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Abstract
The cornea is a special interface between the internal ocular tissue and the external environment that provides a powerful chemical, physical, and biological barrier against the invasion of harmful substances and pathogenic microbes. This protective effect is determined by the unique anatomical structure and cellular composition of the cornea, especially its locally resident innate immune cells, such as Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells (MCs), macrophages, γδ T lymphocytes, and innate lymphoid cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of these immune cells in terms of producing different cytokines and other growth factors in corneal homeostasis and its pathologic conditions. This review paper briefly describes the latest information on these resident immune cells by specifically analyzing research from our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Rajesh A, Wise L, Hibma M. The role of Langerhans cells in pathologies of the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:700-713. [PMID: 30989674 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermal immune cells of myeloid origin. Although these cells were primarily thought to play a defensive role in the skin, evidence now indicates a diverse range of LC-mediated effects including the relay of viral antigens in herpes simplex infection, recruitment of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis and promotion of a Th17 response in Candida infection. LCs may have a protective or suppressive function in pathologies of the skin, with differing functions being driven by the skin milieu. Understanding LC function will help guide the development of interventions that modulate these cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Merilyn Hibma
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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3
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Jain P, Rahi P, Pandey V, Asati S, Soni V. Nanostructure lipid carriers: A modish contrivance to overcome the ultraviolet effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470 003, India
| | - Prerna Rahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470 003, India
| | - Vikas Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470 003, India
| | - Saket Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470 003, India
| | - Vandana Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470 003, India
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Didovic S, Opitz FV, Holzmann B, Förster I, Weighardt H. Requirement of MyD88 signaling in keratinocytes for Langerhans cell migration and initiation of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:981-92. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Didovic
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Friederike V. Opitz
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
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5
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Rozenblit M, Suarez-Farinas M, Shemer A, Khattri S, Gilleaudeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Zheng X, Xu H, Cardinale I, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E. Residual genomic profile after cyclosporine treatment may offer insights into atopic dermatitis reoccurrence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:955-7. [PMID: 24996261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Rozenblit
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mayte Suarez-Farinas
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Avner Shemer
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Saakshi Khattri
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Patricia Gilleaudeau
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mary Sullivan-Whalen
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Xiuzhong Zheng
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Hui Xu
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Irma Cardinale
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - James G Krueger
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- the Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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6
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Abstract
The skin provides an effective physical and biological barrier against environmental and pathogenic insults whilst ensuring tolerance against commensal microbes. This protection is afforded by the unique anatomy and cellular composition of the skin, particularly the vast network of skin-associated immune cells. These include the long-appreciated tissue-resident macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells, as well as the more recently described dermal γδ T cells and innate lymphoid cells. Collectively, these cells orchestrate the defense against a wide range of pathogens and environmental challenges, but also perform a number of homeostatic functions. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of the various roles that leukocyte subsets play in cutaneous immunobiology, and introduce the newer members of the skin immune system. Implications for human disease are discussed.
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Topical vaccination with functionalized particles targeting dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1933-41. [PMID: 23426134 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Needle-free vaccination, for reasons of safety, economy, and convenience, is a central goal in vaccine development, but it also needs to meet the immunological requirements for efficient induction of prophylactic and therapeutic immune responses. Combining the principles of noninvasive delivery to dendritic cells (DCs) through skin and the immunological principles of cell-mediated immunity, we developed microparticle-based topical vaccines. We show here that the microparticles are efficient carriers for coordinated delivery of the essential vaccine constituents to DCs for cross-presentation of the antigens and stimulation of T-cell responses. When applied to the skin, the microparticles penetrate into hair follicles and target the resident DCs, the immunologically most potent cells and site for induction of efficient immune responses. The microparticle vaccine principle can be applied to different antigen formats such as peptides and proteins, or nucleic acids coding for the antigens.
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Human Langerhans cells are immature in melanoma sentinel lymph nodes. Blood 2012; 119:4807-8; author reply 4809-10. [PMID: 22596171 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-401067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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9
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Seneschal J, Clark RA, Gehad A, Baecher-Allan CM, Kupper TS. Human epidermal Langerhans cells maintain immune homeostasis in skin by activating skin resident regulatory T cells. Immunity 2012; 36:873-84. [PMID: 22560445 PMCID: PMC3716276 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the skin of a normal adult human contains 10-20 billion resident memory T cells, including various helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cell subsets, that are poised to respond to environmental antigens. Using only autologous human tissues, we report that both in vitro and in vivo, resting epidermal Langerhan cells (LCs) selectively and specifically induced the activation and proliferation of skin resident regulatory T (Treg) cells, a minor subset of skin resident memory T cells. In the presence of foreign pathogen, however, the same LCs activated and induced proliferation of effector memory T (Tem) cells and limited Treg cells' activation. These underappreciated properties of LCs, namely maintenance of tolerance in normal skin, and activation of protective skin resident memory T cells upon infectious challenge, help clarify the role of LCs in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology/ University of
Bordeaux, INSERM U1035 and CIRID UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ahmed Gehad
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Clare M. Baecher-Allan
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas S. Kupper
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Response: Breslow thickness and excision interval affect the activation state of Langerhans cells in melanoma sentinel lymph nodes. Blood 2012. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-413294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lin TC, Wu PY, Lin TY, Yeh SP, Chen SC, Lee TL. Langerhans cell hyperplasia in the tumor stage of mycosis fungoides: a mimic of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. DERMATOL SIN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Ryan CA, Dearman RJ. Chemical allergy: translating biology into hazard characterization. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S238-68. [PMID: 21097995 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction by chemicals of allergic sensitization and allergic disease is an important and challenging branch of toxicology. Skin sensitization resulting in allergic contact dermatitis represents the most common manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans, and many hundreds of chemicals have been implicated as skin sensitizers. There are far fewer chemicals that have been shown to cause sensitization of the respiratory tract and asthma, but the issue is no less important because hazard identification remains a significant challenge, and occupational asthma can be fatal. In all areas of chemical allergy, there have been, and remain still, intriguing challenges where progress has required a close and productive alignment between immunology, toxicology, and clinical medicine. What the authors have sought to do here is to exemplify, within the framework of chemical allergy, how an investment in fundamental research and an improved understanding of relevant biological and biochemical mechanisms can pay important dividends in driving new innovations in hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk assessment. Here we will consider in turn three specific areas of research in chemical allergy: (1) the role of epidermal Langerhans cells in the development of skin sensitization, (2) T lymphocytes and skin sensitization, and (3) sensitization of the respiratory tract. In each area, the aim is to identify what has been achieved and how that progress has impacted on the development of new approaches to toxicological evaluation. Success has been patchy, and there is still much to be achieved, but the journey has been fascinating and there have been some very important developments. The conclusion drawn is that continued investment in research, if coupled with an appetite for translating the fruits of that research into imaginative new tools for toxicology, should continue to better equip us for tackling the important challenges that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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