa
- grid.10999.380000 0001 0036 2536Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Richard H. ffrench-Constant
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Georg Jander
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XBoyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - John T. Margaritopoulos
- Department of Plant Protection at Volos, Institute of Industrial and Fodder Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization ‘DEMETER’, Volos, Greece
| | - Emanuele Mazzoni
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ralf Nauen
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
| | - Claudio C. Ramírez
- grid.10999.380000 0001 0036 2536Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Guangwei Ren
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ilona Stepanyan
- grid.418094.00000 0001 1146 7878Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Science, Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Paul A. Umina
- Cesar, Parkville, Victoria Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Nina V. Voronova
- grid.17678.3f0000 0001 1092 255XThe Department of General Ecology and Methods of Biology Teaching, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - John Vontas
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece ,grid.10985.350000 0001 0794 1186Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martin S. Williamson
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Alex C. C. Wilson
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - Gao Xi-Wu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Young-Nam Youn
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Applied Biology, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Christoph T. Zimmer
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK ,grid.420222.40000 0001 0669 0426Present Address: Syngenta Crop Protection, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Alex Hayward
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
| | - Chris Bass
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall UK
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12
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Basu S, Clark RE, Fu Z, Lee BW, Crowder DW. Insect alarm pheromones in response to predators: Ecological trade-offs and molecular mechanisms. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 128:103514. [PMID: 33359575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect alarm pheromones are chemical substances that are synthesized and released in response to predators to reduce predation risk. Alarm pheromones can also be perceived by predators, who take advantage of alarm cues to locate prey. While selection favors evolution of alarm pheromone signals that are not easily detectable by predators, predator evolution selects for better prey detection ability. Here, we review the diversity of alarm signals, and consider the behavioral and ecological conditions under which they have evolved. We show that components of alarm pheromones are similar across many insects, although aphids exhibit different behavioral responses to alarm cues compared to social insects. The effects of alarm pheromones on prey behavior depend on factors such as the concentration of pheromones and the density of conspecifics. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of alarm pheromone perception underlying the evolutionary arms race between predators and prey, and the function of olfactory proteins and receptors in particular. Our review provides a novel synthesis of the diversity and function of insect alarm pheromones, while suggesting avenues that might better allow researchers to exploit population-level responses to alarm signaling for the sustainable management of pests and vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Robert E Clark
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Zhen Fu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin W Lee
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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13
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Jacques S, Sperschneider J, Garg G, Thatcher LF, Gao LL, Kamphuis LG, Singh KB. A functional genomics approach to dissect spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in Medicago truncatula. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22159. [PMID: 33335168 PMCID: PMC7746763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are virus-spreading insect pests affecting crops worldwide and their fast population build-up and insecticide resistance make them problematic to control. Here, we aim to understand the molecular basis of spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) or Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata resistance in Medicago truncatula, a model organism for legume species. We compared susceptible and resistant near isogenic Medicago lines upon SAA feeding via transcriptome sequencing. Expression of genes involved in defense and stress responses, protein kinase activity and DNA binding were enriched in the resistant line. Potentially underlying some of these changes in gene expression was the finding that members of the MYB, NAC, AP2 domain and ERF transcription factor gene families were differentially expressed in the resistant versus susceptible lines. A TILLING population created in the resistant cultivar was screened using exome capture sequencing and served as a reverse genetics tool to functionally characterise genes involved in the aphid resistance response. This screening revealed three transcription factors (a NAC, AP2 domain and ERF) as important regulators in the defence response, as a premature stop-codon in the resistant background led to a delay in aphid mortality and enhanced plant susceptibility. This combined functional genomics approach will facilitate the future development of pest resistant crops by uncovering candidate target genes that can convey enhanced aphid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Jacques
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Gagan Garg
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | | | - Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia. .,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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14
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Tian R, Huang Y, Balakrishnan B, Chen M. Gene Expression Profiling Indicated Diverse Functions and Characteristics of Core Genes in Pea Aphid. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030186. [PMID: 32183501 PMCID: PMC7142545 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pea aphid is a global insect pest, and variable phenotypes can be produced by pea aphids in the same genotype in response to changes in external environmental factors. However, detailed dynamic gene regulation networks and the core markers involved in different biological processes of pea aphids have not yet been reported. In this study, we obtained the published genomic and transcriptomic data, and performed transcriptome profiling of five pea aphid morphs (winged asexual female, wingless asexual female, wingless sexual female, winged male and wingless male) from each of three pea aphid genotypes, i.e., the transcriptomes from a total of 15 types of pea aphids were analyzed and the type-specific expression of genes in five different morphs was identified. The expression profiling was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. Moreover, we determined the expression features and co-expression networks of highly variable genes. We also used the ARACNe method to obtain 263 core genes related to different biological pathways. Additionally, eight of the identified genes were aligned with transcription factor families, indicating that they act as transcription factors and regulate downstream genes. Furthermore, we found reliable markers using random forest methodology to distinguish different morphs of pea aphids. Our study provides a systematic and comprehensive approach for analyzing the core genes that may play important roles in a multitude of biological processes from the insect transcriptomes.
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15
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Wang D, Shi X, Liu D, Yang Y, Shang Z. Genetic Divergence of Two Sitobion avenae Biotypes on Barley and Wheat in China. INSECTS 2020; 11:E117. [PMID: 32054103 PMCID: PMC7073604 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Host plant affinity and geographic distance can play critical roles in the genetic divergence of insect herbivores and evolution of insect biotypes, but their relative importance in the divergence of insect populations is still poorly understood. We used microsatellite markers to test the effects of host plant species and geographic distance on divergence of two biotypes of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). We found that clones of S. avenae from western provinces (i.e., Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and Shaanxi) had significantly higher genetic diversity than those from eastern provinces (i.e., Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Zhejiang and Jiangsu), suggesting their differentiation between both areas. Based on genetic diversity and distance estimates, biotype 1 clones of eastern provinces showed high genetic divergence from those of western provinces in many cases. Western clones of S. avenae also showed higher genetic divergence among themselves than eastern clones. The Mantel test identified a significant isolation-by-distance (IBD) effect among different geographic populations of S. avenae, providing additional evidence for a critical role of geography in the genetic structure of both S. avenae biotypes. Genetic differentiation (i.e., FST) between the two biotypes was low in all provinces except Shaanxi. Surprisingly, in our analyses of molecular variance, non-significant genetic differentiation between both biotypes or between barley and wheat clones of S. avenae was identified, showing little contribution of host-plant associated differentiation to the divergence of both biotypes in this aphid. Thus, it is highly likely that the divergence of the two S. avenae biotypes involved more geographic isolation and selection of some form than host plant affinity. Our study can provide insights into understanding of genetic structure of insect populations and the divergence of insect biotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqin Shi
- Department of Foreign Languages, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Deguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheming Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (D.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.S.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Abstract
The absence of a paternal contribution in an unfertilized ovum presents two developmental constraints against the evolution of parthenogenesis. We discuss the constraint caused by the absence of a centrosome and the one caused by the missing set of chromosomes and how they have been broken in specific taxa. They are examples of only a few well-underpinned examples of developmental constraints acting at macro-evolutionary scales in animals. Breaking of the constraint of the missing chromosomes is the best understood and generally involves rare occasions of drastic changes of meiosis. These drastic changes can be best explained by having been induced, or at least facilitated, by sudden cytological events (e.g., repeated rounds of hybridization, endosymbiont infections, and contagious infections). Once the genetic and developmental machinery is in place for regular or obligate parthenogenesis, shifts to other types of parthenogenesis can apparently rather easily evolve, for example, from facultative to obligate parthenogenesis, or from pseudoarrhenotoky to haplodiploidy. We argue that the combination of the two developmental constraints forms a near-absolute barrier against the gradual evolution from sporadic to obligate or regular facultative parthenogenesis, which can probably explain why the occurrence of the highly advantageous mode of regular facultative parthenogenesis is so rare and entirely absent in vertebrates.
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17
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Dedryver CA, Bonhomme J, Le Gallic JF, Simon JC. Differences in egg hatching time between cyclical and obligate parthenogenetic lineages of aphids. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:135-141. [PMID: 28608995 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many aphid species exhibit a variation in reproductive mode which is influenced by winter climate regimes, with cyclical parthenogenetic (CP) lines dominating in cold winter areas (because they produce cold-resistant eggs) and obligate parthenogenetic (OP) ones in mild winter regions (because of their parthenogenetic overwintering). Genetic studies on several aphid species have shown that the OP trait can be transmitted during sexual events involving the 2 types of lines. This genetic system could be considered as a local safeguarding mechanism for OP alleles in case severe frost would have killed all parthenogenetically overwintering individuals. However, this strategy would only be efficient in restoring local polymorphism in breeding systems if the newly hatched OP recombinants remain competitive over their CP counterparts. In this study we compared egg hatching sequences of CP and OP F1 clones from several crosses obtained for 2 cereal aphid species, Sitobion avenae (constant 5 °C, 8 h of light) and Rhopalosiphum padi (winter outdoor conditions). For S. avenae, we obtained F1 offspring from 6 crosses, involving 4 clones while in R. padi F1 were obtained from 11 crosses involving 14 clones. We showed that in both species proportions of OP clones were higher in the first half of the progeny relative to the second half. In addition, F1 OP clones hatched in the mean about a week earlier than their CP sibs, which gives them a demographic advantage at the start of the growth season. We then discussed the consequences of this fitness advantage for the maintenance and spread of the OP trait in aphid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Antoine Dedryver
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IGEPP 1349, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - Joël Bonhomme
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IGEPP 1349, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Le Gallic
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IGEPP 1349, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IGEPP 1349, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu cedex, France
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18
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Figueroa CC, Fuentes-Contreras E, Molina-Montenegro MA, Ramírez CC. Biological and genetic features of introduced aphid populations in agroecosystems. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:63-68. [PMID: 29764662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In agroecosystems, introduced aphids that reproduce by obligate parthenogenesis (OP) show strong biased representation of a few genotypes (superclones), whereas species with cyclical parthenogenesis (CP) exhibit the opposite trend with many unique genotypes. We analyzed the biological and genetic features of 23 different aphid species introduced in different geographic areas and climates, finding putative superclones in about 60% of them. We have examined the proximal causes for aphid establishment and spread after their introduction, and found that OP, host availability, and phenotypic plasticity are among the main variables underpinning the ability of aphids to succeed in new geographic areas, which may explain the high potential for invasion in this group of pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca, Chile
| | - Marco A Molina-Montenegro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudio C Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca, Chile
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19
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Stelzer CP, Lehtonen J. Diapause and maintenance of facultative sexual reproductive strategies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150536. [PMID: 27619700 PMCID: PMC5031621 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Facultative sex combines sexual and asexual reproduction in the same individual (or clone) and allows for a large diversity of life-history patterns regarding the timing, frequency and intensity of sexual episodes. In addition, other life-history traits such as a diapause stage may become linked to sex. Here, we develop a matrix modelling framework for addressing the cost of sex in facultative sexuals, in constant, periodic and stochastically fluctuating environments. The model is parametrized using life-history data from Brachionus calyciflorus, a facultative sexual rotifer in which sex and diapause are linked. Sexual propensity was an important driver of costs in constant environments, in which high costs (always > onefold, and sometimes > twofold) indicated that asexuals should outcompete facultative sexuals. By contrast, stochastic environments with high temporal autocorrelation favoured facultative sex over obligate asex, in particular, if the penalty to fecundity in 'bad' environments was large. In such environments, obligate asexuals were constrained by their life cycle length (i.e. time from birth to last reproductive adult age class), which determined an upper limit to the number of consecutive bad periods they could tolerate. Nevertheless, when facultative asexuals with different sexual propensities competed simultaneously against each other and asex, the lowest sex propensity was the most successful in stochastic environments with positive autocorrelation. Our results suggest that a highly specific mechanism (i.e. diapause linked to sex) can alone stabilize facultative sex in these animals, and protect it from invasion of both asexual and pure sexual strategies.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Peter Stelzer
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Zhang YN, Zhu XY, Wang WP, Wang Y, Wang L, Xu XX, Zhang K, Deng DG. Reproductive switching analysis of Daphnia similoides between sexual female and parthenogenetic female by transcriptome comparison. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34241. [PMID: 27671106 PMCID: PMC5037449 DOI: 10.1038/srep34241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The water flea Daphnia are planktonic crustaceans commonly found in freshwater environment that can switch their reproduction mode from parthenogenesis to sexual reproduction to adapt to the external environment. As such, Daphnia are great model organisms to study the mechanism of reproductive switching, the underlying mechanism of reproduction and development in cladocerans and other animals. However, little is known about the Daphnia's reproductive behaviour at a molecular level. We constructed a genetic database of the genes expressed in a sexual female (SF) and a parthenogenetic female (PF) of D. similoides using Illumina HiSeq 2500. A total of 1,763 differentially expressed genes (865 up- and 898 down-regulated) were detected in SF. Of the top 30 up-regulated SF unigenes, the top 4 unigenes belonged to the Chitin_bind_4 family. In contrast, of the top down-regulated SF unigenes, the top 3 unigenes belonged to the Vitellogenin_N family. This is the first study to indicate genes that may have a crucial role in reproductive switching of D. similoides, which could be used as candidate genes for further functional studies. Thus, this study provides a rich resource for investigation and elucidation of reproductive switching in D. similoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Wen-Ping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Dao-Gui Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
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21
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Ali S, Soubeyrand S, Gladieux P, Giraud T, Leconte M, Gautier A, Mboup M, Chen W, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Enjalbert J. cloncase: Estimation of sex frequency and effective population size by clonemate resampling in partially clonal organisms. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 16:845-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- UMR1290, BIOGER; INRA-AgroParisTech; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; the University of Agriculture, Peshawar; 25000 Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Samuel Soubeyrand
- UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes; INRA; 84914 Avignon France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; 91400 Orsay France
- UMR385 Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite; CIRAD; INRA; F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; 91400 Orsay France
| | - Marc Leconte
- UMR1290, BIOGER; INRA-AgroParisTech; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Angélique Gautier
- UMR1290, BIOGER; INRA-AgroParisTech; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Mamadou Mboup
- DuPont de Nemours (France) SAS Crop Protection - European Research & Development Center; 24, rue du Moulin 68740 Nambsheim France
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
| | | | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; 91400 Orsay France
- GQE - Le Moulon; INRA; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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22
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Detection of Gene Flow from Sexual to Asexual Lineages in Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138353. [PMID: 26375283 PMCID: PMC4573522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of Thrips tabaci are known to have two sympatric but genetically isolated reproductive modes, arrhenotoky (sexual reproduction) and thelytoky (asexual reproduction). Herein, we report behavioral, ecological and genetic studies to determine whether there is gene flow between arrhenotokous and thelytokous T. tabaci. We did not detect significant preference by arrhenotokous males to mate with females of a particular reproductive mode, nor did we detect significant behavioral differences between arrhenotokous males mated with arrhenotokous or thelytokous females in their pre-copulation, copulation duration and mating frequency. Productive gene transfer resulting from the mating between the two modes was experimentally confirmed. Gene transfer from arrhenotokous T. tabaci to thelytokous T. tabaci was further validated by confirmation of the passage of the arrhenotokous male-originated nuclear gene (histone H3 gene) allele to the F2 generation. These behavioral, ecological and genetic studies confirmed gene transfer from the sexual arrhenotokous mode to the asexual thelytokous mode of T. tabaci in the laboratory. These results demonstrate that asexual T. tabaci populations may acquire genetic variability from sexual populations, which could offset the long-term disadvantage of asexual reproduction.
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23
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Jaquiéry J, Stoeckel S, Larose C, Nouhaud P, Rispe C, Mieuzet L, Bonhomme J, Mahéo F, Legeai F, Gauthier JP, Prunier-Leterme N, Tagu D, Simon JC. Genetic control of contagious asexuality in the pea aphid. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004838. [PMID: 25473828 PMCID: PMC4256089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although evolutionary transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are frequent in eukaryotes, the genetic bases of such shifts toward asexuality remain largely unknown. We addressed this issue in an aphid species where both sexual and obligate asexual lineages coexist in natural populations. These sexual and asexual lineages may occasionally interbreed because some asexual lineages maintain a residual production of males potentially able to mate with the females produced by sexual lineages. Hence, this species is an ideal model to study the genetic basis of the loss of sexual reproduction with quantitative genetic and population genomic approaches. Our analysis of the co-segregation of ∼ 300 molecular markers and reproductive phenotype in experimental crosses pinpointed an X-linked region controlling obligate asexuality, this state of character being recessive. A population genetic analysis (>400-marker genome scan) on wild sexual and asexual genotypes from geographically distant populations under divergent selection for reproductive strategies detected a strong signature of divergent selection in the genomic region identified by the experimental crosses. These population genetic data confirm the implication of the candidate region in the control of reproductive mode in wild populations originating from 700 km apart. Patterns of genetic differentiation along chromosomes suggest bidirectional gene flow between populations with distinct reproductive modes, supporting contagious asexuality as a prevailing route to permanent parthenogenesis in pea aphids. This genetic system provides new insights into the mechanisms of coexistence of sexual and asexual aphid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jaquiéry
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Chloé Larose
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Pierre Nouhaud
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Claude Rispe
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Lucie Mieuzet
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Joël Bonhomme
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédérique Mahéo
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
- INRIA Centre Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, GenOuest, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gauthier
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Nathalie Prunier-Leterme
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Denis Tagu
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
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24
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van der Kooi CJ, Schwander T. Evolution of asexuality via different mechanisms in grass thrips (thysanoptera: Aptinothrips). Evolution 2014; 68:1883-93. [PMID: 24627993 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asexual lineages can derive from sexual ancestors via different mechanisms and at variable rates, which affects the diversity of the asexual population and thereby its ecological success. We investigated the variation and evolution of reproductive systems in Aptinothrips, a genus of grass thrips comprising four species. Extensive population surveys and breeding experiments indicated sexual reproduction in A. elegans, asexuality in A. stylifer and A. karnyi, and both sexual and asexual lineages in A. rufus. Asexuality in A. stylifer and A. rufus coincides with a worldwide distribution, with sexual A. rufus lineages confined to a limited area. Inference of molecular phylogenies and antibiotic treatment revealed different causes of asexuality in different species. Asexuality in A. stylifer and A. karnyi has most likely genetic causes, while it is induced by endosymbionts in A. rufus. Endosymbiont-community characterization revealed presence of Wolbachia, and lack of other bacteria known to manipulate host reproduction. However, only 69% asexual A. rufus females are Wolbachia-infected, indicating that either an undescribed endosymbiont causes asexuality in this species or that Wolbachia was lost in several lineages that remained asexual. These results open new perspectives for studies on the maintenance of mixed sexual and asexual reproduction in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Neiman M, Sharbel TF, Schwander T. Genetic causes of transitions from sexual reproduction to asexuality in plants and animals. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1346-59. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Neiman
- Department of Biology; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
| | - T. F. Sharbel
- Apomixis Research Group; Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK); Gatersleben Germany
| | - T. Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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26
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Coexistence of sexual individuals and genetically isolated asexual counterparts in a thrips. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3286. [PMID: 24256637 PMCID: PMC3836029 DOI: 10.1038/srep03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is a paradoxical phenomenon because it is less efficient compared with asexual reproduction. To resolve this paradox we need a direct comparison between sexual and asexual forms. In many organisms, however, sexual and asexual forms do not occur in the same habitat, or at the same time. In a few cases where sexual and asexual forms are found in a single population, some (though rare) genetic exchange is usually detected between the two forms. When genetic exchange occurs a direct comparison is impossible. Here we investigate a thrips exhibiting both sexual and asexual forms (lineages) that are morphologically indistinguishable. We examine if the two forms are genetically isolated. Phylogeny based on nuclear genes confirms that the sexual and asexual lineages are genetically differentiated. Thus we demonstrate that the current system has certain advantages over existing and previously used model systems in the evolution of sexual reproduction.
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27
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Leonard JL. Williams' paradox and the role of phenotypic plasticity in sexual systems. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:671-88. [PMID: 23970358 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As George Williams pointed out in 1975, although evolutionary explanations, based on selection acting on individuals, have been developed for the advantages of simultaneous hermaphroditism, sequential hermaphroditism and gonochorism, none of these evolutionary explanations adequately explains the current distribution of these sexual systems within the Metazoa (Williams' Paradox). As Williams further pointed out, the current distribution of sexual systems is explained largely by phylogeny. Since 1975, we have made a great deal of empirical and theoretical progress in understanding sexual systems. However, we still lack a theory that explains the current distribution of sexual systems in animals and we do not understand the evolutionary transitions between hermaphroditism and gonochorism. Empirical data, collected over the past 40 years, demonstrate that gender may have more phenotypic plasticity than was previously realized. We know that not only sequential hermaphrodites, but also simultaneous hermaphrodites have phenotypic plasticity that alters sex allocation in response to social and environmental conditions. A focus on phenotypic plasticity suggests that one sees a continuum in animals between genetically determined gonochorism on the one hand and simultaneous hermaphroditism on the other, with various types of sequential hermaphroditism and environmental sex determination as points along the spectrum. Here I suggest that perhaps the reason we have been unable to resolve Williams' Paradox is because the problem was not correctly framed. First, because, for example, simultaneous hermaphroditism provides reproductive assurance or dioecy ensures outcrossing does not mean that there are no other evolutionary paths that can provide adaptive responses to those selective pressures. Second, perhaps the question we need to ask is: What selective forces favor increased versus reduced phenotypic plasticity in gender expression? It is time to begin to look at the question of sexual system as one of understanding the timing and degree of phenotypic plasticity in gender expression in the life history in terms of selection acting on a continuum, rather than on a set of discrete sexual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Leonard
- Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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