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Sakka MK, Mavridis K, Papapostolou KM, Riga M, Vontas J, Athanassiou CG. Development, application and evaluation of three novel TaqMan qPCR assays for phosphine resistance monitoring in major stored product pests Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:275-281. [PMID: 37671455 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKROUND Stored product protection from insect pests relies heavily on the use of phosphine. The most serious drawback of phosphine is the development of resistance in major stored product insects worldwide, including the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Two genetic loci are responsible for phosphine resistance: the rph1 (S349G mutation in the cyt-b5-r homolog) in T. castaneum and the rph2 (P45/49S mutation in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene) in T. castaneum and R. dominica. RESULTS In this study, we have developed and applied high-throughput, practical and specific molecular diagnostics (TaqMan qPCR) for monitoring mutations S349G, P45S and P49S. In our pilot monitoring application, we have included phosphine-resistant and susceptible populations from different parts of the world (USA, Australia, Brazil) and European strains from Greece and Serbia. Our results for the resistant T. castaneum showed a P45S mutant allele frequency (MAF) of 100% and 75.0% in the populations from Serbia and Brazil, respectively. Regarding the susceptible T. castaneum, P45S was detected in Greece (MAF = 62.5%) and was absent in Australia (MAF = 0.0%). Additionally, the S349G mutation was found to be fixed in all resistant populations, while it was also detected in susceptible ones (frequencies: 65.0% and 100.0%). The only case where both mutations were fixed (100%) was a resistant population from Serbia. In R. dominica, the P49S mutation was found only in the two resistant R. dominica populations from Serbia and Greece (50.0% and 100%) and was absent from the susceptible one from Greece; thus, P49S seems to be a satisfactory indicator for monitoring phosphine resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our P49S detection assay in R. dominica seems to be a viable option in this direction, yet its utilization needs additional large-scale confirmatory work. The identification of additional resistance markers also should be prioritized. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Sakka
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Maria Papapostolou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Riga
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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Nath A, Gadratagi BG, Maurya RP, Ullah F, Patil NB, Adak T, Govindharaj GPP, Ray A, Mahendiran A, Desneux N, Chandra Rath P. Sublethal phosphine fumigation induces transgenerational hormesis in a factitious host, Corcyra cephalonica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3548-3558. [PMID: 37183345 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a pest of stored grains and widely used as a factitious host during the mass rearing of several natural enemies of crop pests. Hormesis is well-documented in pest insects, to some extent in natural enemies of pests. RESULTS We report transgenerational stimulatory effects of the widely used fumigant, phosphine. The study reports the consequences of sublethal, low lethal and median lethal concentrations (LC5 , LC25 and LC50 ) and untreated control for two sequential generations of the species (G1 to G2 ). In this study, we investigated the life-history traits, nutrient reserves (protein, lipid and carbohydrate) and larval gut microbiome (using 16 s rRNA V3-V4 metagenomics sequencing) of C. cephalonica. Stimulatory effects were observed for various biological traits of C. cephalonica, notably adult longevity, emergence and increased egg hatchability when exposed to LC5 of phosphine. The total protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents of C. cephalonica also were found to be significantly increased by LC5 in both generations. The microbial diversity of LC5 treated larval gut was higher and found to be different from the rest of the treatments. This is the first report showing hormesis to a fumigant insecticide. CONCLUSION Our findings increase knowledge on the interaction between hormesis, nutrient reserves and gut bacteria in C. cephalonica exposed to insecticides. Overall, the present study establishes phosphine-induced hormesis at LC5 in the host C. cephalonica, which might help improve the quality of mass rearing of various natural enemies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Nath
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Ravi Prakash Maurya
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Naveenkumar B Patil
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Totan Adak
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Aishwarya Ray
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Annamalai Mahendiran
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Prakash Chandra Rath
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Deeksha MG, Nebapure SM, Kalia VK, Sagar D, Bhattacharya R, Dahuja A, Subramanian S. Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic frequency of phosphine resistance in select field populations of Tribolium castaneum from India. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6569-6578. [PMID: 37338735 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tribolium castaneum causes substantial damage to stored grains, leading to economic losses. The present study evaluates phosphine resistance in adult and larval stages of T. castaneum from north and northeast India, where continuous and long-term phosphine use in large-scale storage conditions intensifies resistance, posing risks to grain quality, safety, and industry profitability. METHODS AND RESULTS This study utilized T. castaneum bioassays and CAPS markers restriction digestion methodology to assess resistance. The phenotypic results indicated a lower LC50 value in larvae compared to adults, while the resistance ratio remained consistent across both stages. Similarly, the genotypic analysis revealed comparable resistance levels regardless of the developmental stage. We categorized the freshly collected populations based on resistance ratios, with Shillong showing weak resistance, Delhi and Sonipat displaying moderate resistance, and Karnal, Hapur, Moga, and Patiala exhibiting strong resistance to phosphine. Further validation by accessing findings and exploring the relationship between phenotypic and genotypic variations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This comprehensive study enhances our understanding of T. castaneum resistance levels, providing valuable insights for the development of targeted pest management strategies. CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the current phenotypic and genotypic resistance levels of T. castaneum in North and North East India. Understanding this is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies and future research on biological and physiological aspects of phosphine resistance in insects, enabling the formulation of effective management practices. Addressing phosphine resistance is vital for sustainable pest management and the long-term viability of the agricultural and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Deeksha
- Division of Entomology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Suresh M Nebapure
- Division of Entomology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vinay Kumari Kalia
- Division of Entomology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Doddachowdappa Sagar
- Division of Entomology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sabtharishi Subramanian
- Division of Entomology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Lacotte V, Dell'Aglio E, Peignier S, Benzaoui F, Heddi A, Rebollo R, Da Silva P. A comparative study revealed hyperspectral imaging as a potential standardized tool for the analysis of cuticle tanning over insect development. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13962. [PMID: 36895353 PMCID: PMC9988560 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal-feeding beetles are a major risk for cereal crop maintenance. Cereal weevils such as Sitophilus oryzae have symbiotic intracellular bacteria that provide essential aromatic amino acid to the host for the biosynthesis of their cuticle building blocks. Their cuticle is an important protective barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses, providing high resistance from insecticides. Quantitative optical methods specialized in insect cuticle analysis exist, but their scope of use and the repeatability of the results remain limited. Here, we investigated the potential of Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) as a standardized cuticle analysis tool. Based on HSI, we acquired time series of average reflectance profiles from 400 to 1000 nm from symbiotic (with bacteria) and aposymbiotic (without bacteria) cereal weevils S. oryzae exposed to different nutritional stresses. We assessed the phenotypic changes of weevils under different diets throughout their development and demonstrated the agreement of the results between the HSI method and the classically used Red-Green-Blue analysis. Then, we compared the use of both technologies in laboratory conditions and highlighted the assets of HSI to develop a simple, automated, and standardized analysis tool. This is the first study showing the reliability and feasibility of HSI for a standardized analysis of insect cuticle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lacotte
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elisa Dell'Aglio
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sergio Peignier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fadéla Benzaoui
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rita Rebollo
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro Da Silva
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Differential Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes, Superoxide Dismutase, Peroxidase, and Catalase vis-à-vis Phosphine Resistance in Field Populations of Lesser Grain Borer ( Rhyzopertha dominica) from India. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020270. [PMID: 36829830 PMCID: PMC9952823 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to phosphine was compared in 15 populations of lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) collected from grain storage godowns across India. A high level of resistance to phosphine was noticed in R. dominica collected from northern India compared to those collected from northeastern regions of India. The median lethal concentration values varied from 0.024 mg/L to 1.991 mg/L, with 1.63 to 82.96-fold resistance compared to laboratory susceptible checks. Antioxidant enzymes have been reported to negate the reactive oxygen species generated upon encountering the fumigant phosphine. Distinct differences in the activity of antioxidant enzymes were noticed in the field populations exposed to phosphine. Peroxidase activity varied between 1.28 and 336.8 nmol H2O2 reduced/min/mg protein. The superoxide dismutase inhibition rate was between 81.29 and 99.66%, and catalase activity varied between 6.28 and 320.13 nmol H2O2 reduced/min/mg protein. The findings of our investigation show that the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase are positively linked (p < 0.01) with an increase in resistance ratios, whereas catalase was found to have a negative association with resistance to phosphine. The reported results elucidate the differential activities of principal antioxidant enzymes in scavenging the oxyradicals (O2•-, H2O2,•OH) associated with tolerance to phosphine in R. dominica.
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Wang K, Che M, Chen E, Jian F, Tang P. Amplification refractory mutation system based real-time PCR (ARMS-qPCR) for rapid resistance characterization of Tribolium castaneum to phosphine. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105181. [PMID: 36127043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of Tribolium castaneum to phosphine is related to point mutations in DNA code corresponding to amino acid changes associated with a core metabolic enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), but the mutation patterns vary among different resistant populations. Thus, there is a great need to develop a cost-effective method to detect core mutations in T. castaneum, which would be the key factor to understand the molecular basis of phosphine resistance. Amplification refractory mutation system-based quantitative Real-Time PCR (ARMS-qPCR) is an ideal method that can rapidly detect point mutations. Here, the P45S and G131D mutations existed in the DLD of T. castaneum selected from strong Chinese resistance phenotypes, and the DLD P45S mutation, which represents a strong phosphine resistance allele, was confirmed as the most abundant mutation to determine strong resistance genotypes. Our study found that 85 out of 120 beetles carried the P45S resistance allele, including 51 homozygous and 34 heterozygous individuals. Moreover, there was a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.917) between the resistance ratio and the resistance allele frequency among the strongly resistant populations. Our data showed that the ARMS-qPCR method that we developed could rapidly determine strong resistance phenotypes of T. castaneum to phosphine by detecting the DLD P45S mutation. These results not only provide a detailed example for developing an ARMS-qPCR-based method to characterize pesticide resistance, but also support further elucidation of the molecular basis of phosphine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangxu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Meiling Che
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Erhu Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Fuji Jian
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Peian Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Usman M, Gulzar S, El-Shafie HAF. Detection of Phosphine Resistance in Field Populations of Four Key Stored-Grain Insect Pests in Pakistan. INSECTS 2021; 12:288. [PMID: 33810271 PMCID: PMC8067179 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In Pakistan, the control of stored-product insect pests mainly relies on the use of phosphine gas along with other control tactics. The aim of this study was to determine the level of phosphine resistance among ten differently located populations of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Laboratory-susceptible populations of all insect species were also considered in the experiments. Concentration-response bioassays were conducted for each species. All of the tested populations (10 out of 10) of each species were found to be resistant to phosphine, but varied in their level of resistance. Probit analysis estimated LC50 at 2.85, 1.90, 2.54 and 2.01 ppm for laboratory-susceptible populations of R. dominica, S. granarius, T. castaneum and T. granarium, respectively. Against R. dominica, the highest and lowest resistance levels were observed in the Rahim Yar Khan (LC50 at 360.90 ppm) and Rawalpindi (LC50 at 210.98 ppm) populations, respectively. These resistant populations were 126.67- and 74.02-fold more resistant than the laboratory population. The Multan and Lahore populations of S. granarius exhibited the maximum (LC50 at 122.81 ppm) and minimum (LC50 at 45.96 ppm) resistance levels, respectively, i.e., they were 64.63- and 24.18-fold more resistant than the laboratory population. The Layyah population of T. castaneum showed the maximum resistance level (LC50 at 305.89 ppm) while the lowest was observed in the Lahore population (LC50 at 186.52 ppm), corresponding to 120.42- and 73.43-fold more resistant than the laboratory population, respectively. Regarding T. granarium, the Layyah population showed the maximum resistance level (LC50 at 169.99 ppm) while the Lahore population showed the minimum resistance (LC50 at 74.50 ppm), i.e., they were 84.57- and 37.06-fold more resistant than the laboratory population, respectively. Overall, R. dominica presented the highest resistance level, followed by T. castaneum, T. granarium and S. granarius. The current study suggests that the application of phosphine may not be an adequate control strategy for the management of the above tested insect pests in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Sehrish Gulzar
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.U.); (S.G.)
| | - Hamadttu A. F. El-Shafie
- Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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Agrafioti P, Brabec DL, Morrison WR, Campbell JF, Athanassiou CG. Scaling recovery of susceptible and resistant stored product insects after short exposures to phosphine by using automated video-tracking software. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1245-1255. [PMID: 33051965 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphine-susceptible or resistant populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults were exposed to 0 (control), 1000 and 3000 ppm of phosphine for 15 or 90 min, to estimate behavioral and mobility responses after exposure to phosphine. Knockdown of the exposed individuals after exposure was recorded visually. The total distance moved and velocity of movement were assessed immediately after exposure to phosphine, 2 or 24 h later using a camera coupled with automated video tracking software (i.e. Ethovision®). RESULTS For both species tested, the highest percentage of dead adults was noted at the highest concentration (3000 ppm) for both exposure times. For T. castaneum, total distance moved and velocity decreased as the concentration increased for the susceptible population, whereas there was significant variation among individuals in the resistant population. For R. dominica, the distance moved was reduced at the highest concentrations. Individuals of R. dominica moved less than those of T. castaneum and there were significant differences in mobility between susceptible and resistant populations for both species tested. Recovery was much faster in the case of the resistant populations. CONCLUSIONS Changes in movement parameters can be further exploited in assessing the efficacy of different management tactics, such as trapping and sampling. Automated video tracking systems such as Ethovision® can be used to track and record insect behavioral response, providing a more objective measure of insecticide efficacy than visual categorizations. These data shed light on insect mobility and behavioral responses to fumigation treatments in relation to resistance. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Agrafioti
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Daniel L Brabec
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William R Morrison
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - James F Campbell
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Institute of Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (iBO), Center for Research and Technology, Volos, Greece
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Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3933. [PMID: 33594183 PMCID: PMC7887275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in selected species was examined, as well as the appearance of the so called "sweet spot". The species that were tested were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with populations that had different levels of phosphine resistance. Evaluation was conducted by using the Phosphine Tolerance Test (PTT), with exposure of the adult stage for 15, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min at 3000 ppm. At the end of these intervals (separate bioassays for each time interval), the insects were transferred to Petri dishes, in which recovery was recorded at different time intervals (2 h, 1, 2 and 7 days). The majority of susceptible populations of all species were instantly immobilized even in the shortest exposure period (15 min), in contrast with resistant populations that were active even after 300 min. After exposure to phosphine, populations and exposure time affected mortality of susceptible populations, whereas resistant populations recovered regardless of species and exposure time. Additional bioassays at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 20, 30 and 40 h showed the presence of the "sweet spot", i.e., decrease of mortality with the increase of concentration. In fact, for most of the tested species, the "sweet spot" appeared in 1000 and 2000 ppm at a 5-h exposure time, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine. This observation is particularly important both in terms of the assessment of resistance and in the context of non-linear recovery at elevated concentrations, indicating the occurrence of strong hormetic reversals in phosphine efficacy.
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Chen EH, Duan JY, Song W, Wang DX, Tang PA. RNA-seq Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial and Cuticular Protein Genes Are Associated with Phosphine Resistance in the Rusty Grain Beetle (Coleoptera:Laemophloeidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:440-453. [PMID: 33346362 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), is a serious pest of stored grain, which has developed high levels of resistance to phosphine. In this study, five geographically distant populations of C. ferrugineus had been collected in China, specifically in granaries where phosphine fumigant is used for pest control, and they showed a high resistance ratio up to 1,907 (LC50 = 21.0 mg/liter). Then, a reference transcriptome was constructed to use as a basis for investigating the molecular mechanisms of phosphine resistance in this species, which consisted of 47,006 unigenes with a mean length of 1,090. Subsequently, the RNA-Seq analysis of individuals from the most susceptible and resistant populations led to the identification of 54 genes that are differentially expressed. GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that genes associated with mitochondrial and respiration functions were significantly enriched. Also, the 'structural constituent of cuticle' term was annotated in the GO enrichment analysis and further qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression levels of nine cuticular protein genes were significantly increased in the resistant population. In conclusion, we present here a transcriptome-wide overview of gene expression changes between resistant and susceptible populations of C. ferrugineus, and this in turn documents that mitochondria and cuticular protein genes may play together a crucial role in phosphine resistance. Further gene function analysis should enable the provision of advice to expedite resistance management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Hu Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Yan Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dian-Xuan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain Storage Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pei-An Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Jagadeesan R, Schlipalius DI, Singarayan VT, Nath NS, Nayak MK, Ebert PR. Unique genetic variants in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene confer strong resistance to phosphine in the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 171:104717. [PMID: 33357567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, a major pest of stored commodities, has developed very high levels (>1000×) of resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Resistance in this species is remarkably stronger than reported in any other stored product pests demanding the need to understand the molecular basis of this trait. Previous genetic studies in other grain insect pests identified specific variants in two major genes, rph1 and rph2 in conferring the strong resistance trait. However, in C. ferrugineus, although the gene, rph1 was identified as cytochrome-b5-fatty acid desaturase, the rph2 gene has not been reported so far. We tested the candidate gene for rph2, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) using the recently published transcriptome of C. ferrugineus and identified three variants, L73N and A355G + D360H, a haplotype, conferring resistance in this species. Our sequence analysis in resistant strain and phosphine selected resistant survivors indicates that these variants occur either alone as a homozygote or a mixture of heterozygotes (i.e complex heterozygotes) both conferring strong resistance. We also found that one of the three variants, possibly L73N expressing "dominant" trait at low frequency in resistant insects. Comparison of dld sequences between Australian and Chinese resistant strain of this species confirmed that the identified variants are highly conserved. Our fitness analysis indicated that resistant insects may not incur significant biological costs in the absence of phosphine selection for 19 generations. Thus, we propose that the observed high levels of resistance in C. ferrugineus could be primarily due to the characteristics of three unique variants, L73N and A355G + D360H within dld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia.
| | - David I Schlipalius
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Virgine T Singarayan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nisa S Nath
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manoj K Nayak
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R Ebert
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Lee HK, Jeong G, Kim HK, Kim BS, Yang JO, Koo HN, Kim GH. Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide. INSECTS 2020; 11:E750. [PMID: 33142868 PMCID: PMC7692873 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine resistance is occurring among stored-grain pests worldwide. This study investigated the fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) against domestic strain (d-strain) Tribolium castaneum, resistance strain (r-strain) T. castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. All developmental stages of the pests were exposed to two fumigants (PH3 and COS), and the fumigation activity according to the dose and exposure time was evaluated in a 12-L desiccator and 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. The rice sorption rate and quality following exposure to thetwofumigants were evaluated. The mortality was 2.9% in r-strain T. castaneum, 49.5% in d-strain T. castaneum and 99.2% in O. surinamensis when 2 mg/L PH3 was used in a 12-L desiccator for 4 h. However, all pest developmental stages showed 100% mortality after 24 h of exposure in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, except for the r-strain T. castaneum. A mortalityof 100% was observed in all of the r-strain T. castaneum developmental stages at an exposure time of 192 h. For COS applied at 40.23 mg/L and 50 g/m3 in the 12-L desiccator and the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, respectively, 100% mortality was observed across all developmental stages regardless of species and strain. The sorption of COS was 10% higher than that of PH3, but there was no significant difference in rice quality compared to that in the control. Therefore, this study suggests that COS can be used for controlling T. castaneum resistant to PH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyung Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Geunho Jeong
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Bong-Su Kim
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (B.-S.K.); (J.-O.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Oh Yang
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (B.-S.K.); (J.-O.Y.)
| | - Hyun-Na Koo
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Gil-Hah Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.K.L.); (G.J.); (H.K.K.); (H.-N.K.)
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13
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Wang K, Liu M, Wang Y, Song W, Tang P. Identification and functional analysis of cytochrome P450 CYP346 family genes associated with phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 168:104622. [PMID: 32711762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to phosphine fumigation has been frequently reported in insect pests of stored products and remains one of the obstacles in controlling these pests, including Tribolium castaneum. In this study, six field populations of T. castaneum were collected from different localities in China. Bioassay data showed that SZ population was strongly resistant to phosphine, followed by moderate-resistance populations WL and SF and three susceptible populations JX, YN, and ML. In addition, synergism assays showed that piperonyl butoxide significantly increased the toxicity of phosphine in resistant population SZ. Furthermore, CYP346B subfamily genes, CYP346B1, CYP346B2, and CYP346B3, were significantly overexpressed in resistant populations. Expression of CYP346B1, CYP346B2, and CYP346B3 were significantly upregulated following exposure to phosphine. RNAi assays showed that depletions on the expression levels of CYP346B1, CYP346B2, and CYP346B3 resulted in an increase of susceptibility to phosphine in T. castaneum, respectively. Our data demonstrated that CYP346B subfamily genes in T. castaneum were associated with the resistance of phosphine. Moreover, the study also increased our understanding of the molecular basis of phosphine resistance in stored pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangxu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manwen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peian Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Daglish GJ, Jagadeesan R, Nayak MK, McCulloch GA, Singarayan VT, Walter GH. The Gene Introgression Approach and the Potential Cost of Genes that Confer Strong Phosphine Resistance in Red Flour Beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1547-1554. [PMID: 32170301 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Resistance in pest insects to the grain fumigant phosphine (PH3) poses a threat to trade and food security. The possible pleiotropic effects of PH3 resistance on development and reproduction were investigated in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), by introgressing two genes known to be major contributors to strong resistance (tc_rph1 and tc_rph2) into a susceptible background. The tc_rph2 allele was the G135S variant, whereas the identity of tc_rph1 allele was unknown but could have been one of the three known variants (L119W, V123F, or S349G). The introgressed resistant strain was 288× more resistant than the susceptible strain, based on mortality after a 20 h fumigation with PH3. Molecular screening confirmed that the introgressed strain was homozygous for the resistance genes, but was otherwise indistinguishable from the susceptible strain based on screening with 12 neutral DNA markers. We found no differences of consequence in developmental time between the susceptible and introgressed resistant strains. Similarly, the number of F1 adults produced by these strains was more or less equal, as was the weight of individual F1 adults. The conclusions remained the same regardless of whether the experiments were conducted on a flour-based medium or wheat. Thus, we found no evidence that being fully strongly PH3 resistant (i.e., homozygous for tc_rph1 and tc_rph2) has major consequences in terms of development or reproduction in T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Daglish
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rajeswaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Manoj K Nayak
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Virgine T Singarayan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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15
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Afful E, Tadesse TM, Nayak MK, Phillips TW. High-dose strategies for managing phosphine-resistant populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1683-1690. [PMID: 31749328 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhyzopertha dominica is a serious pest of stored grains and many populations have resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Some populations contain beetles with a 'strong resistance' phenotype. Recent work found the LC50 values for two strong-resistant populations recently studied in North America, Belle Glade and Minneapolis were 100- and 595-fold higher, respectively, compared to LC50 of a lab-susceptible strain. Populations with 'weak-resistant' phenotypes had LC50 values 5- to 10-fold that of a susceptible strain. The work reported below aimed to determine the minimum phosphine concentrations and number of days of exposure needed to effectively control all life stages of representative weak- and strong-resistant strains, and then to recommend the treatment conditions needed to control strongly phosphine-resistant R. dominica in pest populations. RESULTS A dose-mortality assay estimated that phosphine fumigation over 48 h using 730-870 ppm at 25° C would control adults of both strongly resistant R. dominica populations. Fumigations with mixed life stage cultures found 200 ppm killed all susceptible and weak-resistant beetles in 2 days, but the strong-resistant Minneapolis and Belle Glade strains had substantial survivors at 200 ppm. Furthermore, the Belle Glade strain had beetles that survived 1000 ppm in 2-day fumigations. The strong-resistant Belle Glade strain needed nearly 10 days at over 400 ppm to have acceptable levels of control. CONCLUSION This study recommends protocols to manage strongly resistant R. dominica populations provided that a minimum phosphine concentration of 400 ppm be maintained at 25° C or higher for up to 10 days. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Afful
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Tesfaye M Tadesse
- Department of Plant Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Manoj K Nayak
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, GPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Thomas W Phillips
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, GPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
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16
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O’Flynn BG, Lewandowski EM, Prins KC, Suarez G, McCaskey AN, Rios-Guzman NM, Anderson RL, Shepherd BA, Gelis I, Leahy JW, Chen Y, Merkler DJ. Characterization of Arylalkylamine N-Acyltransferase from Tribolium castaneum: An Investigation into a Potential Next-Generation Insecticide Target. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:513-523. [PMID: 31967772 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing issue of insecticide resistance has meant the identification of novel insecticide targets has never been more important. Arylalkylamine N-acyltransferases (AANATs) have been suggested as a potential new target. These promiscuous enzymes are involved in the N-acylation of biogenic amines to form N-acylamides. In insects, this process is a key step in melanism, hardening of the cuticle, removal of biogenic amines, and in the biosynthesis of fatty acid amides. The unique nature of each AANAT isoform characterized indicates each organism accommodates an assembly of discrete AANATs relatively exclusive to that organism. This implies a high potential for selectivity in insecticide design, while also maintaining polypharmacology. Presented here is a thorough kinetic and structural analysis of AANAT found in one of the most common secondary pests of all plant commodities in the world, Tribolium castaneum. The enzyme, named TcAANAT0, catalyzes the formation of short-chain N-acylarylalkylamines, with short-chain acyl-CoAs (C2-C10), benzoyl-CoA, and succinyl-CoA functioning in the role of acyl donor. Recombinant TcAANAT0 was expressed and purified from E. coli and was used to investigate the kinetic and chemical mechanism of catalysis. The kinetic mechanism is an ordered sequential mechanism with the acyl-CoA binding first. pH-rate profiles and site-directed mutagenesis studies identified amino acids critical to catalysis, providing insights about the chemical mechanism of TcAANAT0. A crystal structure was obtained for TcAANAT0 bound to acetyl-CoA, revealing valuable information about its active site. This combination of kinetic analysis and crystallography alongside mutagenesis and sequence analysis shines light on some approaches possible for targeting TcAANAT0 and other AANATs for novel insecticide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. O’Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Eric M. Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, 33612, United States
| | - Karin Claire Prins
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Gabriela Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Angelica N. McCaskey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nasha M. Rios-Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ryan L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80238, United States
| | - Britney A. Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ioannis Gelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - James W. Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, 33612, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, 33612, United States
| | - David J. Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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17
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Nayak MK, Daglish GJ, Phillips TW, Ebert PR. Resistance to the Fumigant Phosphine and Its Management in Insect Pests of Stored Products: A Global Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:333-350. [PMID: 31610132 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Development of resistance in major grain insect pest species to the key fumigant phosphine (hydrogen phosphide) across the globe has put the viability and sustainability of phosphine in jeopardy. The resistance problem has been aggravated over the past two decades, due mostly to the lack of suitable alternatives matching the major attributes of phosphine, including its low price, ease of application, proven effectiveness against a broad pest spectrum, compatibility with most storage conditions, and international acceptance as a residue-free treatment. In this review, we critically analyze the published literature in the area of phosphine resistance with special emphasis on the methods available for detection of resistance, the genetic basis of resistance development, key management strategies, and research gaps that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Nayak
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; ,
| | - Gregory J Daglish
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; ,
| | - Thomas W Phillips
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA;
| | - Paul R Ebert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia;
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18
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Mangoba MAA, Alvindia DDG. Response of Suidasia pontifica (Acaridida: Suidasiidae) to phosphine fumigation. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:377-386. [PMID: 31677025 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the level of phosphine toxicity of various strains of Suidasia pontifica, infesting stored agricultural products in the Philippines. The bioassays for the efficacy of phosphine fumigation followed the FAO standard method. A full assay comprised eight concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 1.00 mg/L with 20, 72 and 144-h exposure periods. A total of 15 strains were collected, representing 15 provinces in the country. Results revealed that the most susceptible strain (MR12gsn) was recorded from a private owned warehouse in General Santos City-LC50 and LC99 were 0.009 and 0.025 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, the most resistant strain (LR3tar) was collected from a private owned warehouse in Tarlac City-LC50 and LC99 were 1.501 and 2.407 mg/L, based on discrimination dose tests. Eggs were more tolerant than the adults; complete mortality of eggs was achieved at 0.50 mg/L for 72 h and 0.35 mg/L for 144 h, whereas complete mortality of adults was obtained with 0.10 and 0.20 mg/L for 144 and 72 h exposure, respectively. The estimated minimum effective concentration (MEC) of phosphine to give complete kill of S. pontifica at various exposure periods must exceed 0.50 mg/L for 72 and 144 h. These results simply illustrate the increased efficiency (i.e., increased mortality) of phosphine fumigation of longer exposure of S. pontifica to lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony Angeles Mangoba
- Food Protection Division, Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PHilMech), Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
| | - Dionisio de Guzman Alvindia
- Food Protection Division, Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PHilMech), Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
- Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Taft Ave., Manila, Philippines
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19
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Kim K, Yang JO, Sung JY, Lee JY, Park JS, Lee HS, Lee BH, Ren Y, Lee DW, Lee SE. Minimization of energy transduction confers resistance to phosphine in the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14605. [PMID: 31601880 PMCID: PMC6787191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infestation of phosphine (PH3) resistant insects threatens global grain reserves. PH3 fumigation controls rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) but not highly resistant insect pests. Here, we investigated naturally occurring strains of S. oryzae that were moderately resistant (MR), strongly resistant (SR), or susceptible (wild-type; WT) to PH3 using global proteome analysis and mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Both PH3 resistant (PH3-R) strains exhibited higher susceptibility to ethyl formate-mediated inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase than the WT strain, whereas the disinfectant PH3 concentration time of the SR strain was much longer than that of the MR strain. Unlike the MR strain, which showed altered expression levels of genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in catabolic pathways that minimize metabolic burden, the SR strain showed changes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Our results suggest that the acquisition of strong PH3 resistance necessitates the avoidance of oxidative phosphorylation through the accumulation of a few non-synonymous mutations in mitochondrial genes encoding complex I subunits as well as nuclear genes encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, concomitant with metabolic reprogramming, a recognized hallmark of cancer metabolism. Taken together, our data suggest that reprogrammed metabolism represents a survival strategy of SR insect pests for the compensation of minimized energy transduction under anoxic conditions. Therefore, understanding the resistance mechanism of PH3-R strains will support the development of new strategies to control insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongnam Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong Oh Yang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong Sun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Yonglin Ren
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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20
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Schlipalius DI, Tuck AG, Pavic H, Daglish GJ, Nayak MK, Ebert PR. A high-throughput system used to determine frequency and distribution of phosphine resistance across large geographical regions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1091-1098. [PMID: 30255667 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing can enable genetic surveys of large numbers of individuals. We developed a genotyping-by-sequencing assay for detecting strong phosphine resistance alleles in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene of Rhyzopertha dominica populations. The assay can estimate the distribution and frequency of resistance variants in thousands of individual insects in a single run. RESULTS We analysed 1435 individual insects collected over a 1-year period from 59 grain-storage sites including farms (n = 29) and central storages (n = 30) across eastern Australia. Resistance alleles were detected in 49% of samples, 38% of farms and 60% of central storages. Although multiple alleles were detected, only two resistance variants (P49S and K142E) were widespread and each appeared to have a distinct but overlapping geographical distribution. CONCLUSION The type of structure in which the grain is stored had a strong effect on resistance allele frequency. We observed higher frequencies of resistance alleles in bunker storages at central sites compared with other storage types. This contributed to the higher frequencies of resistance alleles in bulk-handling facilities relative to farms. The discovery of a storage structure that predisposes insects to resistance highlights the utility of our high-throughput assay system for improvement of phosphine resistance management practices. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Schlipalius
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 3C West, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrew G Tuck
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 3C West, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hervoika Pavic
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 3C West, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gregory J Daglish
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 3C West, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia
| | - Manoj K Nayak
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 3C West, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paul R Ebert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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21
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E X, Li B, Subramanyam B. Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide Gas to Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Adults of Five Stored-Product Insect Species: Influence of Temperature and Food During Gas Exposure. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1947-1957. [PMID: 29992333 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adults of phosphine-susceptible and -resistant strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky; and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), were exposed for 2-12 h to a chlorine dioxide gas concentration of 1.40 g/m3 (520 ppm) in an outdoor trailer during July and October of 2015. The mean ± SE temperatures in July and October were 32.8 ± 0.5°C and 24.8 ± 0.6°C, respectively. In July, complete mortality after 5 d was achieved for all species and strains in vials with wheat after a 4- or 8-h exposure; in October, a longer exposure time was needed for complete mortality of insects in vials with wheat. Chlorine dioxide was more toxic to all insect species and strains at warmer than cooler temperature and in vials without wheat than those with wheat. Both phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains were equally susceptible to chlorine dioxide. The presence of wheat resulted in delayed mortality of insects because of reaction of chlorine dioxide with active sites on kernels. Progeny production 8 wk after chlorine dioxide exposure showed a significant reduction (72-100%), compared with that in control vials for strains of R. dominica, S. zeamais, and S. oryzae. There was no progeny production in control and treatment vials for T. castaneum and O. surinamensis, as these species require dockage. Chlorine dioxide is a potential fumigant to control phosphine-resistant strains of the five stored-product insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi E
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Beibei Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Afful E, Elliott B, Nayak MK, Phillips TW. Phosphine Resistance in North American Field Populations of the Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:463-469. [PMID: 29182779 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine is the most widely used fumigant for stored grain insect pests, and resistance to phosphine has evolved in several species worldwide. This study was designed to determine the presence of phosphine resistance in 34 populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) collected from the United States and Canada. Adult R. dominica were sampled and subjected to a discriminatory dose toxicity assay of exposure to 20 ppm of phosphine for 20 h of exposure to distinguish a susceptible R. dominica adult by death from a resistant beetle that survives the treatment. All but two of the 34 geographic populations surveyed had some beetles that were resistant to phosphine, and the frequency of resistance varied from 97% in a population from Parlier, California to 0% in beetles from both Carnduff, Saskatchewan and Starbuck, Manitoba. Probit analyses of dose-mortality bioassays with beetles from a laboratory-susceptible strain and those from five of the populations sampled were used to calculate resistance ratio factors (RRs) based on the ratio of LC50 (estimate for the concentration to kill 50% of a test group) in the sampled population to the LC50 for the susceptible strain. The highest RR for the five resistant populations was nearly 596-fold in beetles from Belle Glade, Florida, whereas the lowest RR in that group was 9-fold in Wamego, Kansas. This study revealed that phosphine resistance in R. dominica is common across North America and some populations have levels of resistance that may pose challenges for continued use of phosphine for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Afful
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brent Elliott
- Infestation Control and Sanitation, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Manoj K Nayak
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Thomas W Phillips
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce, ACT, Australia
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Tang PA, Duan JY, Wu HJ, Ju XR, Yuan ML. Reference gene selection to determine differences in mitochondrial gene expressions in phosphine-susceptible and phosphine-resistant strains of Cryptolestes ferrugineus, using qRT-PCR. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7047. [PMID: 28765619 PMCID: PMC5539111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptolestes ferrugineus is a serious pest of stored grain and has developed high levels of resistance to phosphine fumigants in many countries. Measuring differences in expression levels of certain 'resistant' genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) may provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to phosphine in C. ferrugineus, but reliable qRT-PCR results depend on suitable reference genes (RGs). We evaluated the stability of nine candidate RGs across different developmental stages and phosphine strains of C. ferrugineus, using four softwares. The results showed that RPS13 and EF1α were the most stable RGs, whereas α-TUB was the least under developmental stages. Across the different strains, RPS13 and γ-TUB were the most stable RGs, whereas CycA and GAPDH were the least. We confirmed the reliability of the selected RGs by qRT-PCR analyses of the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Expression of cox1 was not significantly different in the phosphine-resistant strain compared with the phosphine-susceptible strain, but three mitochondrial genes (nad3, atp6 and cob) were significantly down-regulated. These results suggest that alterations in the expressions of these three genes may be associated with phosphine resistance in C. ferrugineus. The findings will facilitate future functional genomics studies on the development and phosphine resistance in C. ferrugineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-An Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Yan Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hai-Jing Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xing-Rong Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.
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Jagadeesan R, Nayak MK. Phosphine resistance does not confer cross-resistance to sulfuryl fluoride in four major stored grain insect pests. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1391-1401. [PMID: 27783467 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility to phosphine (PH3 ) and sulfuryl fluoride (SF) and cross-resistance to SF were evaluated in two life stages (eggs and adults) of key grain insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominca (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). This study was performed with an aim to integrate SF into phosphine resistance management programmes in Australia. RESULTS Characterisation of susceptibility and resistance to phosphine in eggs and adults showed that C. ferrugineus was the most tolerant as well as resistant species. Mortality responses of eggs and adults to SF at 25 °C revealed T. castaneum to be the most tolerant species followed by S. oryzae, C. ferrugineus and R. dominica. A high dose range of SF, 50.8-62.2 mg L-1 over 48 h, representing c (concentration) × t (time) products of 2438-2985 gh m-3 , was required for complete control of eggs of T. castaneum, whereas eggs of the least tolerant R. dominca required only 630 gh m-3 for 48 h (13.13 mg L-1 ). Mortality response of eggs and adults of phosphine-resistant strains to SF in all four species confirmed the lack of cross-resistance to SF. CONCLUSION Our research concludes that phosphine resistance does not confer cross-resistance to SF in grain insect pests irrespective of the variation in levels of tolerance to SF itself or resistance to phosphine in their egg and adult stages. While our study confirms that SF has potential as a 'phosphine resistance breaker', the observed higher tolerance in eggs stresses the importance of developing SF fumigation protocols with longer exposure periods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Manoj K Nayak
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
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Konemann CE, Hubhachen Z, Opit GP, Gautam S, Bajracharya NS. Phosphine Resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Collected From Grain Storage Facilities in Oklahoma, USA. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1377-1383. [PMID: 28383719 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine gas (PH3) is one of the most commonly used fumigants for controlling stored-grain pests worldwide. We estimated the discriminating dose for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adult insects using a laboratory susceptible strain. This discriminating dose was then used to determine presence or absence of PH3 resistance (resistance frequencies) in 19 field-collected populations of C. ferrugineus from Oklahoma, United States. The discriminating dose was estimated as 56.2 ppm of PH3 over a 20-h exposure period at 25 °C. Discriminating dose bioassay results showed that PH3 resistance was present in all 19 populations of C. ferrugineus tested. However, five populations-Stillwater (Stil), Enid Terminal 1 (ET-1), Enid Terminal 2 (ET-2), Johnson-Enid population (JE), and DK Farm 20 population (DK Farm 20) had ≥90% resistance frequencies. LC99 values estimated by probit analyses of dose-response mortality data for the laboratory susceptible strain (Lab-S), JE, and DK Farm 20 were 7.3, 636.4, and 968.6 ppm, respectively, over a 3-d exposure period. The level of resistance in DK Farm 20, the most resistant population, was 133.5 times that of the susceptible laboratory strain. This study shows that PH3 resistance in C. ferrugineus may be widespread in Oklahoma. Based on this study, there is a need for a wider PH3 resistance survey in grain-growing regions of Oklahoma and United States. Furthermore, results show there is a need to develop PH3 resistance management strategies for C. ferrugineus and other stored-product insect pest species to combat resistance and ensure continued effective future use of PH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Konemann
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078 (; ; ; ; )
| | - Z Hubhachen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078 (; ; ; ; )
| | - G P Opit
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078 ( ; ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - S Gautam
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078 ( ; ; ; ; )
- Current Address: Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 9240 S Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - N S Bajracharya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078 (; ; ; ; )
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Nguyen TT, Collins PJ, Duong TM, Schlipalius DI, Ebert PR. Genetic Conservation of Phosphine Resistance in the Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.). J Hered 2016; 107:228-37. [PMID: 26774057 PMCID: PMC4885235 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of resistance to phosphine in the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae have been detected in Asian countries including China and Vietnam, however there is limited knowledge of the genetic mechanism of resistance in these strains. We find that the genetic basis of strong phosphine resistance is conserved between strains of S. oryzae from China, Vietnam, and Australia. Each of 4 strongly resistant strains has an identical amino acid variant in the encoded dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) enzyme that was previously identified as a resistance factor in Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. The unique amino acid substitution, Asparagine > Threonine (N505T) of all strongly resistant S. oryzae corresponds to the position of an Asparagine > Histidine variant (N506H) that was previously reported in strongly resistant R. dominica. Progeny (F16 and F18) from 2 independent crosses showed absolute linkage of N505T to the strong resistance phenotype, indicating that if N505T was not itself the resistance variant that it resided within 1 or 2 genes of the resistance factor. Non-complementation between the strains confirmed the shared genetic basis of strong resistance, which was supported by the very similar level of resistance between the strains, with LC50 values ranging from 0.20 to 0.36 mg L(-1) for a 48-h exposure at 25 °C. Thus, the mechanism of high-level resistance to phosphine is strongly conserved between R. dominica, T. castaneum and S. oryzae. A fitness cost associated with strongly resistant allele was observed in segregating populations in the absence of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Nguyen
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia (Nguyen and Ebert); Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam (Nguyen); Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Collins and Schlipalius); and Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam (Duong)
| | - Patrick J Collins
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia (Nguyen and Ebert); Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam (Nguyen); Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Collins and Schlipalius); and Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam (Duong)
| | - Tu M Duong
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia (Nguyen and Ebert); Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam (Nguyen); Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Collins and Schlipalius); and Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam (Duong)
| | - David I Schlipalius
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia (Nguyen and Ebert); Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam (Nguyen); Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Collins and Schlipalius); and Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam (Duong)
| | - Paul R Ebert
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia (Nguyen and Ebert); Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam (Nguyen); Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Collins and Schlipalius); and Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam (Duong).
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