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Satoh M, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Inoue R, Metoki H, Hosaka M, Tsubota-Utsugi M, Obara T, Ishiguro A, Murakami K, Matsuda A, Yasui D, Murakami T, Mano N, Imai Y, Ohkubo T. Long-Term Stroke Risk Due to Partial White-Coat or Masked Hypertension Based on Home and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements: The Ohasama Study. Hypertension 2015; 67:48-55. [PMID: 26527046 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of white-coat hypertension (WCHT) is controversial, and different findings on self-measured home measurements and 24-h ambulatory monitoring make identifying WCHT difficult. We examined whether individuals with partially or completely defined WCHT, as well as masked hypertension, as determined by different out-of-office blood pressure measurements, have a distinct long-term stroke risk. We followed 1464 participants (31.8% men; mean age, 60.6±10.8 years) in the general population of Ohasama, Japan, for a median of 17.1 years. A first stroke occurred in 212 subjects. Using sustained normal blood pressure (events/n=61/776) as a reference, adjusted hazard ratios for stroke (95% confidence intervals; events/n) were 1.38 (0.82-2.32; 19/137) for complete WCHT (isolated office hypertension), 2.16 (1.36-3.43; 29/117) for partial WCHT (either home or ambulatory normotension with office hypertension), 2.05 (1.24-3.41; 23/100) for complete masked hypertension (both home and ambulatory hypertension with office normotension), 2.08 (1.37-3.16; 38/180) for partial masked hypertension (either home or ambulatory hypertension with office normotension), and 2.46 (1.61-3.77; 42/154) for sustained hypertension. When partial WCHT and partial masked hypertension groups were further divided into participants only with home hypertension and those only with ambulatory hypertension, all subgroups had a significantly higher stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio ≥1.84, P≤0.04). In conclusion, impacts of partial WCHT as well as partial masked hypertension for long-term stroke risk were comparable to those of complete masked hypertension or sustained hypertension. We need both home and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurements to evaluate stroke risk accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Satoh
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.).
| | - Kei Asayama
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Masahiro Kikuya
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Ryusuke Inoue
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Hirohito Metoki
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Miki Hosaka
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Megumi Tsubota-Utsugi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Taku Obara
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Aya Ishiguro
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Keiko Murakami
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Ayako Matsuda
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Daisaku Yasui
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Takahisa Murakami
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Yutaka Imai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.S., T. Obara, N.M.) and Medical Information Technology Center (R.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.H, Y.I., T. Ohkubo); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., A.I., K.M., A.M., T. Ohkubo); Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.K., T. Obara), and Department of Community Medical Supports (H.M.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (M.T.-U.); Medical Clinic of Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (D.Y.); and Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan (T.M.)
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