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Cigalotto L, Martinvalet D. Granzymes in health and diseases: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371743. [PMID: 38646541 PMCID: PMC11026543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities. Additional roles have been identified in the extracellular milieu, following granzyme escape from the immunological synapse or their release by specific cell types. Outside the cell, granzyme activities mediate extracellular matrix alteration via the degradation of matrix proteins or surface receptors. In certain contexts, these processes are essential for tissue homeostasis; in others, excessive matrix degradation and extensive cell death contribute to the onset of chronic diseases, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Here, we provide an overview of both the physiological and pathological roles of granzymes, highlighting their utility while also recognizing how their unregulated presence can trigger the development and/or worsening of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Cigalotto
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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2
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PT-112 Induces Mitochondrial Stress and Immunogenic Cell Death, Targeting Tumor Cells with Mitochondrial Deficiencies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163851. [PMID: 36010843 PMCID: PMC9405950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary PT-112 is a novel pyrophosphate–platinum conjugate under Phase 1/2 clinical development for the treatment of several tumor types. In this study, using mouse tumor cells with well-characterized mitochondrial and metabolic status, we investigated the mechanisms underlying PT-112’s cancer cell death effects. Our results showed that cells with defective mitochondria were more sensitive to PT-112 when compared to cells with normal mitochondrial function. Moreover, PT-112 induced tumor cell death in those sensitive cells through non-conventional mechanisms, including increased mitochondrial stress, free radical generation and immunogenic cell death, a form of cell death that elicits an immune response. Taken together, the present findings suggest the potential for predictors of PT-112 sensitivity in the clinical setting on the basis of metabolic function. Abstract PT-112 is a novel pyrophosphate–platinum conjugate, with clinical activity reported in advanced pretreated solid tumors. While PT-112 has been shown to induce robust immunogenic cell death (ICD) in vivo but only minimally bind DNA, the molecular mechanism underlying PT-112 target disruption in cancer cells is still under elucidation. The murine L929 in vitro system was used to test whether differential metabolic status alters PT-112’s effects, including cell cytotoxicity. The results showed that tumor cells presenting mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (L929dt and L929dt cybrid cells) and reliant on glycolysis for survival were more sensitive to cell death induced by PT-112 compared to the parental and cybrid cells with an intact oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway (L929 and dtL929 cybrid cells). The type of cell death induced by PT-112 did not follow the classical apoptotic pathway: the general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk did not inhibit PT-112-induced cell death, alone or in combination with the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. Interestingly, PT-112 initiated autophagy in all cell lines, though this process was not complete. Autophagy is known to be associated with an integrated stress response in cancer cells and with subsequent ICD. PT-112 also induced a massive accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, as well as changes in mitochondrial polarization—only in the sensitive cells harboring mitochondrial dysfunction—along with calreticulin cell-surface exposure consistent with ICD. PT-112 substantially reduced the amount of mitochondrial CoQ10 in L929 cells, while the basal CoQ10 levels were below our detection limits in L929dt cells, suggesting a potential relationship between a low basal level of CoQ10 and PT-112 sensitivity. Finally, the expression of HIF-1α was much higher in cells sensitive to PT-112 compared to cells with an intact OXPHOS pathway, suggesting potential clinical applications.
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3
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Bassoy EY, Walch M, Martinvalet D. Reactive Oxygen Species: Do They Play a Role in Adaptive Immunity? Front Immunol 2021; 12:755856. [PMID: 34899706 PMCID: PMC8653250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects the host from a plethora of microorganisms and toxins through its unique ability to distinguish self from non-self. To perform this delicate but essential task, the immune system relies on two lines of defense. The innate immune system, which is by nature fast acting, represents the first line of defense. It involves anatomical barriers, physiological factors as well as a subset of haematopoietically-derived cells generically call leukocytes. Activation of the innate immune response leads to a state of inflammation that serves to both warn about and combat the ongoing infection and delivers the antigenic information of the invading pathogens to initiate the slower but highly potent and specific second line of defense, the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune response calls on T lymphocytes as well as the B lymphocytes essential for the elimination of pathogens and the establishment of the immunological memory. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in many aspects of the immune responses to pathogens, mostly in innate immune functions, such as the respiratory burst and inflammasome activation. Here in this mini review, we focus on the role of ROS in adaptive immunity. We examine how ROS contribute to T-cell biology and discuss whether this activity can be extrapolated to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Yonca Bassoy
- International Society of Liver Surgeons (ISLS), Cankaya Ankara, Turkey.,Departments of Immunology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Walch
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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4
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Lavergne M, Hernández-Castañeda MA, Mantel PY, Martinvalet D, Walch M. Oxidative and Non-Oxidative Antimicrobial Activities of the Granzymes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750512. [PMID: 34707614 PMCID: PMC8542974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is an essential immune defense mechanism to fight against viral, bacterial or parasitic infections. Upon recognition of an infected target cell, killer lymphocytes form an immunological synapse to release the content of their cytotoxic granules. Cytotoxic granules of humans contain two membrane-disrupting proteins, perforin and granulysin, as well as a homologous family of five death-inducing serine proteases, the granzymes. The granzymes, after delivery into infected host cells by the membrane disrupting proteins, may contribute to the clearance of microbial pathogens through different mechanisms. The granzymes can induce host cell apoptosis, which deprives intracellular pathogens of their protective niche, therefore limiting their replication. However, many obligate intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to inhibit programed cells death. To overcome these limitations, the granzymes can exert non-cytolytic antimicrobial activities by directly degrading microbial substrates or hijacked host proteins crucial for the replication or survival of the pathogens. The granzymes may also attack factors that mediate microbial virulence, therefore directly affecting their pathogenicity. Many mechanisms applied by the granzymes to eliminate infected cells and microbial pathogens rely on the induction of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species may be directly cytotoxic or enhance death programs triggered by the granzymes. Here, in the light of the latest advances, we review the antimicrobial activities of the granzymes in regards to their cytolytic and non-cytolytic activities to inhibit pathogen replication and invasion. We also discuss how reactive oxygen species contribute to the various antimicrobial mechanisms exerted by the granzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Lavergne
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Division Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Walch
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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5
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Huang F, Yao Y, Xu L. Leptin induces NAFLD progression through infiltrated CD8+ T lymphocytes mediating pyroptotic-like cell death of hepatocytes and macrophages. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:598-605. [PMID: 33172809 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease, which causes serious health problems worldwide. Hyperleptinemia and inflammatory stress are crucial in the progression of NAFLD. However, the relationship between leptin and immune cells or hepatocytes is still unclear. AIMS This study aimed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of leptin-mediated disease progression through immune cells and its relationship with hepatocytes. METHODS An NAFLD rat model was established to verify the relationship between hyperleptinemia and CD8+ T lymphocytes and cytokines in liver tissue. CD8+ T lymphocytes isolated from blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with macrophages or hepatocytes stimulated with leptin or treated with granzyme inhibitors to observe target cell morphology and expression of pivotal protein family members. RESULTS CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration positively correlated with blood leptin, IL-18 and IL-1β levels and was related to macrophage recruitment and differentiation in a rat model of NAFLD. Leptin could induce activated caspase-1 and caspase-3 in hepatocytes and trigger hepatocyte pyroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Leptin may regulate the pyroptotic-like death of macrophages and hepatocytes through CD8+ T lymphocytes in NAFLD progression. The intervention of related pathways of leptin and immune cells may provide a promising strategy for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China.
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6
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Jeong KH, Kim SK, Seo JK, Shin MK, Lee MH. Association of GZMB polymorphisms and susceptibility to non-segmental vitiligo in a Korean population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:397. [PMID: 33431938 PMCID: PMC7801456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) is the most common type of vitiligo, which is characterized by chronic and progressive loss of melanocytes. Genetic factors have been shown to play a key role in NSV in association and family studies. Granzyme B is a serine protease found in the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells that play an important role in inducing apoptotic changes of target cells. Several recent studies have provided evidence that polymorphism in the GZMB gene might be associated with autoimmune disease. A total of 249 NSV patients and 455 healthy controls were recruited to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) [rs2236337 (3′ untranslated region, UTR), rs2236338 (Tyr247His), rs11539752 (Pro94Ala), rs10909625 (Lys80Lys), rs8192917 (Arg55Gln), and rs7144366 (5′ near gene)] in GZMB gene contribute to the risk of developing NSV. Genotyping was performed using a single 192.24 Dynamic Array IFC. Data were analyzed using EP1 SNP Genotyping Analysis software to obtain genotype calls. Among the six SNPs tested, five SNPs (rs2236337, rs2236338, rs11539752, rs10909625, and rs8192917) showed significant association with NSV susceptibility. Among them, rs2236338, rs11539752, rs10909625, and rs8192917 remained a statistically significant association following multiple correction test. The five SNPs were located within a block of linkage disequilibrium. Haplotypes T–A–G–T–T and C–G–C–C–C consisting of rs2236337, rs2236338, rs11539752, rs10909625, and rs8192917 demonstrated significant association with NSV. Our results suggest that GZMB polymorphisms are associated with the development of NSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Heon Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Kang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kil Seo
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Shin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
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7
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Di Genua C, Norfo R, Rodriguez-Meira A, Wen WX, Drissen R, Booth CAG, Povinelli B, Repapi E, Gray N, Carrelha J, Kettyle LM, Jamieson L, Neo WH, Thongjuea S, Nerlov C, Mead AJ. Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation. Haematologica 2019; 104:2215-2224. [PMID: 30975913 PMCID: PMC6821613 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia are acquired sequentially and hierarchically. First, pre-leukemic mutations, such as t(8;21) that encodes AML1-ETO, are acquired within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, while signaling pathway mutations, including KRAS activating mutations, are late events acquired during transformation of leukemic progenitor cells and are rarely detectable in HSC. This raises the possibility that signaling pathway mutations are detrimental to clonal expansion of pre-leukemic HSC. To address this hypothesis, we used conditional genetics to introduce Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D into murine HSC, either individually or in combination. In the absence of activated Ras, Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC conferred a competitive advantage. However, activated K-Ras had a marked detrimental effect on Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC, leading to loss of both phenotypic and functional HSC. Cell cycle analysis revealed a loss of quiescence in HSC co-expressing Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D, accompanied by an enrichment in E2F and Myc target gene expression and depletion of HSC self-renewal-associated gene expression. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the observed absence of KRAS signaling mutations in the pre-malignant HSC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
| | | | | | | | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicki Gray
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
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8
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Zou Z, Chang H, Li H, Wang S. Induction of reactive oxygen species: an emerging approach for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2018; 22:1321-1335. [PMID: 28936716 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of ions and molecules, include hydroxyl radicals (·OH), alkoxyl radicals, superoxide anion (O2·-), singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hydroxyl radicals and alkoxyl radicals are extremely and highly reactive species respectively. Endogenous ROS are mainly formed in mitochondrial respiratory chain. Low levels of ROS play important roles in regulating biological functions in mammalian cells. However, excess production of ROS can induce cell death by oxidative damaging effects to intracellular biomacromolecules. Cancer cell death types induced by ROS include apoptotic, autophagic, ferroptotic and necrotic cell death. Since abnormal metabolism in cancer cells, they have higher ROS content compared to normal cells. The higher endogenous ROS levels in cancer cells endow them more susceptible to the ROS-induction treatment. Indeed, some anticancer drugs currently used in clinic, such as molecular targeted drugs and chemotherapeutic agents, effectively kill cancer cells by inducing ROS generation. In addition, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mainly based on induction of ROS burst to kill cancer cells. The mechanism of cell death induced by radiotherapy using ionizing radiation also refers to ROS production. Moreover, ROS play an important role in tumor immune therapy. Altogether, combining above traditional treatments with ROS-induced agents will be considered as a promising strategy in cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the anticancer effects of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. .,Joint Laboratory of Laser Oncology with Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Haocai Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haolong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Jaime-Sánchez P, Catalán E, Uranga-Murillo I, Aguiló N, Santiago L, M Lanuza P, de Miguel D, A Arias M, Pardo J. Antigen-specific primed cytotoxic T cells eliminate tumour cells in vivo and prevent tumour development, regardless of the presence of anti-apoptotic mutations conferring drug resistance. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1536-1548. [PMID: 29743559 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T (Tc) cells are the main executors of transformed and cancer cells during cancer immunotherapy. The latest clinical results evidence a high efficacy of novel immunotherapy agents that modulate Tc cell activity against bad prognosis cancers. However, it has not been determined yet whether the efficacy of these treatments can be affected by selection of tumoural cells with mutations in the cell death machinery, known to promote drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Here, using a model of prophylactic tumour vaccination based on the LCMV-gp33 antigen and the mouse EL4 T lymphoma, we analysed the molecular mechanism employed by Tc cells to eliminate cancer cells in vivo and the impact of mutations in the apoptotic machinery on tumour development. First of all, we found that Tc cells, and perf and gzmB are required to efficiently eliminate EL4.gp33 cells after LCMV immunisation during short-term assays (1-4 h), and to prevent tumour development in the long term. Furthermore, we show that antigen-pulsed chemoresistant EL4 cells overexpressing Bcl-XL or a dominant negative form of caspase-3 are specifically eliminated from the peritoneum of infected animals, as fast as parental EL4 cells. Notably, antigen-specific Tc cells control the tumour growth of the mutated cells, as efficiently as in the case of parental cells. Altogether, expression of the anti-apoptotic mutations does not confer any advantage for tumour cells neither in the short-term survival nor in long-term tumour formation. Although the mechanism involved in the elimination of the apoptosis-resistant tumour cells is not completely elucidated, neither necroptosis nor pyroptosis seem to be involved. Our results provide the first experimental proof that chemoresistant cancer cells with mutations in the main cell death pathways are efficiently eliminated by Ag-specific Tc cells in vivo during immunotherapy and, thus, provide the molecular basis to treat chemoresistant cancer cells with CD8 Tc-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jaime-Sánchez
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Catalán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Dept. Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar M Lanuza
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Maykel A Arias
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julián Pardo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Dept. Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Aragon I+D Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain.
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10
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Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate T Cell Immune Response in the Tumor Microenvironment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1580967. [PMID: 27547291 PMCID: PMC4980531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1580967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by cellular metabolism play an important role as signaling messengers in immune system. ROS elevated in the tumor microenvironment are associated with tumor-induced immunosuppression. T cell-based therapy has been recently approved to be effective for cancer treatment. However, T cells often become dysfunctional after reaching the tumor site. It has been reported that ROS participate extensively in T cells activation, apoptosis, and hyporesponsiveness. The sensitivity of T cells to ROS varies among different subsets. ROS can be regulated by cytokines, amino acid metabolism, and enzymatic activity. Immunosuppressive cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment and induce apoptosis and functional suppression of T cells by producing ROS. Thus, modulating the level of ROS may be important to prolong survival of T cells and enhance their antitumor function. Combining T cell-based therapy with antioxidant treatment such as administration of ROS scavenger should be considered as a promising strategy in cancer treatment, aiming to improve antitumor T cells immunity.
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11
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Lu L, Zou Y, Yang W, Meng F, Deng C, Cheng R, Zhong Z. Anisamide-Decorated pH-Sensitive Degradable Chimaeric Polymersomes Mediate Potent and Targeted Protein Delivery to Lung Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1726-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijing Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Catalán E, Charni S, Jaime P, Aguiló JI, Enríquez JA, Naval J, Pardo J, Villalba M, Anel A. MHC-I modulation due to changes in tumor cell metabolism regulates tumor sensitivity to CTL and NK cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e985924. [PMID: 25949869 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.985924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have a tendency to use glucose fermentation to obtain energy instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We demonstrated that this phenotype correlated with loss of ERK5 expression and with reduced MHC class I expression. Consequently, tumor cells could evade cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune surveillance, but also increase their sensitivity to natural killer (NK) cells. These outcomes were evaluated using two cellular models: leukemic EL4 cells and L929 transformed fibroblasts and their derived ρ° cell lines, which lack mitochondrial DNA. We have also used a L929 cell sub-line that spontaneously lost matrix attachment (L929dt), reminiscent of metastasis generation, that also downregulated MHC-I and ERK5 expression. MHC-I expression is lower in ρ° cells than in the parental cell lines, but they were equally sensitive to CTL. On the contrary, ρ° cells were more sensitive to activated NK cells than parental cells. On the other hand, L929dt cells were resistant to CTL and NK cells, showed reduced viability when forced to perform OXPHOS, and surviving cells increased MHC-I expression and became sensitive to CTL. The present results suggest that when the reduction in MHC-I levels in tumor cells due to glycolytic metabolism is partial, the increase in sensitivity to NK cells seems to predominate. However, when tumor cells completely lose MHC-I expression, the combination of treatments that increase OXPHOS with CTL-mediated immunotherapy could be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Catalán
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Seyma Charni
- INSERM-UM1 U1040; Université de Montpellier 1,UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, Av. Augustin Fliche ; Montpellier, France
| | - Paula Jaime
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA)-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Aguiló
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Zaragoza and Dept. of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; National Center for Cardiovascular Research Carlos III; Melchor Fernandez Almagro ; Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA)-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Aragón I+D Foundation (ARAID) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Villalba
- INSERM-UM1 U1040; Université de Montpellier 1,UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, Av. Augustin Fliche ; Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
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Martinvalet D. ROS signaling during granzyme B-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e992639. [PMID: 27308474 PMCID: PMC4905311 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.992639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in cell signaling, aging, and death and play a role in carcinogenesis. However, whether ROS are bystanders or active effectors of apoptosis was unclear until recently. New evidence shows that the killer lymphocyte protease granzyme B activates a conserved biochemical pathway centered on respiratory chain disruption to trigger mitocentric ROS-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism CMU; Geneva University ; Geneva,, Switzerland
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14
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Granzyme B-induced mitochondrial ROS are required for apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:862-74. [PMID: 25361078 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases and the cytotoxic lymphocyte protease granzyme B (GB) induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, loss of transmembrane potential and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Whether ROS are required for GB-mediated apoptosis and how GB induces ROS is unclear. Here, we found that GB induces cell death in an ROS-dependent manner, independently of caspases and MOMP. GB triggers ROS increase in target cell by directly attacking the mitochondria to cleave NDUFV1, NDUFS1 and NDUFS2 subunits of the NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex I inside mitochondria. This leads to mitocentric ROS production, loss of complex I and III activity, disorganization of the respiratory chain, impaired mitochondrial respiration and loss of the mitochondrial cristae junctions. Furthermore, we have also found that GB-induced mitocentric ROS are necessary for optimal apoptogenic factor release, rapid DNA fragmentation and lysosomal rupture. Interestingly, scavenging the ROS delays and reduces many of the features of GB-induced death. Consequently, GB-induced ROS significantly promote apoptosis.
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15
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Granulysin induces apoptotic cell death and cleavage of the autophagy regulator Atg5 in human hematological tumors. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:410-23. [PMID: 24269628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Granulysin is a protein present in the granules of human CTL and NK cells, with cytolytic activity against microbes and tumors. Previous work demonstrated that granulysin caused cell death through mitochondrial damage with release of AIF and cytochrome c. However, the molecular mechanism and, especially, the type of cell death were still not well defined. In the present work we show that granulysin-induced cell death is apoptotic, with phosphatidylserine exposure preceding membrane breakdown and with caspase 3 activation. Granulysin-induced apoptosis is prevented in Jurkat cells over-expressing Bcl-xL or Bcl2, or lacking Bak and Bax or Bim expression, suggesting a central role of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This apoptotic process is initiated by intracellular Ca(2+) increase and mitochondrial ROS generation. We have tested granulysin against other hematological tumor cells such as multiple myeloma cell lines, and cells from B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients, finding different degrees of sensitivity. We also show that granulysin induces the cleavage of Atg5 in the complex formed with Atg12, without affecting autophagy. In conclusion, granulysin induces apoptosis on hematological tumor cells and on cells from B-CLL patients, opening the door to research on its use as a new anti-tumoral treatment.
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16
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Baratchi S, Kanwar RK, Kanwar JR. Novel survivin mutant protects differentiated SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells from activated T-cell neurotoxicity. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 233:18-28. [PMID: 21129784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no known treatments for protection of axonal loss associated with neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Survivin is a member of the inhibitors of the apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins that its neuroprotective effects have not been studied. We demonstrate here that SurR9-C84A, a survivin mutant, exhibits a neuroprotective role against the cytotoxic effects of activated T-cell infiltrates, such as granzyme B (GrB). The activated T-cell supernatants induce toxicity on differentiated SK-N-SH cells, which is associated with the loss of Ca(2+) homeostasis, the increased population of dead cells, mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, and the accelerated expression of cyclinD1, caspase3 and Fas, as observed for most apoptotic cells. Alternatively, the pre-treatment with SurR9-C84A reduces the population of dead cells by balancing the cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis, decreasing the level of mitochondrial depolarisation, and also reducing the expression of cyclinD1 and caspase3. Our findings suggest that SurR9-C84A has a neuroprotective effect against the cytotoxins existing in activated T-cell supernatants including GrB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baratchi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences (BioDeakin), Institute for Technology Research and Innovation (ITRI), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
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17
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Charni S, de Bettignies G, Rathore MG, Aguiló JI, van den Elsen PJ, Haouzi D, Hipskind RA, Enriquez JA, Sanchez-Beato M, Pardo J, Anel A, Villalba M. Oxidative Phosphorylation Induces De Novo Expression of the MHC Class I in Tumor Cells through the ERK5 Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3498-503. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E Christensen
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia, and at the School of Medicine, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Nigel J Waterhouse
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia, and at the School of Medicine, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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