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Zhao J, Jiang L, Uehara M, Banouni N, Al Dulaijan BS, Azzi J, Ichimura T, Li X, Jarolim P, Fiorina P, Tullius SG, Madsen JC, Kasinath V, Abdi R. ACTH treatment promotes murine cardiac allograft acceptance. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e143385. [PMID: 34236047 PMCID: PMC8410061 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart transplantation is the optimal therapy for patients with end-stage heart disease, but its long-term outcome remains inadequate. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the melanocortin receptors (MCRs) in inflammation, but how MCRs regulate the balance between alloreactive T cells and Tregs, and whether they impact chronic heart transplant rejection, is unknown. Here, we found that Tregs express MC2R, and MC2R expression was highest among all MCRs by Tregs. Our data indicate that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the sole ligand for MC2R, promoted the formation of Tregs by increasing the expression of IL-2Rα (CD25) in CD4+ T cells and activation of STAT5 in CD4+CD25+ T cells. ACTH treatment also improved the survival of heart allografts and increased the formation of Tregs in CD28KO mice. ACTH treatment synergized with the tolerogenic effect of CTLA-4–Ig, resulting in long-term survival of heart allografts and an increase in intragraft Tregs. ACTH administration also demonstrated higher prolongation of heart allograft survival in transgenic mouse recipients with both complete KO and conditional KO of PI3Kγ in T cells. Finally, ACTH treatment reduced chronic rejection markedly. These data demonstrate that ACTH treatment improved heart transplant outcomes, and this effect correlated with an increase in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Transplantation Research Center.,Renal Division, and
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Transplantation Research Center.,Renal Division, and
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center.,Renal Division, and
| | - Naima Banouni
- Transplantation Research Center.,Renal Division, and
| | | | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center.,Renal Division, and
| | | | - Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center.,Renal Division, and
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Department of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Endocrinology Division, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, and.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center.,Renal Division, and
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2
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Cloots K, Burza S, Malaviya P, Hasker E, Kansal S, Mollett G, Chakravarty J, Roy N, Lal BK, Rijal S, Sundar S, Boelaert M. Male predominance in reported Visceral Leishmaniasis cases: Nature or nurture? A comparison of population-based with health facility-reported data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007995. [PMID: 31995564 PMCID: PMC7010295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bangladesh, India, and Nepal aim for the elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), a systemic parasitic infectious disease, as a public health problem by 2020. For decades, male patients have comprised the majority of reported VL cases in this region. By comparing this reported VL sex ratio to the one observed in population-based studies conducted in the Indian subcontinent, we tested the working hypothesis that mainly socio-cultural gender differences in healthcare-seeking behavior explain this gender imbalance. Methodology/Principal findings We compared the observed sex ratio of male versus female among all VL cases reported by the health system in Nepal and in the two most endemic states in India with that observed in population-based cohort studies in India and Nepal. Also, we assessed male sex as a potential risk factor for seroprevalence at baseline, seroconversion, and VL incidence in the same population-based data. The male/female ratio among VL cases reported by the health systems was 1.40 (95% CI 1.37–1.43). In the population cohort data, the age- and study site-adjusted male to female risk ratio was 1.27 (95% CI 1.08–1.51). Also, males had a 19% higher chance of being seropositive at baseline in the population surveys (RR 1.19; 95% CI 1.11–1.27), while we observed no significant difference in seroconversion rate between both sexes at the DAT cut-off titer defined as the primary endpoint. Conclusions/Significance Our population-based data show that male sex is a risk factor for VL, and not only as a socio-cultural determinant. Biological sex-related differences likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease that is lethal if not treated timely and mainly affects impoverished populations. Bangladesh, India, and Nepal have targeted the elimination of this disease as a public health problem by 2020. The majority of VL patients attending the health services are male, and this is usually attributed to unequal access to health care for men and women in this sociocultural context. We analyzed two large datasets obtained in population surveillance projects, including regular door-to-door screening for VL, in India and Nepal. Thereby we minimized any potential differences in access to health care between both sexes, as every suspect VL case occurring in the community received a full diagnostic work-up, and the research project facilitated transport to treatment centers if needed. By comparing the observed sex ratio in the health services records with those of the population surveillance records, we aimed to reach meaningful conclusions about the pathway through which male gender exerts its leverage for increasing VL risk: socio-cultural determinants blocking women from accessing care (nurture) or biological factors (nature) making men more vulnerable to VL. Because in the population-based age adjusted-data, male VL cases were significantly more frequent than female, our findings strongly suggest that in the Indian subcontinent, biological differences between men and women play a more critical role in the pathogenesis of VL than previously assumed, and the observed male predominance in VL cases in health services cannot be explained by socio-cultural factors only. Moreover, data show that above the age of 14 years, males are seropositive more often than females and are at higher risk to develop VL disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Cloots
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Epco Hasker
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sangeeta Kansal
- Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Guy Mollett
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaya Chakravarty
- Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Nurpur Roy
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Bibek Kumar Lal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suman Rijal
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Isaac-Márquez AP, Lezama-Dávila CM. Cytokine regulation of female-macrophage resistance to Leishmania mexicana parasites. Role of IL-12p70. Parasite Immunol 2019; 42:e12685. [PMID: 31742717 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, carried out in humans, we showed that females are resistant to Leishmania mexicana infection. We also showed that 17β-estradiol (E2) induces killing of parasites inside of murine macrophages. In this work, we compared, for the first time, L mexicana survival inside of male (male BMDM) and female (female BMDM) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) treated in vitro with E2 or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). We also compared their levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α). We found that female BMDM are a lot less susceptible to infection as compared with male BMDM. 17β-estradiol induced killing of most parasites inside of female BMDM. Dihydrotestosterone, on the other hand, induced some parasite killing inside of some infected male BMDM. Interleukin-6 levels were higher in female BMDM treated with either hormone. Neither TNF-α nor IL-10 levels showed significant differences compared with sham controls. Interestingly IL-12p70 was more abundantly produced by sham female BMDM as compared with sham male BMDM. Only female BMDM treated with E2 trigger a robust IL-12p70 production, but it was significantly reduced in male BMDM. This suggests IL-12p70 is an important factor in female-macrophage resistance to L mexicana parasites.
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da Costa-Silva TA, Conserva GAA, Galisteo AJ, Tempone AG, Lago JHG. Antileishmanial activity and immunomodulatory effect of secosubamolide, a butanolide isolated from Nectandra oppositifolia (Lauraceae). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190008. [PMID: 31467511 PMCID: PMC6707387 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a complex neglected tropical disease caused by
Leishmania donovani complex. Its current treatment
reveals strong limitations, especially high toxicity. In this context,
natural products are important sources of new drug alternatives for VL
therapy. Therefore, the antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activity of
compounds isolated from Nectandra oppositifolia (Lauraceae)
was investigated herein. Methods: The n-hexane extract from twigs of N.
oppositifolia were subjected to HPLC/HRESIMS and
bioactivity-guided fractionation to afford compounds 1 and
2 which were evaluated in vitro against
Leishmania (L.) infantum
chagasi and NCTC cells. Results: The n-hexane extract displayed activity against
L. (L.) infantum
chagasi and afforded isolinderanolide E
(1) and secosubamolide A (2),
which were effective against L. (L.)
infantum chagasi promastigotes, with IC50
values of 57.9 and 24.9 µM, respectively. Compound 2 was
effective against amastigotes (IC50 = 10.5 µM) and displayed
moderate mammalian cytotoxicity (CC50 = 42 µM). The
immunomodulatory studies of compound 2 suggested an
anti-inflammatory activity, with suppression of IL-6, IL-10, TNF with lack
of nitric oxide. Conclusion: This study showed the antileishmanial activity of compounds 1
and 2 isolated from N. oppositifolia.
Furthermore, compound 2 demonstrated an antileishmanial
activity towards amastigotes associated to an immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A da Costa-Silva
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFBAC), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Geanne A Alves Conserva
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFBAC), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrés J Galisteo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFBAC), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Sex-Related Differences in Immune Response and Symptomatic Manifestations to Infection with Leishmania Species. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4103819. [PMID: 30756088 PMCID: PMC6348913 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4103819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 12 million people are infected with Leishmania spp. and an additional 350 million are at risk of infection. Leishmania are intracellular parasites that cause disease by suppressing macrophage microbicidal responses. Infection can remain asymptomatic or lead to a spectrum of diseases including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Ultimately, the combination of both pathogen and host factors determines the outcome of infection. Leishmaniasis, as well as numerous other infectious diseases, exhibits sex-related differences that cannot be explained solely in terms of environmental exposure or healthcare access. Furthermore, transcriptomic evidence is revealing that biological sex is a variable impacting physiology, immune response, drug metabolism, and consequently, the progression of disease. Herein, we review the distribution, morbidity, and mortality among male and female leishmaniasis patients. Additionally, we discuss experimental findings and new avenues of research concerning sex-specific responses in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The limitations of current therapies and the emergence of drug-resistant parasites underscore the need for new treatments that could harness the host immune response. As such, understanding the mechanisms driving the differential immune response and disease outcome of males versus females is a necessary step in the development of safer and more effective treatments against leishmaniasis.
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6
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Uehara M, McGrath MM, Ohori S, Solhjou Z, Banouni N, Routray S, Evans C, DiNitto JP, Elkhal A, Turka LA, Strom TB, Tullius SG, Winkler DG, Azzi J, Abdi R. Regulation of T cell alloimmunity by PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ. Nat Commun 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 29038423 PMCID: PMC5643371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are preferentially enriched in leukocytes, and defects in these signaling pathways have been shown to impair T cell activation. The effects of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ on alloimmunity remain underexplored. Here, we show that both PI3Kγ−/− and PI3KδD910A/D910A mice receiving heart allografts have suppression of alloreactive T effector cells and delayed acute rejection. However, PI3Kδ mutation also dampens regulatory T cells (Treg). After treatment with low dose CTLA4-Ig, PI3Kγ−/−, but not PI3ΚδD910A/D910A, recipients exhibit indefinite prolongation of heart allograft survival. PI3KδD910A/D910A Tregs have increased apoptosis and impaired survival. Selective inhibition of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ (using PI3Kδ and dual PI3Kγδ chemical inhibitors) shows that PI3Kγ inhibition compensates for the negative effect of PI3Kδ inhibition on long-term allograft survival. These data serve as a basis for future PI3K-based immune therapies for transplantation. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are key regulators of T cell signaling. Here the author show, using mouse heart allograft transplantation models, that PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ deficiency prolongs graft survival, but selective inhibition of PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ reveals alternative transplant survival outcomes post CTLA4-Ig treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Martina M McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ohori
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhabiz Solhjou
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naima Banouni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sujit Routray
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Evans
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan P DiNitto
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital-East Charlestown Navy Yard Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2020, USA
| | - Terry B Strom
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS Room 607, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David G Winkler
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Investigation of the Anti-Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Activity of Some Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050685. [PMID: 28441357 PMCID: PMC6154613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected infectious diseases caused by parasites of the ‘protozoan’ genus Leishmania. Depending on the parasite species, different clinical forms are known as cutaneous, muco-cutaneous, and the visceral leishmaniasis (VL). VL is particularly fatal and the therapy presents limitations. In the search for new anti-leishmanial hit compounds, seven natural sesquiterpene lactones were evaluated against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, a pathogen causing VL. The pseudoguaianolides mexicanin I and helenalin acetate demonstrated the highest selectivity and potency against intracellular amastigotes. In addition, promastigotes treated with helenalin acetate were subject to an ultrastructural and biochemical investigation. The lethal action of the compound was investigated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and related techniques to detect alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, plasma membrane permeability, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Helenalin acetate significantly reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and the mitochondrial structural damage was also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, displaying an intense organelle swelling. No alteration of plasma membrane permeability or ROS content could be detected. Additionally, helenalin acetate significantly increased the production of nitric oxide in peritoneal macrophages, probably potentiating the activity against the intracellular amastigotes. Helenalin acetate could hence be a useful anti-leishmanial scaffold for further optimization studies.
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8
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Nanoliposomal Buparvaquone Immunomodulates Leishmania infantum-Infected Macrophages and Is Highly Effective in a Murine Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02297-16. [PMID: 28167544 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02297-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a fatal parasitic neglected disease affecting 1.5 million people worldwide. Based on a drug repositioning approach, the aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro immunomodulatory potential of buparvaquone (BPQ) and to establish a safe regimen to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of BPQ entrapped by negatively charged nanoliposomes (BPQ-LP) in Leishmania infantum-infected hamsters. Small-angle X-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, and the ζ-potential were applied in order to study the influence of BPQ on the liposome structure. Our data revealed that BPQ was located in the polar-apolar interface, snorkeling the polar region, and protected against aggregation inside the lipophilic region. The presence of BPQ also decreased the Z-average hydrodynamic diameter and increased the surface charge. Compared to intravenous and intramuscular administration, a subcutaneous route was a more effective route for BPQ-LP; at 0.4 mg/kg, BPQ-LP reduced infection in the spleen and liver by 98 and 96%, respectively. Treatment for 5 days resulted in limited efficacy, but 10 days of treatment resulted in an efficacy similar to that of a 15-day regimen. The nanoliposomal drug was highly effective, with a mean 50% effective dose of 0.25 mg/kg, reducing the parasite load in bone marrow by 80%, as detected using quantitative PCR analysis. In addition, flow cytometry studies showed that BPQ upregulated cytokines as tumor necrosis factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-6 in Leishmania-infected macrophages, eliminating the parasites via a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. This new formulation proved to be a safe and effective treatment for murine leishmaniasis that could be a useful candidate against visceral leishmaniasis.
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9
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Grecco SS, Costa-Silva TA, Jerz G, de Sousa FS, Alves Conserva GA, Mesquita JT, Galuppo MK, Tempone AG, Neves BJ, Andrade CH, Cunha RLOR, Uemi M, Sartorelli P, Lago JHG. Antitrypanosomal activity and evaluation of the mechanism of action of dehydrodieugenol isolated from Nectandra leucantha (Lauraceae) and its methylated derivative against Trypanosoma cruzi. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 24:62-67. [PMID: 28160863 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a previous screening of Brazilian biodiversity for antiprotozoal activity, the hexane extract from leaves of Nectandra leucantha (Nees & Mart.) (Lauraceae) demonstrated activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Chromatographic separation of this extract afforded bioactive dehydrodieugenol (1). Furthermore, methylated derivative 2 (dehydrodieugenol dimethyl ether) was prepared and also tested against T. cruzi. PURPOSE To examine the therapeutical potential of compounds 1 and 2 against T. cruzi as well as to elucidate the mechanism of action of bioactive compound 1 against T. cruzi. METHODS/STUDY DESIGN Crude hexane extract from leaves was subjected to chromatographic steps to afford bioactive compound 1. In order to analyze the effect of additional methyl group in the antiparasitic activity of 1, derivative 2 was prepared (both are no pan-assay interference compounds - PAINS). These compounds were evaluated in vitro against T. cruzi (trypomastigote and amastigote forms) and analyzed for the potential effect in host cells through the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Finally, the plasma membrane effect of the most potent compound 1 was investigated in T. cruzi trypomastigotes. RESULTS Compounds 1 and 2 displayed activity against amastigotes of T. cruzi. Although both compounds promoted activity against intracellular amastigotes, the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species of host cells were unaltered, suggesting an antiparasitic activity other than host cell activation. Considering 1 the most effective compound against T. cruzi, the interference in the plasma membrane of the trypomastigotes was investigated using the fluorescent probe SYTOX® Green. After a short-term incubation, the fluidity and integrity of the plasma membrane was completely altered, suggesting it as a primary target for compound 1 in T. cruzi. CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 2 selectively eliminated the intracellular parasites without host cell activation and could be important scaffolds for the search of new hit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S Grecco
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, São Paulo 09210-180, Brazil; Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Thais A Costa-Silva
- Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Gerold Jerz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Fernanda S de Sousa
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Geanne A Alves Conserva
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, São Paulo 09210-180, Brazil; Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Mesquita
- Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana K Galuppo
- Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno J Neves
- LabMol, Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Carolina H Andrade
- LabMol, Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L O R Cunha
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, São Paulo 09210-180, Brazil
| | - Miriam Uemi
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Patricia Sartorelli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, São Paulo 09210-180, Brazil.
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10
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Cunha-Júnior EF, Andrade-Neto VV, Lima ML, da Costa-Silva TA, Galisteo Junior AJ, Abengózar MA, Barbas C, Rivas L, Almeida-Amaral EE, Tempone AG, Torres-Santos EC. Cyclobenzaprine Raises ROS Levels in Leishmania infantum and Reduces Parasite Burden in Infected Mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005281. [PMID: 28045892 PMCID: PMC5234845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leishmanicidal action of tricyclic antidepressants has been studied and evidences have pointed that their action is linked to inhibition of trypanothione reductase, a key enzyme in the redox metabolism of pathogenic trypanosomes. Cyclobenzaprine (CBP) is a tricyclic structurally related to the antidepressant amitriptyline, differing only by the presence of a double bond in the central ring. This paper describes the effect of CBP in experimental visceral leishmaniasis, its inhibitory effect in trypanothione reductase and the potential immunomodulatory activity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In vitro antileishmanial activity was determined in promastigotes and in L. infantum-infected macrophages. For in vivo studies, L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice were treated with CBP by oral gavage for five days and the parasite load was estimated. Trypanothione reductase activity was assessed in the soluble fraction of promastigotes of L. infantum. For evaluation of cytokines, L. infantum-infected macrophages were co-cultured with BALB/c splenocytes and treated with CBP for 48 h. The supernatant was analyzed for IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, IFN-γ and TNF-α. CBP demonstrated an IC50 of 14.5±1.1μM and an IC90 of 74.5±1.2 μM in promastigotes and an IC50 of 12.6±1.05 μM and an IC90 of 28.7±1.3 μM in intracellular amastigotes. CBP also reduced the parasite load in L. infantum-infected mice by 40.4±10.3% and 66.7±10.5% in spleen at 24.64 and 49.28 mg/kg, respectively and by 85.6±5.0 and 89.3±4.8% in liver at 24.64 and 49.28mg/kg, after a short-term treatment. CBP inhibited the trypanothione reductase activity with a Ki of 86 ± 7.7 μM and increased the ROS production in promastigotes. CBP inhibited in 53% the production of IL-6 in infected macrophages co-culture. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of the in vivo antileishmanial activity of the FDA-approved drug CBP. Modulation of immune response and induction of oxidative stress in parasite seem to contribute to this efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valter Viana Andrade-Neto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marta Lopes Lima
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria A. Abengózar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Unidad Asociada Interacciones, Metabolismo y Bioanálisis CSIC-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Unidad Asociada Interacciones, Metabolismo y Bioanálisis CSIC-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andre Gustavo Tempone
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Martins LF, Mesquita JT, Pinto EG, Costa-Silva TA, Borborema SET, Galisteo Junior AJ, Neves BJ, Andrade CH, Shuhaib ZA, Bennett EL, Black GP, Harper PM, Evans DM, Fituri HS, Leyland JP, Martin C, Roberts TD, Thornhill AJ, Vale SA, Howard-Jones A, Thomas DA, Williams HL, Overman LE, Berlinck RGS, Murphy PJ, Tempone AG. Analogues of Marine Guanidine Alkaloids Are in Vitro Effective against Trypanosoma cruzi and Selectively Eliminate Leishmania (L.) infantum Intracellular Amastigotes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2202-2210. [PMID: 27586460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic analogues of marine sponge guanidine alkaloids showed in vitro antiparasitic activity against Leishmania (L.) infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi. Guanidines 10 and 11 presented the highest selectivity index when tested against Leishmania. The antiparasitic activity of 10 and 11 was investigated in host cells and in parasites. Both compounds induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulation of reactive oxygen species levels, and increased plasma membrane permeability in Leishmania parasites. Immunomodulatory assays suggested an NO-independent effect of guanidines 10 and 11 on macrophages. The same compounds also promoted anti-inflammatory activity in L. (L.) infantum-infected macrophages cocultived with splenocytes, reducing the production of cytokines MCP-1 and IFN-γ. Guanidines 10 and 11 affect the bioenergetic metabolism of Leishmania, with selective elimination of parasites via a host-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia F Martins
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 8° andar, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Mesquita
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 8° andar, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika G Pinto
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 8° andar, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais A Costa-Silva
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 8° andar, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Samanta E T Borborema
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 8° andar, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andres J Galisteo Junior
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno J Neves
- LabMol, Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carolina H Andrade
- LabMol, Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Zainab Al Shuhaib
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Elliot L Bennett
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Gregory P Black
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Philip M Harper
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Daniel M Evans
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Hisham S Fituri
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - John P Leyland
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Claire Martin
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Terence D Roberts
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Andrew J Thornhill
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Stephen A Vale
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Andrew Howard-Jones
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Dafydd A Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Harri L Williams
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Larry E Overman
- University of California, Irvine , 4042A Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick J Murphy
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, U.K. LL57 2UW
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 8° andar, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Hevener AL, Clegg DJ, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Impaired estrogen receptor action in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:306-21. [PMID: 26033249 PMCID: PMC5965692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the current trends in life expectancy, women in the modern era are challenged with facing menopausal symptoms as well as heightened disease risk associated with increasing adiposity and metabolic dysfunction for up to three decades of life. Treatment strategies to combat metabolic dysfunction and associated pathologies have been hampered by our lack of understanding regarding the biological underpinnings of these clinical conditions and our incomplete understanding of the effects of estrogens and the tissue-specific functions and molecular actions of its receptors. In this review we provide evidence supporting a critical and protective role for the estrogen receptor α specific form in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Studies identifying the ER-regulated pathways required for disease prevention will lay the important foundation for the rational design of targeted therapeutics to improve women's health while limiting complications that have plagued traditional hormone replacement interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Hevener
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, David Geffen School of Medicine, Iris Cantor-UCLA Women's Health Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Tulane University, Health Science Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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13
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da Costa-Silva TA, Grecco SS, de Sousa FS, Lago JHG, Martins EGA, Terrazas CA, Varikuti S, Owens KL, Beverley SM, Satoskar AR, Tempone AG. Immunomodulatory and Antileishmanial Activity of Phenylpropanoid Dimers Isolated from Nectandra leucantha. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:653-7. [PMID: 25835647 PMCID: PMC4730870 DOI: 10.1021/np500809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three phenylpropanoid dimers (1-3) including two new metabolites were isolated from the extract of the twigs of Nectandra leucantha using antileishmanial bioassay-guided fractionation. The in vitro antiparasitic activity of the isolated compounds against Leishmania donovani parasites and mammalian cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects were evaluated. Compounds 1-3 were effective against the intracellular amastigotes within macrophages, with IC50 values of 26.7, 17.8, and 101.9 μM, respectively. The mammalian cytotoxicity, given by the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50), was evaluated against peritoneal macrophages. Compounds 1 and 3 were not toxic up to 290 μM, whereas compound 2 demonstrated a CC50 value of 111.2 μM. Compounds 1-3 also suppressed production of disease exacerbatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 but had minimal effect on nitric oxide production in L. donovani-infected macrophages, indicating that antileishmanial activity of these compounds is mediated via an NO-independent mechanism. Therefore, these new natural products could represent promising scaffolds for drug design studies for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone S. Grecco
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. de Sousa
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G. Lago
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Euder G. A. Martins
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César A. Terrazas
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Katherine L. Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Center for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:309-38. [PMID: 23460719 PMCID: PMC3660717 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a fundamental role in the physiology of the reproductive, cardiovascular, skeletal, and central nervous systems. In this report, we review the literature in both rodents and humans on the role of estrogens and their receptors in the control of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism in health and metabolic diseases. Estrogen actions in hypothalamic nuclei differentially control food intake, energy expenditure, and white adipose tissue distribution. Estrogen actions in skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and immune cells are involved in insulin sensitivity as well as prevention of lipid accumulation and inflammation. Estrogen actions in pancreatic islet β-cells also regulate insulin secretion, nutrient homeostasis, and survival. Estrogen deficiency promotes metabolic dysfunction predisposing to obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. We also discuss the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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15
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Lezama-Dávila CM, Isaac-Márquez AP, Kapadia G, Owens K, Oghumu S, Beverley S, Satoskar AR. Leishmanicidal activity of two naphthoquinones against Leishmania donovani. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 35:1761-4. [PMID: 23037165 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we studied ability of two naphthoquinones to inhibit Leishmania growth (2,3-dichloro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (TR 001) and 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (TR 002). TR 001 was more efficient than TR 002 in inducing killing of promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. These values compare well to those obtained with the standard first-line antileishmanial agent sodium stibogluconate (SSG). TR 001 also induced significantly more nitric oxide (NO) production than TR 002 or SSG. Taken together, these data show that TR 001 and TR 002 could be promising new drugs for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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16
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The multi-faceted influences of estrogen on lymphocytes: toward novel immuno-interventions strategies for autoimmunity management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:16-26. [PMID: 19943123 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early studies of the immune system disclosed that, generally, females exhibit stronger responses to a variety of antigens than males. Perhaps as a result of this response, women are more prone to developing autoimmune diseases than men. Yet, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms remain under investigation. Recently, interferon-gamma and the related pro-inflammatory interleukin-12 were found to be under effects of sex steroid hormones, with potential implications in regulating immune cells and autoimmune responses. In B lymphocytes, functional binding sites for estrogen receptors were identified in the promoter of the gene encoding activation-induced deaminase, an enzyme required for somatic hypermutation, and class-switch recombination. The observation that estrogen exerts direct impacts on antibody affinity-maturation provides a potential mechanism that could account for generating pathogenic high-affinity auto-antibodies. Further deciphering the multi-faceted influences of sex hormones on the responsiveness of immune cells could lead to novel therapeutic interventions for autoimmunity management.
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17
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Passero LFD, Da Costa Bordon MLA, De Carvalho AK, Martins LM, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Exacerbation of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi infection in BALB/c mice after immunization with soluble antigen from amastigote forms. APMIS 2010; 118:973-81. [PMID: 21091779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunization with soluble amastigote (AmaAg) and promastigote (ProAg) antigens from Leishmania (Viannia) shawi on the course of infection in BALB/c mice. After immunization with AmaAg, the challenged group showed greater lesion size and parasite load in the skin and lymph nodes, associated with diminished interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ and nitrate levels in the supernatant of lymph node cell cultures, together with increases in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β concentrations and humoral immune response. In contrast, immunization with ProAg led to smaller lesion size with reduced numbers of viable parasites in the skin. Protection was associated with increases in IL-12, IFN-γ, TGF-β and nitrates and decreases in IL-4 and IL-10 levels. Concerning humoral immune response, a significant reduction in anti-leishmania immunoglobulin G was verified in the ProAg-challenged group. Analysis of these results suggests that AmaAg induced a suppressive cellular immune response in mice, favouring the spread of infection, whereas ProAg induced partial protection associated with increased cellular immune response.
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18
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Snider H, Lezama-Davila C, Alexander J, Satoskar AR. Sex hormones and modulation of immunity against leishmaniasis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2009; 16:106-13. [PMID: 19212130 PMCID: PMC2760305 DOI: 10.1159/000180265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-associated hormones such as estradiol, testosterone and progesterone have all been shown to modulate immune responses, which can result in differential disease outcomes between males and females, as well as between pregnant and nonpregnant females. Most parasitic diseases, including leishmaniasis, usually result in more severe disease in males compared with females. This review highlights our current knowledge concerning the role of sex hormones in modulating leishmaniasis in both clinical settings and experimental disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Snider
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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