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Santos MA, Carromeu-Santos A, Quina AS, Santos M, Matos M, Simões P. No evidence for short-term evolutionary response to a warming environment in Drosophila. Evolution 2021; 75:2816-2829. [PMID: 34617283 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution is key in mediating responses to global warming and may sometimes be the only solution for species to survive. Such evolution will expectedly lead to changes in the populations' thermal reaction norm and improve their ability to cope with stressful conditions. Conversely, evolutionary constraints might limit the adaptive response. Here, we test these expectations by performing a real-time evolution experiment in historically differentiated Drosophila subobscura populations. We address the phenotypic change after nine generations of evolution in a daily fluctuating environment with average constant temperature, or in a warming environment with increasing average and amplitude temperature across generations. Our results showed that (1) evolution under a global warming scenario does not lead to a noticeable change in the thermal response; (2) historical background appears to be affecting responses under the warming environment, particularly at higher temperatures; and (3) thermal reaction norms are trait dependent: although lifelong exposure to low temperature decreases fecundity and productivity but not viability, high temperature causes negative transgenerational effects on productivity and viability, even with high fecundity. These findings in such an emblematic organism for thermal adaptation studies raise concerns about the short-term efficiency of adaptive responses to the current rising temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
| | - Ana Carromeu-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, 3810-193
| | - Ana S Quina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, 3810-193
| | - Mauro Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 08193
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
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2
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Matesanz S, Blanco-Sánchez M, Ramos-Muñoz M, de la Cruz M, Benavides R, Escudero A. Phenotypic integration does not constrain phenotypic plasticity: differential plasticity of traits is associated to their integration across environments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2359-2370. [PMID: 34097309 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding constraints to phenotypic plasticity is key given its role on the response of organisms to environmental change. It has been suggested that phenotypic integration, the structure of trait covariation, could limit trait plasticity. However, the relationship between plasticity and integration is far from resolved. Using a database of functional plasticity to drought of a Mediterranean shrub that included 20 ecophysiological traits, we assessed environmentally-induced changes in phenotypic integration and whether integration constrained the expression of plasticity, accounting for the within-environment phenotypic variation of traits. Furthermore, we provide the first test of the association between differential trait plasticity and trait integration across an optimum and a stressful environment. Phenotypic plasticity was positively associated with phenotypic integration in both environments, but this relationship was lost when phenotypic variation was considered. The similarity in the plastic response of two traits predicted their integration across environments, with integrated traits having more similar plasticity. Such variation in the plasticity of traits partly explained the lower phenotypic integration found in the stressful environment. We found no evidence that integration may constitute an internal constraint to plasticity. Rather, we present the first empirical demonstration that differences in plastic responses may involve a major reorganization of the relationships among traits, and challenge the notion that stress generally induces a tighter phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Matesanz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán, s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Mario Blanco-Sánchez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán, s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Marina Ramos-Muñoz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán, s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Marcelino de la Cruz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán, s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Raquel Benavides
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, ISA, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán, s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
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Lafuente E, Alves F, King JG, Peralta CM, Beldade P. Many ways to make darker flies: Intra- and interspecific variation in Drosophila body pigmentation components. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8136-8155. [PMID: 34188876 PMCID: PMC8216949 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body pigmentation is an evolutionarily diversified and ecologically relevant trait with substantial variation within and between species, and important roles in animal survival and reproduction. Insect pigmentation, in particular, provides some of the most compelling examples of adaptive evolution, including its ecological significance and genetic bases. Pigmentation includes multiple aspects of color and color pattern that may vary more or less independently, and can be under different selective pressures. We decompose Drosophila thorax and abdominal pigmentation, a valuable eco-evo-devo model, into distinct measurable traits related to color and color pattern. We investigate intra- and interspecific variation for those traits and assess its different sources. For each body part, we measured overall darkness, as well as four other pigmentation properties distinguishing between background color and color of the darker pattern elements that decorate each body part. By focusing on two standard D. melanogaster laboratory populations, we show that pigmentation components vary and covary in distinct manners depending on sex, genetic background, and temperature during development. Studying three natural populations of D. melanogaster along a latitudinal cline and five other Drosophila species, we then show that evolution of lighter or darker bodies can be achieved by changing distinct component traits. Our results paint a much more complex picture of body pigmentation variation than previous studies could uncover, including patterns of sexual dimorphism, thermal plasticity, and interspecific diversity. These findings underscore the value of detailed quantitative phenotyping and analysis of different sources of variation for a better understanding of phenotypic variation and diversification, and the ecological pressures and genetic mechanisms underlying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Lafuente
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
- Present address:
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDepartment of Aquatic EcologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Jessica G. King
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
- Present address:
Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Carolina M. Peralta
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
- Present address:
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Patrícia Beldade
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
- CE3C: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
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Stazione L, Norry FM, Sambucetti P. Do Longevity and Fecundity Change by Selection on Mating Success at Elevated Temperature? Correlated Selection Responses in Drosophila buzzatii. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moghadam NN, Kurbalija Novicic Z, Pertoldi C, Kristensen TN, Bahrndorff S. Effects of photoperiod on life-history and thermal stress resistance traits across populations of Drosophila subobscura. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2743-2754. [PMID: 30891213 PMCID: PMC6405525 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organisms use environmental cues to match their phenotype with the future availability of resources and environmental conditions. Changes in the magnitude and frequency of environmental cues such as photoperiod and temperature along latitudes can be used by organisms to predict seasonal changes. While the role of temperature variation on the induction of plastic and seasonal responses is well established, the importance of photoperiod for predicting seasonal changes is less explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we studied changes in life-history and thermal stress resistance traits in Drosophila subobscura in response to variation in photoperiod (6:18, 12:12 and 18:6 light:dark cycles) mimicking seasonal variations in day length. The populations of D. subobscura were collected from five locations along a latitudinal gradient (from North Africa and Europe). These populations were exposed to different photoperiods for two generations, whereafter egg-to-adult viability, productivity, dry body weight, thermal tolerance, and starvation resistance were assessed. RESULTS We found strong effects of photoperiod, origin of populations, and their interactions on life-history and stress resistance traits. Thermal resistance varied between the populations and the effect of photoperiod depended on the trait and the method applied for the assessment of thermal resistance. PERSPECTIVES Our results show a strong effect of the origin of population and photoperiod on a range of fitness-related traits and provide evidence for local adaptation to environmental cues (photoperiod by population interaction). The findings emphasize an important and often neglected role of photoperiod in studies on thermal resistance and suggest that cues induced by photoperiod may provide some buffer enabling populations to cope with a more variable and unpredictable future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda N. Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceAalborg UniversityAalborg EDenmark
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyväskyläFinland
| | - Zorana Kurbalija Novicic
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology CenterUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceAalborg UniversityAalborg EDenmark
- Aalborg ZooAalborgDenmark
| | - Torsten N. Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceAalborg UniversityAalborg EDenmark
- Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceAalborg UniversityAalborg EDenmark
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6
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Ørsted M, Hoffmann AA, Rohde PD, Sørensen P, Kristensen TN. Strong impact of thermal environment on the quantitative genetic basis of a key stress tolerance trait. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:315-325. [PMID: 30050062 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms experience variable and sometimes suboptimal environments in their lifetime. While stressful environmental conditions are normally viewed as a strong selective force, they can also impact directly on the genetic basis of traits such as through environment-dependent gene action. Here, we used the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel to investigate the impact of developmental temperature on variance components and evolutionary potential of cold tolerance. We reared 166 lines at five temperatures and assessed cold tolerance of adult male flies from each line and environment. We show (1) that the expression of genetic variation for cold tolerance is highly dependent on developmental temperature, (2) that the genetic correlation of cold tolerance between environments decreases as developmental temperatures become more distinct, (3) that the correlation between cold tolerance at individual developmental temperatures and plasticity for cold tolerance differs across developmental temperatures, and even switches sign across the thermal developmental gradient, and (4) that evolvability decrease with increasing developmental temperatures. Our results show that the quantitative genetic basis of low temperature tolerance is environment specific. This conclusion is important for the understanding of evolution in variable thermal environments and for designing experiments aimed at pinpointing candidate genes and performing functional analyses of thermal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg E, 9220, Denmark. .,Department of Bioscience, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg E, 9220, Denmark.,School of Biosciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Palle Duun Rohde
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | - Peter Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg E, 9220, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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Ketola T, Kristensen TN. Experimental Approaches for Testing if Tolerance Curves Are Useful for Predicting Fitness in Fluctuating Environments. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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