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Muramoto M, Mineoka N, Fukuda K, Kuriyama S, Masatani T, Fujita A. Coordinated regulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylserine levels by Osh4p and Osh5p is an essential regulatory mechanism in autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184308. [PMID: 38437942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is an intracellular degradative pathway in budding yeast cells. Certain lipid types play essential roles in autophagy; yet the precise mechanisms regulating lipid composition during autophagy remain unknown. Here, we explored the role of the Osh family proteins in the modulating lipid composition during autophagy in budding yeast. Our results showed that osh1-osh7∆ deletions lead to autophagic dysfunction, with impaired GFP-Atg8 processing and the absence of autophagosomes and autophagic bodies in the cytosol and vacuole, respectively. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (EM) revealed elevated phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) levels in cytoplasmic and luminal leaflets of autophagic bodies and vacuolar membranes in all deletion mutants. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) levels were significantly decreased in the autophagic bodies and vacuolar membranes in osh4∆ and osh5∆ mutants, whereas no significant changes were observed in other osh deletion mutants. Furthermore, we identified defects in autophagic processes in the osh4∆ and osh5∆ mutants, including rare autophagosome formation in the osh5∆ mutant and accumulation of autophagic bodies in the vacuole in the osh4∆ mutant, even in the absence of the proteinase inhibitor PMSF. These findings suggest that Osh4p and Osh5p play crucial roles in the transport of PtdSer to autophagic bodies and autophagosome membranes, respectively. The precise control of lipid composition in the membranes of autophagosomes and autophagic bodies by Osh4p and Osh5p represents an important regulatory mechanism in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Muramoto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Nanaru Mineoka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kayoko Fukuda
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kuriyama
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akikazu Fujita
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Li J, Hong Y, Zhong Y, Yang S, Pei L, Huang Z, Long H, Chen X, Zhou C, Zheng G, Zeng C, Wu H, Wang T. Meteorin-like (METRNL) attenuates hypertensive induced cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting autophagy via activating BRCA2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167113. [PMID: 38460862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension, a prevalent cardiovascular ailment globally, can precipitate numerous complications, notably hypertensive cardiomyopathy. Meteorin-like (METRNL) is demonstrated to possess potential protective properties on cardiovascular diseases. However, its specific role and underlying mechanism in hypertensive myocardial hypertrophy remain elusive. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) served as hypertensive models to explore the effects of METRNL on hypertension and its induced myocardial hypertrophy. The research results indicate that, in contrast to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, SHRs exhibit significant symptoms of hypertension and myocardial hypertrophy, but cardiac-specific overexpression (OE) of METRNL can partially ameliorate these symptoms. In H9c2 cardiomyocytes, METRNL suppresses Ang II-induced autophagy by controlling the BRCA2/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. But when BRCA2 expression is knocked down, this effect will be suppressed. Collectively, METRNL emerges as a potential therapeutic target for hypertensive cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Yinghui Hong
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Yinsheng Zhong
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Shujun Yang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Liying Pei
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Zijie Huang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Huibao Long
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Xuxiang Chen
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Changqing Zhou
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Department of Emergency, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Chaotao Zeng
- Department of Emergency, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Haidong Wu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518003, PR China.
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Wang M, Yan M, Tan L, Zhao X, Liu G, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Gao H, Qin W. Non-coding RNAs: targets for Chinese herbal medicine in treating myocardial fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1337623. [PMID: 38476331 PMCID: PMC10928947 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1337623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death in urban and rural areas. Myocardial fibrosis is a common pathological manifestation at the adaptive and repair stage of cardiovascular diseases, easily predisposing to cardiac death. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), RNA molecules with no coding potential, can regulate gene expression in the occurrence and development of myocardial fibrosis. Recent studies have suggested that Chinese herbal medicine can relieve myocardial fibrosis through targeting various ncRNAs, mainly including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Thus, ncRNAs are novel drug targets for Chinese herbal medicine. Herein, we summarized the current understanding of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis, and highlighted the contribution of ncRNAs to the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal medicine on myocardial fibrosis. Further, we discussed the future directions regarding the potential applications of ncRNA-based drug screening platform to screen drugs for myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Maocai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Liqiang Tan
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaona Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zejin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Honggang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
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4
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B. The elastin-derived peptide (VGVAPG) activates autophagy in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 127:103902. [PMID: 37918553 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process important for balancing the sources of energy and involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, a number of papers have shown that elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) affect the expression and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is crucial for the development of AD and autophagy initiation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether EDPs with a Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG) amino acid sequence activate the autophagic process in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Our study is the first to show that EDPs with the VGVAPG sequence initiate the autophagy process in the undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cell line exhibiting a number of features of normal neuroblasts. In particular, we observed in our study that VGAVPG peptide increased ULK1, AKT, PPARγ, and LC3B protein expression. Moreover, our experiments with the agonist (rosiglitazone) and antagonist (GW9662) of PPARγ confirm that the studied EDP acts through the PPARγ pathway affecting mTOR and finally autophagy. Some studies have shown that autophagy disturbances are involved in the development of AD. Therefore, we believe that our study will provide new evidence of the possible involvement of EDPs (especially VGVAPG) in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
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Jiang B, Zhou X, Yang T, Wang L, Feng L, Wang Z, Xu J, Jing W, Wang T, Su H, Yang G, Zhang Z. The role of autophagy in cardiovascular disease: Cross-interference of signaling pathways and underlying therapeutic targets. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1088575. [PMID: 37063954 PMCID: PMC10090687 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1088575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles, which realizes the metabolic needs of cells and the renewal of organelles. Autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are the main molecular mechanisms controlling autophagy, and their functions can coordinate the whole autophagic process. Autophagy can also play a role in cardiovascular disease through several key signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, IGF/EGF, AMPK/mTOR, MAPKs, p53, Nrf2/p62, Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways. In this paper, we reviewed the signaling pathway of cross-interference between autophagy and cardiovascular diseases, and analyzed the development status of novel cardiovascular disease treatment by targeting the core molecular mechanism of autophagy as well as the critical signaling pathway. Induction or inhibition of autophagy through molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways can provide therapeutic benefits for patients. Meanwhile, we hope to provide a unique insight into cardiovascular treatment strategies by understanding the molecular mechanism and signaling pathway of crosstalk between autophagy and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Longfei Feng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiyao Jing
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Gansu Province Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixiang Su
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Gansu Province Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - GuoWei Yang
- Center for Heart, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Center for Heart, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Perrelli A, Ferraris C, Berni E, Glading AJ, Retta SF. KRIT1: A Traffic Warden at the Busy Crossroads Between Redox Signaling and the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:496-528. [PMID: 36047808 PMCID: PMC10039281 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: KRIT1 (Krev interaction trapped 1) is a scaffolding protein that plays a critical role in vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis. Its loss-of-function has been unequivocally associated with the pathogenesis of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease of genetic origin characterized by defective endothelial cell-cell adhesion and ensuing structural alterations and hyperpermeability in brain capillaries. KRIT1 contributes to the maintenance of endothelial barrier function by stabilizing the integrity of adherens junctions and inhibiting the formation of actin stress fibers. Recent Advances: Among the multiple regulatory mechanisms proposed so far, significant evidence accumulated over the past decade has clearly shown that the role of KRIT1 in the stability of endothelial barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, is largely based on its involvement in the complex machinery governing cellular redox homeostasis and responses to oxidative stress and inflammation. KRIT1 loss-of-function has, indeed, been demonstrated to cause an impairment of major redox-sensitive mechanisms involved in spatiotemporal regulation of cell adhesion and signaling, which ultimately leads to decreased cell-cell junction stability and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammation. Critical Issues: This review explores the redox mechanisms that influence endothelial cell adhesion and barrier function, focusing on the role of KRIT1 in such mechanisms. We propose that this supports a novel model wherein redox signaling forms the common link between the various pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches hitherto associated with CCM disease. Future Directions: A comprehensive characterization of the role of KRIT1 in redox control of endothelial barrier physiology and defense against oxy-inflammatory insults will provide valuable insights into the development of precision medicine strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 496-528.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Berni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Han J, Yang J, Wang Q, Yin X, Sun Z, Huang C, Chen G, Zheng L, Jiang D. Ibandronate promotes autophagy by inhibiting Rac1–mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:186. [PMID: 35397636 PMCID: PMC8994753 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that ibandronate (IBAN) could improve endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. However, the mechanism by which IBAN improves endothelial function is unclear. The IBAN-induced autophagic process in vitro experiments were determined by detection of LC3, Beclin1, and P62 protein levels via western blotting. The autophagy flux was detected by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. For in vivo experiments, spontaneously hypertensive rats were orally administered with IBAN. Utilizing angiotensin II (Ang II) to stimulate the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) as a model of endothelial cell injury in hypertension, we found that IBAN promoted autophagy and protected cell viability in Ang II-treated-endothelial cells while these effects could be reversed by autophagy inhibitor. In terms of mechanism, IBAN treatment decreased the levels of Rac1 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Activating either Rac1 or mTOR could reverse IBAN-induced autophagy. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments also indicated that IBAN promotes autophagy by downregulating Rac1-mTOR. Taken together, our results firstly revealed that IBAN enhances autophagy via inhibiting Rac1-mTOR signaling pathway, and thus alleviates Ang II-induced injury in endothelial cells.
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Ba B, Mayila A, Guo Y, Xu J, Xing S, Cao G. NLRC5 enhances autophagy via inactivation of AKT/mTOR pathway and ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:23-30. [PMID: 34802165 PMCID: PMC8781646 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5) in cardiac hypertrophy, and to explore the mechanism implicated in this effect Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes using 1 μM of angiotensin II (Ang II) for 12, 24 and 48 h. Overexpression of NLRC5 was induced in H9C2 cells, and the NLRC5 + Ang II-treated cells were exposed to SC9 and 3-methyladenine (3MA). An immunofluorescence assay was used for α-actinin staining, and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed for NLRC5, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) determination. Western blot analysis was applied to measure the levels of NLRC5, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 type I (LC3I), LC3II, sequestosome 1 (p62), protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated Akt (pAKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated mTOR (pmTOR). The level of NLRC5 was significantly decreased after Ang II treatment in cardiomyocytes, but the levels of ANP and BNP were increased. Overexpression of NLRC5 reduced the cell size, downregulated the levels of ANP and BNP, increased LC3II / LC3I, but decreased p62 in Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, the results from Western blot showed that overexpression of NLRC5 distinctly decreased the ratios of pAKT/AKT and pmTOR/mTOR in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. SC79 and 3MA significantly downregulated the ratio of LC3I/LC3II but increased the level of p62 in NLRC5 + Ang II-treated cells. These results provide a possible novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy that might be useful in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayinsilema Ba
- Department of CardiologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi CityChina
| | - Abudoukelimu Mayila
- Department of CardiologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi CityChina
| | - Yankai Guo
- Department of CardiologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi CityChina
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of CardiologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi CityChina
| | - Shifeng Xing
- Department of CardiologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi CityChina
| | - GuiQiu Cao
- Department of CardiologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi CityChina
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Hu J, Wang X, Cui X, Kuang W, Li D, Wang J. Quercetin prevents isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis by promoting autophagy via regulating miR-223-3p/FOXO3. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1253-1269. [PMID: 34097559 PMCID: PMC8331011 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1932029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the common arrhythmias. Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is closely related to atrial remodeling and leads to AF. MF is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases and a pathological basis of AF. Thus, the underlying mechanism in MF and AF development should be fully elucidated for AF therapeutic innovation. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, and the relationship between autophagy and MF has been previously shown. Moreover, research reported that quercetin (Que) could ameliorate MF. The current study aimed to explore the mechanism of Que in MF. The results in this study showed that in clinical AF patients and in aged rats, miR-223-3p was high-expressed, while FOXO3 and autophagy pathway related proteins, such as ATG7, p62/SQSTM1 and the ratio of LC3B-II/LC3B-I were significantly inhibited. In vivo and in vitro studies, we found that Que can effectively inhibit the expression of miR-223-3p in AF model cells and rats myocardial tissues, and meanwhile enhance the expression of FOXO3 and activate the autophagy pathway, and significantly inhibit myocardial fibrosis, and improve myocardial remodeling in atrial fibrillation. All in all, in this study, we found that Que prevents isoprenaline-induced MF by increasing autophagy via regulating miR-223-3p/FOXO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Kuang
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
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10
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Li HP, Liu JT, Chen YX, Wang WB, Han Y, Yao QP, Qi YX. Suppressed nuclear envelope proteins activate autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cells during cyclic stretch application. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118855. [PMID: 32926941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play crucial roles in vascular remodeling in hypertension, which correlates with pathologically elevated cyclic stretch due to increased arterial pressure. Recent researches reported that autophagy, a life-sustaining process, was increased in hypertension. However, the mechanobiological mechanism of VSMC autophagy and its potential roles in vascular remodeling are still unclear. Using renal hypertensive rats in vivo and FX5000 stretch application Unit in vitro, the autophagy of VSMCs was detected. The results showed that LC3II remarkably enhanced in hypertensive rats and 15% cyclic stretch (mimic the pathologically increased mechanical stretch in hypertension), and the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was suppressed in 15% cyclic stretch. Administration of autophagy inhibitors, bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, repressed VSMC proliferation efficiently, but did not affect the degradation of two important nuclear envelope (NE) proteins, lamin A/C and emerin. Using RNA interference to decline the expression of lamin A/C and emerin, respectively, we discovered that autophagy was upregulated under both static and 5% cyclic stretch conditions, accompanying with the decreased mTOR activity. During 15% cyclic stretch application, mTOR inhibition was responsible for autophagy elevation. Chloroquine administration in vivo inhibited the expression of PCNA (marker of proliferation) of abdominal aorta in hypertensive rats. Altogether, these results demonstrated that pathological cyclic stretch suppresses the expression of lamin A/C and emerin which subsequently represses mTOR pathway so as to induce autophagy activation. Blocking autophagic flux may be a practicable way to relieve the pathological vascular remodeling in hypertensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Peng Li
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ji-Ting Liu
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan-Xiu Chen
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wang
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qing-Ping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying-Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Xu CN, Kong LH, Ding P, Liu Y, Fan ZG, Gao EH, Yang J, Yang LF. Melatonin ameliorates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by attenuating Atg5-dependent autophagy and activating the Akt/mTOR pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165848. [PMID: 32473999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, including hypertension and valvular dysfunction, is a pathological feature of many cardiac diseases that ultimately leads to heart failure. Melatonin confers a protective role against pathological cardiac hypertrophy, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we hypothesized that melatonin protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by attenuating Atg5-dependent autophagy and activating the Akt/mTOR pathway. Male C57BL/6 mice that received adenovirus carrying cardiac-specific Atg5 (under the cTNT promoter; Ad-cTNT-Atg5) underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham operation and received an intraperitoneal injection of melatonin (10 mg/kg/d), vehicle or LY294002 (10 mg/kg/d) for 8 weeks. Melatonin treatment for 8 weeks markedly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and restored impaired cardiac function, as indicated by a decreased HW/BW ratio, reduced cell cross-sectional area and fibrosis, downregulated the mRNA levels of ANP, BNP, and β-MHC and ameliorated adverse effects on the LVEF and LVFS. Melatonin treatment also inhibited apoptosis and alleviated autophagy dysfunction. Furthermore, melatonin inhibited Akt/mTOR pathway activation, while these effects were blocked by LY294002. In addition, the effect of melatonin regulation on TAC-induced autophagy dysfunction was inhibited by LY294002 or cardiac-specific Atg5 overexpression. As expected, Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition or cardiac-specific Atg5 overexpression restrained melatonin alleviation of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. These results demonstrated that melatonin ameliorated pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by attenuating Atg5-dependent autophagy and activating the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Nian Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ling-Heng Kong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Er-He Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Li-Fang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China.
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12
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De Munck DG, De Meyer GR, Martinet W. Autophagy as an emerging therapeutic target for age-related vascular pathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:131-145. [PMID: 31985292 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1723079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence of age-related vascular diseases such as arterial stiffness, hypertension and atherosclerosis, is rising dramatically and is substantially impacting healthcare systems. Mounting evidence suggests that there is an important role for autophagy in maintaining (cardio)vascular health. Impaired vascular autophagy has been linked to arterial aging and the initiation of vascular disease.Areas covered: The function and implications of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells are discussed in healthy blood vessels and arterial disease. Furthermore, we discuss current treatment options for vascular disease and their links with autophagy. A literature search was conducted in PubMed up to October 2019.Expert opinion: Although the therapeutic potential of inducing autophagy in age-related vascular pathologies is considerable, several issues should be addressed before autophagy induction can be clinically used to treat vascular disease. These issues include uncertainty regarding the most effective drug target as well as the lack of potency and selectivity of autophagy inducing drugs. Moreover, drug tolerance or autophagy mediated cell death have been reported as possible adverse effects. Special attention is required for determining the cause of autophagy deficiency to optimize the treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien G De Munck
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Ry De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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Chen JH, Wu T, Xia WY, Shi ZH, Zhang CL, Chen L, Chen QX, Wang YH. An early neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin against subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1947-1954. [PMID: 32246644 PMCID: PMC7513987 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin has been shown to reduce early brain edema and neuronal death after subarachnoid hemorrhage, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, rat models of subarachnoid hemorrhage were established by autologous blood injection in the cisterna magna. Rat models were intragastrically administered 20 mg/kg atorvastatin 24 hours before subarachnoid hemorrhage, 12 and 36 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Compared with the controls, atorvastatin treatment demonstrated that at 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage, neurological function had clearly improved; brain edema was remarkably relieved; cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the cerebral cortex of rats; the number of autophagy-related protein Beclin-1-positive cells and the expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 were increased compared with subarachnoid hemorrhage only. The ultrastructural damage of neurons in the temporal lobe was also noticeably alleviated. The similarities between the effects of atorvastatin and rapamycin were seen in all the measured outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, these were contrary to the results of 3-methyladenine injection, which inhibits the signaling pathway of autophagy. These findings indicate that atorvastatin plays an early neuroprotective role in subarachnoid hemorrhage by activating autophagy. The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University, China (904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA; approval No. YXLL-2017-09) on February 22, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province; Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Xia
- Department of Science and Education, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian-Xue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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Xu B, Ding MY, Weng Z, Li ZQ, Li F, Sun X, Chen QL, Wang YT, Wang Y, Zhou GC. Discovery of fused bicyclic derivatives of 1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-1-one as VDR signaling regulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3879-3888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Calmasini FB, Klee NS, Brands MW, Joe B, Webb RC. Reconstitution of autophagy ameliorates vascular function and arterial stiffening in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1013-H1027. [PMID: 31469290 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00227.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient autophagy has been proposed as a mechanism of cellular aging, as this leads to the accumulation of dysfunctional macromolecules and organelles. Premature vascular aging occurs in hypertension. In fact, many factors that contribute to the deterioration of vascular function as we age are accelerated in clinical and experimental hypertension. Previously, we have reported decreased autophagy in arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs); however, the effects of restoring autophagic activity on blood pressure and vascular function are currently unknown. We hypothesized that reconstitution of arterial autophagy in SHRs would decrease blood pressure and improve endothelium-dependent relaxation. We treated 14- to 18-wk-old Wistar rats (n = 7 vehicle and n = 8 trehalose) and SHRs (n = 7/group) with autophagy activator trehalose (2% in drinking water) for 28 days. Blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry, and vascular function and structure were measured in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries (MRAs) using wire and pressure myographs, respectively. Treatment with trehalose had no effect on blood pressure in SHRs; however, isolated MRAs presented enhanced relaxation to acetylcholine, in a cyclooxygenase- and reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Similarly, trehalose treatment shifted the relaxation to the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 to the right, indicating reduced ROCK activity. Finally, trehalose treatment decreased arterial stiffness as indicated by the slope of the stress-strain curve. Overall these data indicate that reconstitution of arterial autophagy in SHRs improves endothelial and vascular smooth muscle function, which could synergize to prevent stiffening. As a result, restoration of autophagic activity could be a novel therapeutic for premature vascular aging in hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work supports the concept that diminished arterial autophagy contributes to premature vascular aging in hypertension and that therapeutic reconstitution of autophagic activity can ameliorate this phenotype. As vascular age is a new clinically used index for cardiovascular risk, understanding this mechanism may assist in the development of new drugs to prevent premature vascular aging in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole S Klee
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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16
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Sherbet GV. Statins: A Conceivable Remedial Role for the Regulation of Cancer Progression. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180611113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway) plays a crucial metabolic role in normal cell function as well as in the pathological environment. It leads to the synthesis of sterol and non-sterol isoprenoid biomolecules which subserve a variety of cellular functions. It is known to be deregulated in many disease processes. Statins and bisphosphonates are prominent inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway. They inhibit cell proliferation and activate apoptotic signalling and suppress tumour growth. Statins subdue metastatic spread of tumours by virtue of their ability to suppress invasion and angiogenesis. The induction of autophagy is another feature of statin effects that could contribute to the suppression of metastasis. Herein highlighted are the major signalling systems that statins engage to generate these biological effects. Statins can constrain tumour growth by influencing the expression and function of growth factor and receptor systems. They may suppress epithelial mesenchymal transition with resultant inhibition of cell survival signalling, together with the inhibition of cancer stem cell generation, and their maintenance and expansion. They can suppress ER (oestrogen receptor)-α in breast cancer cells. Statins have been implicated in the activation of the serine/threonine protein kinase AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein) leading to the suppression of cell proliferation. Both statins and bisphosphonates can suppress angiogenic signalling by HIF (hypoxia- inducible factor)-1/eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR (VEGF receptor). Statins have been linked with improvements in disease prognosis. Also attributed to them is the ability of cancer prevention and reduction of risk of some forms of cancer. The wide spectrum of cancer associated events which these mevalonate inhibitors appear to influence would suggest a conceivable role for them in cancer management. However, much deliberation is warranted in the design and planning of clinical trials, their scope and definition of endpoints, modes risk assessment and the accrual of benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan V. Sherbet
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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17
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Li G, Chen L, Chen K. Curcumin Promotes Femoral Fracture Healing in a Rat Model by Activation of Autophagy. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4064-4072. [PMID: 29902161 PMCID: PMC6032800 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to use a rat model of femoral fracture healing to study the effects of curcumin on cell autophagy, compared with treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats with right mid-femoral fracture were divided into three groups: the curcumin-treated group (N=12) (gavage with curcumin 400 mg/kg/day); the curcumin + 3-MA-treated group (gavage with curcumin 400 mg/kg/day + 3-MA 30 mg/kg/day); and the control group (N=12) (gavage normal saline). Each group underwent femoral bone imaging using anteroposterior X-ray and micro-computed tomography (CT) at two weeks and six weeks following bone fracture. All rats were euthanized at the end of the study. Histology of the bone was performed to compare bone healing. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical tissue staining and Western blots were performed, to compare the expression of autophagy-related proteins, Beclin-1 and LC3-II. RESULTS Autophagy of rat femoral bone tissue was activated following fracture, increasing with time, reaching a peak at 24 hours. Imaging and histology showed that curcumin promoted the fracture healing in rats, which was reduced by treatment with 3-MA. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot showed that curcumin treatment increased the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-II, which were reduced by treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study, in a rat model of femoral bone fracture healing, showed that curcumin promoted bone healing and autophagy, which were reduced by treatment with 3-MA, a known inhibitor of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ward 2, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ward 2, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ward 2, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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18
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Peng S, Xu LW, Che XY, Xiao QQ, Pu J, Shao Q, He B. Atorvastatin Inhibits Inflammatory Response, Attenuates Lipid Deposition, and Improves the Stability of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques by Modulating Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:438. [PMID: 29773990 PMCID: PMC5943597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease comprising intima malfunction and arterial inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy could inhibit inflammatory response in atherosclerosis and exert subsequent atheroprotective effects. Our previous study also demonstrated the role of autophagy in the inhibition of inflammation by atorvastatin in vitro. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to determine whether atorvastatin could upregulate autophagy to inhibit inflammatory cytokines secretion, lipid accumulation, and improve vulnerable plaque stability, both in vitro and in vivo. First, we established a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque mouse model through partial ligation of left common carotid artery and left renal artery to explore the effect of atorvastatin on vulnerable plaques. The results showed that atorvastatin could enhance the stability of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and reduce the lesion area in the aorta. Atorvastatin could also inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18 secretion in vivo. Atorvastatin treatment upregulated the expression of autophagy-related protein microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3B) and downregulated the expression of SQSTM1/p62, which suggested that autophagy was activated in vulnerable plaques. Transmission electron microscopy further demonstrated the atorvastatin-induced increase in autophagy activity in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. We employed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to stimulate RAW264.7 cells with atorvastatin, which showed that atorvastatin could attenuate lipid deposition, ameliorate inflammation, inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and enhance autophagy in vitro. All these beneficial effects were abolished by 3-methyladenine treatment, an autophagy inhibitor. Atorvastatin also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR, which strongly suggested the involvement of the mTOR pathway. Our study proposed a new role for atorvastatin as an autophagy inducer to exert anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective effects, to stabilize vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Wei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yu Che
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Qing Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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An Intervention Target for Myocardial Fibrosis: Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6215916. [PMID: 29850542 PMCID: PMC5911341 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6215916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is the result of metabolic imbalance of collagen synthesis and metabolism, which is widespread in various cardiovascular diseases. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway which is highly conserved. In recent years, research on autophagy has been increasing and the researchers have also become cumulatively aware of the specified association between autophagy and MF. This review highlights the role of autophagy in MF and the potential effects through the administration of medicine.
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20
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Han F, Xiao Q, Peng S, Che X, Jiang L, Shao Q, He B. Atorvastatin ameliorates LPS‐induced inflammatory response by autophagy via AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1604-1615. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Department of CardiologyRen‐Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qing‐Qing Xiao
- Department of CardiologyRen‐Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shi Peng
- Department of CardiologyRen‐Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xin‐Yu Che
- Department of CardiologyRen‐Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li‐Sheng Jiang
- Department of CardiologyRen‐Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qin Shao
- Department of CardiologyRen‐Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ben He
- Department of CardiologyRen‐Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Deng Y, Wu W, Guo S, Chen Y, Liu C, Gao X, Wei B. Altered mTOR and Beclin-1 mediated autophagic activation during right ventricular remodeling in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Respir Res 2017; 18:53. [PMID: 28340591 PMCID: PMC5366117 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Right ventricular structure and function is a major predictor of outcomes in pulmonary hypertension (PH), yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Growing evidence suggests the importance of autophagy in cardiac remodeling; however, its dynamics in the process of right ventricle(RV) remodeling in PH has not been fully explored. We sought to study the time course of cardiomyocyte autophagy in the RV in PH and determine whether mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin-1 hypoxia-related pro-autophagic pathways are underlying mechanisms. Methods Rats were studied at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after subcutaneous injection of 60 mg/kg monocrotaline (MCT) (MCT-2 W, 4 W, 6 W) or vehicle (CON-2 W, 4 W, 6 W). Cardiac hemodynamics and RV function were assessed in rats. Autophagy structures and markers were assessed using transmission electron microscope, RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry staining, and western blot analyses. Western blot was also used to quantify the expression of mTOR and Beclin-1 mediated pro-autophagy signalings in the RV. Results Two weeks after MCT injection, pulmonary artery systolic pressure increased and mild RV hypertrophy without RV dilation was observed. RV enlargement presented at 4 weeks with moderately decreased function, whereas typical characteristics of RV decompensation and failure occurred at 6 weeks thus demonstrating the progression of RV remodeling in the MCT model. A higher LC3 (microtubule- associated protein light chain 3) II/I ratio, upregulated LC3 mRNA and protein levels, as well as accumulation of autophagosomes in RV of MCT rats indicated autophagy induction. Autophagy activation was coincident with increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Pro-autophagy signaling pathways were activated in a RV remodeling stage-dependent manner since phospho-AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase)-α were primarily upregulated and phospho-mTOR suppressed in the RV at 2 and 4 weeks post-MCT injection, whearas, BNIP3 (Bcl2-interacting protein 3) and beclin-1 expression were relatively low during these stages, they were significantly upregulated after 6 weeks in this model. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of sustained activation of autophagy in RV remodeling of MCT induced PH model, while pro-autophagic signaling pathways varied depending on the phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shenglan Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcui Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
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22
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Zhao D, Wang W, Wang H, Peng H, Liu X, Guo W, Su G, Zhao Z. PKD knockdown inhibits pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by promoting autophagy via AKT/mTOR pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:276-285. [PMID: 28367092 PMCID: PMC5370435 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that protein kinase D (PKD) plays an important role in the development of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. However, the mechanisms involved are not clear. This study tested our hypothesis that PKD might mediate cardiac hypertrophy by negatively regulating autophagy using the technique of PKD knockdown by siRNA. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in 8-week old male C57BL/6 mice by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). TAC mice were then divided into five groups receiving the treatments of vehicle (DMSO), an autophagy inducer rapamycin (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.), control siRNA, lentiviral PKD siRNA (2×108 transducing units/0.1 ml, i.v. injection in one day after surgery, and repeated in 2 weeks after surgery), and PKD siRNA plus 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, 20 mg/kg/day, i.p.), respectively. Four weeks after TAC surgery, echocardiographic study, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and Masson's staining showed mice with TAC had significantly hypertrophy and remodeling compared with sham animals. Treatments with PKD siRNA or rapamycin significantly ameliorated the cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. Moreover, PKD siRNA increased cardiac autophagic activity determined by electron micrographic study and the biomarkers by Western blot, accompanied with the downregulated AKT/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway. All the cardiac effects of PDK knockdown were inhibited by co-treatment with 3-MA. These results suggest that PKD is involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting cardiac autophagy via AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Honghai Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangjuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Weixing Guo
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Guohai Su
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Affiliated with Shandong University, Shandong, China
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Parry TL, Willis MS. Cardiac ubiquitin ligases: Their role in cardiac metabolism, autophagy, cardioprotection and therapeutic potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:2259-2269. [PMID: 27421947 PMCID: PMC5159290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the lysosomal autophagy system have emerged as complementary key players responsible for the turnover of cellular proteins. The regulation of protein turnover is critical to cardiomyocytes as post-mitotic cells with very limited regenerative capacity. In this focused review, we describe the emerging interface between the UPS and autophagy, with E3's regulating autophagy at two critical points through multiple mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss recent insights in how both the UPS and autophagy can alter metabolism at various levels, to present new ways to think about therapeutically regulating autophagy in a focused manner to optimize disease-specific cardioprotection, without harming the overall homeostasis of protein quality control. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism edited by Jason R.B. Dyck & Jan F.C. Glatz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Fujita A, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Morimoto S, Yoshihara T, Arioka M, Igawa K, Tomooka K, Hoka S, Sasaguri T. 2,5-Dimethylcelecoxib prevents pressure-induced left ventricular remodeling through GSK-3 activation. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:130-139. [PMID: 27628899 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a crucial regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. We previously reported that 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib (DM-celecoxib), a celecoxib derivative unable to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2, prevented cardiac remodeling by activating GSK-3, resulting in lifespan prolongation in a mouse model of genetic dilated cardiomyopathy. In the present study, we investigated whether DM-celecoxib can also prevent pressure-induced cardiac remodeling and heart failure, elicited by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Before testing the effects of DM-celecoxib, we compared the effects of TAC on the hearts of wild-type and GSK-3β hetero-deficient (GSK-3β+/-) mice to determine the role of GSK-3 in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. GSK-3β+/- mouse hearts exhibited more severe hypertrophy, which was characterized by accelerated interstitial fibrosis, than wild-type mouse hearts after TAC, suggesting that reduced GSK-3β activity aggravates pressure-induced left ventricular remodeling. We subsequently examined the effects of DM-celecoxib on TAC-induced cardiac remodeling. DM-celecoxib inhibited left ventricular systolic functional deterioration, and prevented left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. It also activated GSK-3α and β by inhibiting Akt, suppressing the activity of β-catenin and nuclear factor of activated T-cells and thereby decreasing the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin target gene products fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinase-2. These results suggest that DM-celecoxib is clinically useful for treating pressure-induced heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Global Medical Science Education Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachio Morimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshihara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Arioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Department of Molecular and Material Science, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tomooka
- Department of Molecular and Material Science, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sumio Hoka
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sasaguri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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25
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Gao S, Zhang ZM, Shen ZL, Gao K, Chang L, Guo Y, Li Z, Wang W, Wang AM. Atorvastatin activates autophagy and promotes neurological function recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:977-82. [PMID: 27482228 PMCID: PMC4962597 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication, provides neuroprotective effects, although the precise mechanisms of action remain unclear. Our previous studies confirmed activated autophagy following spinal cord injury, which was conducive to recovery of neurological functions. We hypothesized that atorvastatin could also activate autophagy after spinal cord injury, and subsequently improve recovery of neurological functions. A rat model of spinal cord injury was established based on the Allen method. Atorvastatin (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 and 2 days after spinal cord injury. At 7 days post-injury, western blot assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining results showed increased Beclin-1 and light chain 3B gene and protein expressions in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group. Additionally, caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression was decreased, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced. Compared with the spinal cord injury + saline group, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores significantly increased in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group at 14-42 days post-injury. These findings suggest that atorvastatin activated autophagy after spinal cord injury, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted recovery of neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinzhou Municipal Second Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinzhou Municipal Second Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Jinzhou Central Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinzhou Municipal Second Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ai-Mei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
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26
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Chen YH, Chen YC, Liu CS, Hsieh MC. The Different Effects of Atorvastatin and Pravastatin on Cell Death and PARP Activity in Pancreatic NIT-1 Cells. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1828071. [PMID: 28004006 PMCID: PMC5149701 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1828071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been widely used drugs for lowering low-density lipoprotein and for preventing heart attack and stroke. However, the increased risk for developing diabetes during extended stain use and the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the signaling pathway and biological function between necrosis and autophagy induced by atorvastatin (AS) and pravastatin (PS). Here we observed that atorvastatin (AS) can increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce necrotic cell death and autophagy in NIT-1 cells, whereas pravastatin (PS) does not cause ROS and cell death but also induces autophagy. PARP1 exhibited a dual role in modulating necrosis and autophagy in AS- and PS-treated NIT-1 cells through RIP1-RIP3-MLKL pathway and PARP1-AMPK-mTOR pathway. Lastly, AS treatment induced mitochondrial morphology injury significantly more than PS treatment did. Thus, the PARP1 activation should be considered in the development of effective statin therapies for diabetes. Future studies may examine specific mechanisms and pathways in mitochondria, autophagy, and oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chen
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Liu
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrative Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Hsieh
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrative Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- *Ming-Chia Hsieh:
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