1
|
Kaminski HJ, Sikorski P, Coronel SI, Kusner LL. Myasthenia gravis: the future is here. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179742. [PMID: 39105625 DOI: 10.1172/jci179742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) stands as a prototypical antibody-mediated autoimmune disease: it is dependent on T cells and characterized by the presence of autoantibodies targeting proteins located on the postsynaptic surface of skeletal muscle, known as the neuromuscular junction. Patients with MG exhibit a spectrum of weakness, ranging from limited ocular muscle involvement to life-threatening respiratory failure. Recent decades have witnessed substantial progress in understanding the underlying pathophysiology, leading to the delineation of distinct subcategories within MG, including MG linked to AChR or MuSK antibodies as well as age-based distinction, thymoma-associated, and immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced MG. This heightened understanding has paved the way for the development of more precise and targeted therapeutic interventions. Notably, the FDA has recently approved therapeutic inhibitors of complement and the IgG receptor FcRn, a testament to our improved comprehension of autoantibody effector mechanisms in MG. In this Review, we delve into the various subgroups of MG, stratified by age, autoantibody type, and histology of the thymus with neoplasms. Furthermore, we explore both current and potential emerging therapeutic strategies, shedding light on the evolving landscape of MG treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linda L Kusner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Bao X, Liu X, Li Y, Cui M, Liu X, Li B, Feng Y, Xu X, Sun G, Wang W, Yang J. Transcriptome profiling based on protein-protein interaction networks provides a set of core genes for understanding the immune response mechanisms of the egg-protecting behavior in Octopus ocellatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:113-123. [PMID: 34333127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protection via of the immune system is indispensable to the life of organisms. Within an immune network, problems with a given link will affect the normal life activities of the organism. Octopus ocellatus is cephalopod widely distributed throughout the world's oceans. Because of its unique nervous system and locomotive organs, research on this species has gradually increased in recent years. Many immune response mechanisms associated with behaviors of O. ocellatus are still unclear. Moreover, as a factor affecting the normal growth of O. ocellatus, egg protection has rarely been considered in previous behavioral studies. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome profile of gene expression in O. ocellatus larvae, and identified 5936 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to search for immune-related DEGs. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed to examine the interactions between immune-related genes. Fifteen hub genes involved in multiple KEGG signaling pathways or with multiple protein-protein interaction relationships were obtained and verified by quantitative RT-PCR. We first studied the effects of egg protection on the immunity of O. ocellatus larvae by means of protein-protein interaction networks, and the results provide valuable genetic resources for understanding the immunity of invertebrate larvae. The data serve as a foundation for further research on the egg-protecting behavior of invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaokai Bao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xintian Liu
- Weihai Oceanic Development Research Institute, Weihai, 264200, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Mingxian Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China; Yantai Haiyu Marine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Yantai, 264004, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Guohua Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China; Jiangsu Baoyuan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222100, China.
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ashok A, Keener R, Rubenstein M, Stookey S, Bajpai S, Hicks J, Alme AK, Drake CG, Zheng Q, Trabzonlu L, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM, Bieberich CJ. Consequences of interleukin 1β-triggered chronic inflammation in the mouse prostate gland: Altered architecture associated with prolonged CD4 + infiltration mimics human proliferative inflammatory atrophy. Prostate 2019; 79:732-745. [PMID: 30900284 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated expression of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) has been observed in expressed prostatic secretions of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and genetic polymorphisms associated with the IL1B gene are linked to increased risk for aggressive prostate cancer. METHODS To study the role of IL-1β expression in prostate inflammation, we examined IL1B expression in human prostatic proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) lesions and developed a tetracycline-regulated human IL1B transgene in the mouse prostate. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that IL1B expression is a common finding in human PIA lesions, which harbored focal IL1B expression in epithelial and stromal compartments. Human IL1B expression in the mouse prostate elicited acute and chronic inflammation. Penetrance and expressivity were variable and tunable by altering transgene dosage and the presence of an exogenous inducible marker antigen (green fluorescent protein). Inflammation was characterized by infiltration of CD4+ T cells, demonstrating an adaptive immune response. Chronic inflammation persisted after doxycycline (Dox) withdrawal. Reactive epithelia increased expression of downstream cytokines, and altered glandular architecture was observed upon sustained induction of IL1B. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed a higher proliferative index and decreased Nkx3.1 expression in inflamed mouse prostates. CONCLUSIONS These data implicate IL-1β in human prostate pathology and this model provides a versatile platform to interrogate molecular mechanisms of inflammation-associated prostate pathologies associated with episodic or sustained IL-1β expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Ashok
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Keener
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Rubenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Stookey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sagar Bajpai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angela K Alme
- Department of Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Drake
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Levent Trabzonlu
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles J Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Obradovic A, Misra A, Motwani K, Holzl M, Seay HR, DeWolf S, Nauman G, Danzl N, Li H, Ho SH, Winchester R, Shen Y, Brusko TM, Sykes M. Crossreactive public TCR sequences undergo positive selection in the human thymic repertoire. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2446-2462. [PMID: 30920391 DOI: 10.1172/jci124358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated human T-cell repertoire formation using high throughput TCRβ CDR3 sequencing in immunodeficient mice receiving human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and human thymus grafts. Replicate humanized mice generated diverse and highly divergent repertoires. Repertoire narrowing and increased CDR3β sharing was observed during thymocyte selection. While hydrophobicity analysis implicated self-peptides in positive selection of the overall repertoire, positive selection favored shorter shared sequences that had reduced hydrophobicity at positions 6 and 7 of CDR3βs, suggesting weaker interactions with self-peptides than unshared sequences, possibly allowing escape from negative selection. Sharing was similar between autologous and allogeneic thymi and occurred between different cell subsets. Shared sequences were enriched for allo-crossreactive CDR3βs and for Type 1 diabetes-associated autoreactive CDR3βs. Single-cell TCR-sequencing showed increased sharing of CDR3αs compared to CDR3βs between mice. Our data collectively implicate preferential positive selection for shared human CDR3βs that are highly cross-reactive. While previous studies suggested a role for recombination bias in producing "public" sequences in mice, our study is the first to demonstrate a role for thymic selection. Our results implicate positive selection for promiscuous TCRβ sequences that likely evade negative selection, due to their low affinity for self-ligands, in the abundance of "public" human TCRβ sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aleksandar Obradovic
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aditya Misra
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keshav Motwani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Markus Holzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Susan DeWolf
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Grace Nauman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nichole Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Haowei Li
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Siu-Hong Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Yufeng Shen
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Overall SA, Bourges D, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Increased endogenous antigen presentation in the periphery enhances susceptibility to inflammation-induced gastric autoimmunity in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 47:155-167. [PMID: 27759162 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
How the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance under inflammatory conditions is poorly understood. Here we assessed the fate of gastritogenic T cells following inflammatory activation in vivo. Self-reactive T cells (A23 T cells) specific for the gastric H+ /K+ ATPase α subunit (HKα) were transferred into immunosufficient recipient mice and immunised at a site distant to the stomach with adjuvant containing the cognate HKα peptide antigen. Activation of A23 T cells by immunisation did not impact on either immune tolerance or protection from gastric autoimmunity in wild-type BALB/c mice. However, increased presentation of endogenously derived HKα epitopes by dendritic cells (DCs) in the gastric lymph node of IE-H+ /K+ β transgenic mice (IEβ) reduces A23 T-cell tolerance to gastric antigens after inflammatory activation, with subsequent development of gastritis. While HKα-specific A23 T cells from immunised wild-type mice were poorly responsive to in vitro antigen specific activation, A23 T cells from immunised IEβ transgenic mice were readily re-activated, indicating loss of T-cell anergy. These findings show that DCs of gastric lymph nodes can maintain tolerance of pathogenic T cells following inflammatory stimulation and that the density of endogenous antigen presented to self-reactive T cells is critical in the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dorothée Bourges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neller MA, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Matthews KK, Gostick E, Pentier JM, Dolton G, Schauenburg AJA, Koning D, Fontaine Costa AICA, Watkins TS, Venturi V, Smith C, Khanna R, Miners K, Clement M, Wooldridge L, Cole DK, van Baarle D, Sewell AK, Burrows SR, Price DA, Miles JJ. Naive CD8⁺ T-cell precursors display structured TCR repertoires and composite antigen-driven selection dynamics. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:625-33. [PMID: 25801351 PMCID: PMC4533101 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Basic parameters of the naive antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell repertoire in humans remain poorly defined. Systematic characterization of this ‘ground state' immunity in comparison with memory will allow a better understanding of clonal selection during immune challenge. Here, we used high-definition cell isolation from umbilical cord blood samples to establish the baseline frequency, phenotype and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire of CD8+ T-cell precursor populations specific for a range of viral and self-derived Ags. Across the board, these precursor populations were phenotypically naive and occurred with hierarchical frequencies clustered by Ag specificity. The corresponding patterns of TCR architecture were highly ordered and displayed partial overlap with adult memory, indicating biased structuring of the T-cell repertoire during Ag-driven selection. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the complex nature and dynamics of the naive T-cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Neller
- Human Immunity Laboratory, Cellular Immunology Laboratory and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katherine K Matthews
- Human Immunity Laboratory, Cellular Immunology Laboratory and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Gostick
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Johanne M Pentier
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Garry Dolton
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrea J A Schauenburg
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dan Koning
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas S Watkins
- Human Immunity Laboratory, Cellular Immunology Laboratory and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- Human Immunity Laboratory, Cellular Immunology Laboratory and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Human Immunity Laboratory, Cellular Immunology Laboratory and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kelly Miners
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mathew Clement
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Scott R Burrows
- 1] Human Immunity Laboratory, Cellular Immunology Laboratory and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Price
- 1] Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK [2] Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John J Miles
- 1] Human Immunity Laboratory, Cellular Immunology Laboratory and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK [3] School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bourges D, Ross EM, Allen S, Read S, Houghton FJ, Bedoui S, Boon L, Gleeson PA, van Driel IR. Transient systemic inflammation does not alter the induction of tolerance to gastric autoantigens by migratory dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5023-30. [PMID: 24760154 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that activation of dendritic cells (DCs) presenting self-antigens during inflammation may lead to activation of autoreactive T cells and the development of autoimmunity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the presentation of the autoantigen recognized in autoimmune gastritis, gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase, which is naturally expressed in the stomach and is constitutively presented in the stomach-draining lymph nodes. Systemic administration to mice of the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA, agonist anti-CD40 Ab, or TLR4 agonist LPS all failed to abrogate the process of peripheral clonal deletion of H(+)/K(+) ATPase-specific CD4 T cells or promote the development of autoimmune gastritis. We demonstrated that migratory DCs from the stomach-draining lymph nodes are the only DC subset capable of constitutively presenting the endogenous gastric H(+)/K(+) ATPase autoantigen in its normal physiological context. Analysis of costimulatory molecules indicated that, relative to resident DCs, migratory DCs displayed a partially activated phenotype in the steady state. Furthermore, migratory DCs were refractory to stimulation by transient exposure to TLR agonists, as they failed to upregulate costimulatory molecules, secrete significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines, or induce differentiation of effector T cells. Together, these data show that transient systemic inflammation failed to break tolerance to the gastric autoantigen, as migratory DCs presenting the gastric autoantigen remain tolerogenic under such conditions, demonstrating the robust nature of peripheral tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Bourges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stacey Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Simon Read
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona J Houghton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Immunology and Infection, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros Holding BV, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Influenza virus infection induces a potent initial innate immune response, which serves to limit the extent of viral replication and virus spread. However, efficient (and eventual) viral clearance within the respiratory tract requires the subsequent activation, rapid proliferation, recruitment, and expression of effector activities by the adaptive immune system, consisting of antibody producing B cells and influenza-specific T lymphocytes with diverse functions. The ensuing effector activities of these T lymphocytes ultimately determine (along with antibodies) the capacity of the host to eliminate the viruses and the extent of tissue damage. In this review, we describe this effector T cell response to influenza virus infection. Based on information largely obtained in experimental settings (i.e., murine models), we will illustrate the factors regulating the induction of adaptive immune T cell responses to influenza, the effector activities displayed by these activated T cells, the mechanisms underlying the expression of these effector mechanisms, and the control of the activation/differentiation of these T cells, in situ, in the infected lungs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Størling J, Overgaard AJ, Brorsson CA, Piva F, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Haase C, Nerup J, Pociot F. Do post-translational beta cell protein modifications trigger type 1 diabetes? Diabetologia 2013; 56:2347-54. [PMID: 24048671 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease characterised by specific T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Yet, except for insulin, no beta cell-specific antigens have been discovered. This may imply that the autoantigens in type 1 diabetes exist in modified forms capable of specifically triggering beta cell destruction. In other immune-mediated diseases, autoantigens targeted by the immune system have undergone post-translational modification (PTM), thereby creating tissue-specific neo-epitopes. In a similar manner, PTM of beta cell proteins might create beta cell-specific neo-epitopes. We suggest that the current paradigm of type 1 diabetes as a classical autoimmune disease should be reconsidered since the immune response may not be directed against native beta cell proteins. A modified model for the pathogenetic events taking place in islets leading to the T cell attack against beta cells is presented. In this model, PTM plays a prominent role in triggering beta cell destruction. We discuss literature of relevance and perform genetic and human islet gene expression analyses. Both direct and circumstantial support for the involvement of PTM in type 1 diabetes exists in the published literature. Furthermore, we report that cytokines change the expression levels of several genes encoding proteins involved in PTM processes in human islets, and that there are type 1 diabetes-associated polymorphisms in a number of these. In conclusion, data from the literature and presented experimental data support the notion that PTM of beta cell proteins may be involved in triggering beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. If the beta cell antigens recognised by the immune system foremost come from modified proteins rather than native ones, the concept of type 1 diabetes as a classical autoimmune disease is open for debate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Størling
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (DIRECT), Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alderuccio F, Nasa Z, Chung J, Ko HJ, Chan J, Toh BH. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy as a Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1488-94. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zeyad Nasa
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jieyu Chung
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyun-Ja Ko
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Chan
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Department of Immunology, Monash Central Clinical School, and ‡Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kisand K, Lilic D, Casanova JL, Peterson P, Meager A, Willcox N. Mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmunity against cytokines in APECED and thymoma patients: clinical and pathogenetic implications. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1517-27. [PMID: 21574164 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Much has been learnt about the mechanisms of thymic self-tolerance induction from work on both the rare autosomal recessive disease autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) and the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein mutated in this disease. Normally, AIRE drives low-level expression of huge numbers of peripheral tissue-specific antigens (TSAgs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), leading to the deletion of TSAg-reactive thymocytes maturing nearby. The very recently discovered neutralizing autoantibodies (autoAbs) against Th17-related cells and cytokines in two autoimmunity-related syndromes associated with AIRE-mutant thymi or AIRE-deficient thymomas help to explain the chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) seen in both syndromes. The surprising parallels between these syndromes also demand new hypotheses and research into the consequences of AIRE deficiency and the ensuing autoimmunizing pathways, and suggest more appropriate treatment regimens as discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kisand
- Molecular Pathology Group, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|