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Kevin-Tey WF, Wen WX, Bee PC, Eng HS, Ho KW, Tan SM, Anuar NA, Pung YF, Zain SM. KIR genotype and haplotype frequencies in the multi-ethnic population of Malaysia. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:172-185. [PMID: 36517321 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) genotype and haplotype frequencies have been reported to vary distinctly between populations, which in turn contributes to variation in the alloreactivity of natural killer (NK) cells. Utilizing the diverse KIR genes to identify suitable transplant donors would prove challenging in multi-ethnic countries, even more in resource-limited countries where KIR genotyping has not been established. In this study, we determined the KIR genotypes from 124 unrelated Malaysians consisting of the Malays, Chinese, Indians, and aboriginal people through polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) genotyping and employing an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to assign haplotypes based on pre-established reference haplotypes. A total of 27 distinct KIR haplotypes were discerned with higher frequencies of haplotype A (55.2%) than haplotype B (44.8%). The most frequent haplotypes were cA01:tA01 (55.2%), cB01:tB01 (18.1%), and cB02:tA01 (13.3%), while the least frequent haplotypes were cB03:tB01 (1.2%), cB04:tB03 (0.4%), and cB03:tA01 (0.4%). Several haplotypes were identified to be unique to a specific ethnic group. The genotype with the highest frequency was genotype AB (71.8%), followed by AA (19.4%), and BB (8.9%). The Indians exhibited the lowest genotype AA but the highest genotype BB, whereas genotype BB was absent in the aboriginal people. Despite the limitations, the genotype and haplotypes in the Malaysian population were successfully highlighted. The identification of ethnic-specific KIR genotypes and haplotypes provides the first step to utilizing KIR in identifying suitable transplant donors to further improve the transplant outcome in the Malaysian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fei Kevin-Tey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Chong Bee
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Sian Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kim Wah Ho
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sen Mui Tan
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adila Anuar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuh Fen Pung
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Mohd Zain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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2
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Khan AO, Rodriguez-Romera A, Reyat JS, Olijnik AA, Colombo M, Wang G, Wen WX, Sousos N, Murphy LC, Grygielska B, Perrella G, Mahony CB, Ling RE, Elliott NE, Karali CS, Stone AP, Kemble S, Cutler EA, Fielding AK, Croft AP, Bassett D, Poologasundarampillai G, Roy A, Gooding S, Rayes J, Machlus KR, Psaila B. Human Bone Marrow Organoids for Disease Modeling, Discovery, and Validation of Therapeutic Targets in Hematologic Malignancies. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:364-385. [PMID: 36351055 PMCID: PMC9900323 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A lack of models that recapitulate the complexity of human bone marrow has hampered mechanistic studies of normal and malignant hematopoiesis and the validation of novel therapies. Here, we describe a step-wise, directed-differentiation protocol in which organoids are generated from induced pluripotent stem cells committed to mesenchymal, endothelial, and hematopoietic lineages. These 3D structures capture key features of human bone marrow-stroma, lumen-forming sinusoids, and myeloid cells including proplatelet-forming megakaryocytes. The organoids supported the engraftment and survival of cells from patients with blood malignancies, including cancer types notoriously difficult to maintain ex vivo. Fibrosis of the organoid occurred following TGFβ stimulation and engraftment with myelofibrosis but not healthy donor-derived cells, validating this platform as a powerful tool for studies of malignant cells and their interactions within a human bone marrow-like milieu. This enabling technology is likely to accelerate the discovery and prioritization of novel targets for bone marrow disorders and blood cancers. SIGNIFICANCE We present a human bone marrow organoid that supports the growth of primary cells from patients with myeloid and lymphoid blood cancers. This model allows for mechanistic studies of blood cancers in the context of their microenvironment and provides a much-needed ex vivo tool for the prioritization of new therapeutics. See related commentary by Derecka and Crispino, p. 263. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 247.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O. Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Romera
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmeet S. Reyat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aude-Anais Olijnik
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Colombo
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guanlin Wang
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Sousos
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren C. Murphy
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beata Grygielska
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Perrella
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher B. Mahony
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E. Ling
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalina E. Elliott
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Simoglou Karali
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Stone
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Kemble
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A. Cutler
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam P. Croft
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Bassett
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anindita Roy
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gooding
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kellie R. Machlus
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bethan Psaila
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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3
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Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing has led to unprecedented levels of data complexity. Although several computational platforms are available, performing data analyses for multiple datasets remains a significant challenge. Here, we provide a comprehensive analytical protocol to interrogate multiple datasets on SingCellaR, an analysis package in R. This tool can be applied to general single-cell transcriptome analyses. We demonstrate steps for data analyses and visualization using bespoke pipelines, in conjunction with existing analysis tools to study human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Roy et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Wang
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adam J. Mead
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Anindita Roy
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Children’s Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, and MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Bethan Psaila
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
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4
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Roy A, Wang G, Iskander D, O'Byrne S, Elliott N, O'Sullivan J, Buck G, Heuston EF, Wen WX, Meira AR, Hua P, Karadimitris A, Mead AJ, Bodine DM, Roberts I, Psaila B, Thongjuea S. Transitions in lineage specification and gene regulatory networks in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells over human development. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109698. [PMID: 34525349 PMCID: PMC8456780 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hematopoiesis is a dynamic process that starts in utero 18-21 days post-conception. Understanding the site- and stage-specific variation in hematopoiesis is important if we are to understand the origin of hematological disorders, many of which occur at specific points in the human lifespan. To unravel how the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment changes during human ontogeny and the underlying gene regulatory mechanisms, we compare 57,489 HSPCs from 5 different tissues spanning 4 developmental stages through the human lifetime. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies significant site- and developmental stage-specific transitions in cellular architecture and gene regulatory networks. Hematopoietic stem cells show progression from cycling to quiescence and increased inflammatory signaling during ontogeny. We demonstrate the utility of this dataset for understanding aberrant hematopoiesis through comparison to two cancers that present at distinct time points in postnatal life-juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, a childhood cancer, and myelofibrosis, which classically presents in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Roy
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, and MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK.
| | - Guanlin Wang
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Deena Iskander
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sorcha O'Byrne
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, and MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Natalina Elliott
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, and MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jennifer O'Sullivan
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gemma Buck
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, and MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Elisabeth F Heuston
- Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4442, USA
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alba Rodriguez Meira
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Peng Hua
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Anastasios Karadimitris
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Adam J Mead
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - David M Bodine
- Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4442, USA
| | - Irene Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, and MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Bethan Psaila
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK.
| | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (MRC WIMM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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5
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Louka E, Povinelli B, Rodriguez-Meira A, Buck G, Wen WX, Wang G, Sousos N, Ashley N, Hamblin A, Booth CAG, Roy A, Elliott N, Iskander D, de la Fuente J, Fordham N, O'Byrne S, Inglott S, Norfo R, Salio M, Thongjuea S, Rao A, Roberts I, Mead AJ. Heterogeneous disease-propagating stem cells in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211665. [PMID: 33416891 PMCID: PMC7802370 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a poor-prognosis childhood leukemia usually caused by RAS-pathway mutations. The cellular hierarchy in JMML is poorly characterized, including the identity of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). FACS and single-cell RNA sequencing reveal marked heterogeneity of JMML hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), including an aberrant Lin−CD34+CD38−CD90+CD45RA+ population. Single-cell HSPC index-sorting and clonogenic assays show that (1) all somatic mutations can be backtracked to the phenotypic HSC compartment, with RAS-pathway mutations as a “first hit,” (2) mutations are acquired with both linear and branching patterns of clonal evolution, and (3) mutant HSPCs are present after allogeneic HSC transplant before molecular/clinical evidence of relapse. Stem cell assays reveal interpatient heterogeneity of JMML LSCs, which are present in, but not confined to, the phenotypic HSC compartment. RNA sequencing of JMML LSC reveals up-regulation of stem cell and fetal genes (HLF, MEIS1, CNN3, VNN2, and HMGA2) and candidate therapeutic targets/biomarkers (MTOR, SLC2A1, and CD96), paving the way for LSC-directed disease monitoring and therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Louka
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Povinelli
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alba Rodriguez-Meira
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gemma Buck
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guanlin Wang
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Sousos
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Ashley
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Hamblin
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher A G Booth
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anindita Roy
- Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalina Elliott
- Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deena Iskander
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Josu de la Fuente
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Fordham
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sorcha O'Byrne
- Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Inglott
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ruggiero Norfo
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, WIMM, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anupama Rao
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Irene Roberts
- Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam J Mead
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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6
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Wen WX, Mead AJ, Thongjuea S. VALERIE: Visual-based inspection of alternative splicing events at single-cell resolution. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008195. [PMID: 32898151 PMCID: PMC7500686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We present VALERIE (Visualising alternative splicing events from single-cell ribonucleic acid-sequencing experiments), an R package for visualising alternative splicing events at single-cell resolution. To explore any given specified genomic region, corresponding to an alternative splicing event, VALERIE generates an ensemble of informative plots to visualise cell-to-cell heterogeneity of alternative splicing profiles across single cells and performs statistical tests to compare percent spliced-in (PSI) values across the user-defined groups of cells. Among the features available, VALERIE displays PSI values, in lieu of read coverage, which is more suitable for representing alternative splicing profiles for a large number of samples typically generated by single-cell RNA-sequencing experiments. VALERIE is available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN): https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/VALERIE/index.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC WIMM Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Mead
- MRC WIMM Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Di Genua C, Norfo R, Rodriguez-Meira A, Wen WX, Drissen R, Booth CAG, Povinelli B, Repapi E, Gray N, Carrelha J, Kettyle LM, Jamieson L, Neo WH, Thongjuea S, Nerlov C, Mead AJ. Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation. Haematologica 2019; 104:2215-2224. [PMID: 30975913 PMCID: PMC6821613 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia are acquired sequentially and hierarchically. First, pre-leukemic mutations, such as t(8;21) that encodes AML1-ETO, are acquired within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, while signaling pathway mutations, including KRAS activating mutations, are late events acquired during transformation of leukemic progenitor cells and are rarely detectable in HSC. This raises the possibility that signaling pathway mutations are detrimental to clonal expansion of pre-leukemic HSC. To address this hypothesis, we used conditional genetics to introduce Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D into murine HSC, either individually or in combination. In the absence of activated Ras, Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC conferred a competitive advantage. However, activated K-Ras had a marked detrimental effect on Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC, leading to loss of both phenotypic and functional HSC. Cell cycle analysis revealed a loss of quiescence in HSC co-expressing Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D, accompanied by an enrichment in E2F and Myc target gene expression and depletion of HSC self-renewal-associated gene expression. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the observed absence of KRAS signaling mutations in the pre-malignant HSC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
| | | | | | | | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicki Gray
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
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8
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Li J, Wen WX, Eklund M, Kvist A, Eriksson M, Christensen HN, Torstensson A, Bajalica‐Lagercrantz S, Dunning AM, Decker B, Allen J, Luccarini C, Pooley K, Simard J, Dorling L, Easton DF, Teo S, Hall P, Borg Å, Grönberg H, Czene K. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants in a large, unselected breast cancer cohort. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:1195-1204. [PMID: 30175445 PMCID: PMC6320715 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2-driven tumors may benefit from targeted therapy. It is not clear whether current BRCA screening guidelines are effective at identifying these patients. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of inherited BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in a large, clinically representative breast cancer cohort and to estimate the proportion of BRCA1/2 carriers not detected by selectively screening individuals with the highest probability of being carriers according to current clinical guidelines. The study included 5,122 unselected Swedish breast cancer patients diagnosed from 2001 to 2008. Target sequence enrichment (48.48 Fluidigm Access Arrays) and sequencing were performed (Illumina Hi-Seq 2,500 instrument, v4 chemistry). Differences in patient and tumor characteristics of BRCA1/2 carriers who were already identified as part of clinical BRCA1/2 testing routines and additional BRCA1/2 carriers found by sequencing the entire study population were compared using logistic regression models. Ninety-two of 5,099 patients with valid variant calls were identified as BRCA1/2 carriers by screening all study participants (1.8%). Only 416 study participants (8.2%) were screened as part of clinical practice, but this identified 35 out of 92 carriers (38.0%). Clinically identified carriers were younger, less likely postmenopausal and more likely to be associated with familiar ovarian cancer compared to the additional carriers identified by screening all patients. More BRCA2 (34/42, 81.0%) than BRCA1 carriers (23/50, 46%) were missed by clinical screening. In conclusion, BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence in unselected breast cancer patients was 1.8%. Six in ten BRCA carriers were not detected by selective clinical screening of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Li
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of SurgeryYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Sime Darby Medical CentreSubang JayaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Martin Eklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Anders Kvist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | | | | | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Brennan Decker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- Department of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Jamie Allen
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Karen Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université Laval Research CenterCanada Research Chair in Oncogenetics, Université LavalQuebec CityCanada
| | - Leila Dorling
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Soo‐Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Sime Darby Medical CentreSubang JayaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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9
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Li J, Ugalde-Morales E, Wen WX, Decker B, Eriksson M, Torstensson A, Christensen HN, Dunning AM, Allen J, Luccarini C, Pooley KA, Simard J, Dorling L, Easton DF, Teo SH, Hall P, Czene K. Differential Burden of Rare and Common Variants on Tumor Characteristics, Survival, and Mode of Detection in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6329-6338. [PMID: 30385609 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants that increase breast cancer risk can be rare or common. This study tests whether the genetic risk stratification of breast cancer by rare and common variants in established loci can discriminate tumors with different biology, patient survival, and mode of detection. Multinomial logistic regression tested associations between genetic risk load [protein-truncating variant (PTV) carriership in 31 breast cancer predisposition genes-or polygenic risk score (PRS) using 162 single-nucleotide polymorphisms], tumor characteristics, and mode of detection (OR). Ten-year breast cancer-specific survival (HR) was estimated using Cox regression models. In this unselected cohort of 5,099 patients with breast cancer diagnosed in Sweden between 2001 and 2008, PTV carriers (n = 597) were younger and associated with more aggressive tumor phenotypes (ER-negative, large size, high grade, high proliferation, luminal B, and basal-like subtype) and worse outcome (HR, 1.65; 1.16-2.36) than noncarriers. After excluding 92 BRCA1/2 carriers, PTV carriership remained associated with high grade and worse survival (HR, 1.76; 1.21-2.56). In 5,007 BRCA1/2 noncarriers, higher PRS was associated with less aggressive tumor characteristics (ER-positive, PR-positive, small size, low grade, low proliferation, and luminal A subtype). Among patients with low mammographic density (<25%), non-BRCA1/2 PTV carriers were more often interval than screen-detected breast cancer (OR, 1.89; 1.12-3.21) than noncarriers. In contrast, higher PRS was associated with lower risk of interval compared with screen-detected cancer (OR, 0.77; 0.64-0.93) in women with low mammographic density. These findings suggest that rare and common breast cancer susceptibility loci are differentially associated with tumor characteristics, survival, and mode of detection.Significance: These findings offer the potential to improve screening practices for breast cancer by providing a deeper understanding of how risk variants affect disease progression and mode of detection. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6329-38. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Li
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilio Ugalde-Morales
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Brennan Decker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Allen
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Leila Dorling
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Soo Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Ng PP, Wen WX, Wijaya E, Allen J, Lim J, Lau SY, Decker B, Pooley K, Dorling L, Luccarini C, Baynes C, Conroy D, Harrington P, Mariapun S, Hasan SN, Lee DSC, Lee SY, Yoon SY, Yip CH, Taib NA, Ho WK, Hartman M, Antoniou AC, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Teo SH. Abstract 1420: Prevalence of PALB2 mutations in an unselected cohort of breast cancer patients and unaffected individuals from Malaysia and Singapore. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Rare variants such as protein truncating and splice-junction variants in PALB2 have been found to confer increased risk to breast cancer. However, previous studies have only investigated the prevalence of mutation carriers in individuals selected on the basis of earlier age of diagnosis or on family history of breast cancer. In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence of PALB2 in an unselected hospital-based multi-ethnic cohort of breast cancer cases and healthy women from Malaysia and Singapore.
Method: Amplicon-based targeted sequencing of the PALB2 gene which include all coding exons and splice site junctions was performed to identify germline alterations in an unselected cohort of 5021 affected and 5192 healthy individuals recruited from multiple centres. Associations between pathogenic (protein truncating) variants and breast cancer risk were evaluated using logistic regression and a Fisher's exact test.
Results: Truncating variants in PALB2 were associated with increased risk of breast cancer with an estimated OR=6.61 (95% CI 3.27 to 13.37, p<0.0001). In total, there were 31 unique protein truncating variants identified in 66 individuals (57 cases [1.1%], 9 controls [0.2%]). The majority of these truncating variants were rare; of the 31 unique variants identified, 18 (58%) were found only in 1 individual. The common truncating variants in our cohort were PALB2 c.2968G>T (p.Glu990Ter, rs876659036) found in 5 cases and 2 controls; PALB2 c.1037_1041delAAGAA (p.Lys346Thrfs, rs587776410) found in 4 cases and PALB2 c.1059delA (p.Lys353Asnfs, rs730881872) found in 4 cases. Of the PALB2 carriers, 24% developed ER+/HER2- disease, 14.0% developed ER+/Her2+ or ER-/Her2+ disease and 10.5% developed triple negative breast cancer.
Conclusions: We found that 1.1% of breast cancer patients and 0.2% of unaffected individuals carry a pathogenic mutation in PALB2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large population-based case control study that was able to estimate the breast cancer risk associated with truncating mutations in PALB2 gene in a multi-ethnic population in South East Asia.
Citation Format: Patsy P. Ng, Wei Xiong Wen, Eldarina Wijaya, Jamie Allen, Joanna Lim, Shao Yan Lau, Brennan Decker, Karen Pooley, Leila Dorling, Craig Luccarini, Caroline Baynes, Don Conroy, Patricia Harrington, Shivaani Mariapun, Siti Norhidayu Hasan, Daphne Shin-Chin Lee, Sheau Yee Lee, Sook Yee Yoon, Cheng Har Yip, Nur Aishah Taib, Weang Kee Ho, Mikael Hartman, Antonis C Antoniou, Alison M Dunning, Douglas F Easton, Soo Hwang Teo. Prevalence of PALB2 mutations in an unselected cohort of breast cancer patients and unaffected individuals from Malaysia and Singapore [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1420.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy P. Ng
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei Xiong Wen
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Jamie Allen
- 2University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Lim
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shao Yan Lau
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Karen Pooley
- 2University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Don Conroy
- 2University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheau Yee Lee
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sook Yee Yoon
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Har Yip
- 3Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Weang Kee Ho
- 5The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Soo Hwang Teo
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Wen WX, Allen J, Lai KN, Mariapun S, Hasan SN, Ng PS, Lee DSC, Lee SY, Yoon SY, Lim J, Lau SY, Decker B, Pooley K, Dorling L, Luccarini C, Baynes C, Conroy DM, Harrington P, Simard J, Yip CH, Mohd Taib NA, Ho WK, Antoniou AC, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Teo SH. Inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in an unselected multiethnic cohort of Asian patients with breast cancer and healthy controls from Malaysia. J Med Genet 2018; 55:97-103. [PMID: 28993434 PMCID: PMC5800345 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 is offered typically to selected women based on age of onset and family history of cancer. However, current internationally accepted genetic testing referral guidelines are built mostly on data from cancer genetics clinics in women of European descent. To evaluate the appropriateness of such guidelines in Asians, we have determined the prevalence of germ line variants in an unselected cohort of Asian patients with breast cancer and healthy controls. METHODS Germ line DNA from a hospital-based study of 2575 unselected patients with breast cancer and 2809 healthy controls were subjected to amplicon-based targeted sequencing of exonic and proximal splice site junction regions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 using the Fluidigm Access Array system, with sequencing conducted on a Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. Variant calling was performed with GATK UnifiedGenotyper and were validated by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Fifty-five (2.1%) BRCA1 and 66 (2.6%) BRCA2 deleterious mutations were identified among patients with breast cancer and five (0.18%) BRCA1 and six (0.21%) BRCA2 mutations among controls. One thousand one hundred and eighty-six (46%) patients and 97 (80%) carriers fulfilled the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for genetic testing. CONCLUSION Five per cent of unselected Asian patients with breast cancer carry deleterious variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2. While current referral guidelines identified the majority of carriers, one in two patients would be referred for genetic services. Given that such services are largely unavailable in majority of low-resource settings in Asia, our study highlights the need for more efficient guidelines to identify at-risk individuals in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong Wen
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamie Allen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kah Nyin Lai
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Pei Sze Ng
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sheau Yee Lee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sook-Yee Yoon
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joanna Lim
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shao Yan Lau
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Brennan Decker
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Pooley
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leila Dorling
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Baynes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Don M Conroy
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patricia Harrington
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cheng Har Yip
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aishah Mohd Taib
- Faculty of Medicine, Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weang Kee Ho
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soo Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Wen WX, Lai KN, Allen J, Luccarini C, Mariapun S, Yip CH, Taib NAM, Dunning A, Easton D, Teo SH. Abstract 4288: Inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in an unselected multi-ethnic cohort of Asian breast cancer patients and healthy controls from Malaysia. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are significant cancer predisposition genes which have hitherto primarily been tested in breast cancer patients selected on the basis of age of onset of breast cancer and family history of breast and ovarian cancer. Given that only 40% of breast cancer occur in post-menopausal women in many Asian countries including Malaysia, compared to close to 80% in many Caucasian countries, the proportion of risk attributable to genetic factors is likely to be correspondingly higher in Asians. We sought to determine the prevalence of germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in an unselected cohort of Asian breast cancer patients and healthy controls.
Methods: Women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer recruited from University Malaya Medical Centre between October 2002 and April 2015, and Sime Darby Medical Centre between September 2012 and April 2015 [n=2,592]. Eligible control subjects were recruited from women attending an opportunistic mammography screening programme at University Malaya Medical Centre between January 2014 and April 2015, and Sime Darby Medical Centre between October 2011 and April 2015 [n=2,851]. Amplicon-based targeted sequencing of exonic and proximal splice site junction regions of 31 known and probable breast cancer susceptibility genes were performed on Fluidigm Access Array system, with sequencing conducted on the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. Variant calling was performed as per GATK recommended best practices with UnifiedGenotyper using the default parameters except -minIndelFrac 0.05. Variants were annotated with ANNOVAR and variants with MAF >1% as reported in population databases were filtered out. Nonsense, frameshift indels, and splice site variants were presumed to be deleterious.
Results: Overall, 111 distinct mutations (50 BRCA1 and 61 BRCA2) were identified in 143 carriers (70 BRCA1 and 73 BRCA2) among breast cancer patients, and 11 carriers (5 BRCA1 and 6 BRCA2) were identified among healthy controls. Germline carriers were more likely to be younger, have family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, have higher grade tumours and for BRCA1 carriers, they were more likely to have breast cancers which are negative for estrogen receptor and ERBB2 receptor. Notably, 45% of breast cancer patients fulfilled the NCCN guidelines for recommendation for genetic counseling and genetic testing, and of these, 80% of carriers fulfill the NCCN guidelines. Taken together, our results show that ~5% of Asian breast cancer patients have pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, and that germline testing can be cost-effectively delivered to Asian women by focusing primarily on women with early onset breast cancer in the presence of family history of breast and ovarian cancers.
Citation Format: Wei Xiong Wen, Kah Nyin Lai, Jamie Allen, Craig Luccarini, Shivaani Mariapun, Cheng Har Yip, Nur Aishah Mohd Taib, Alison Dunning, Douglas Easton, Soo Hwang Teo. Inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in an unselected multi-ethnic cohort of Asian breast cancer patients and healthy controls from Malaysia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4288. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4288
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kah Nyin Lai
- 1Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jamie Allen
- 2University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Fibrosis is a potentially debilitating disease with high morbidity rates. It is estimated that half of all deaths that occur in the USA are attributed to fibrotic disorders. Fibrotic disorders are characterized primarily by disruption in the extracellular matrix deposition and breakdown equilibrium, leading to the accumulation of excessive amounts of extracellular matrix. Given the potentially high prevalence of fibrosis and the paucity of agents currently available for the treatment of this disease, there is an urgent need for the identification of drugs that can be utilized to treat the disease. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that is currently approved for the treatment of vascular diseases, in particular, claudication. Pentoxifylline has three main properties: improving the rheological properties of blood, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative. Recently, the effectiveness of pentoxifylline in the treatment of fibrosis via attenuating and reversing fibrotic lesions has been demonstrated in several clinical trials and animal studies. As a result of the limited availability of antifibrotic agents in the long-term treatment of fibrosis that can attenuate and even reverse fibrotic lesions effectively, it would be of particular importance to consider the potential clinical utility of pentoxifylline in the treatment of fibrosis. Thus, this paper discusses the evolving roles of pentoxifylline in the treatment of different types of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong Wen
- International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siang Yin Lee
- Colloids and Interface Science Centre, Centre of Excellence, RRIM Sungai Buloh Research Station, Malaysian Rubber Board, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rafaella Siang
- International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Acute Medicine, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, College St, Nuneaton, UK
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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14
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Wen WX, Soo JSS, Kwan PY, Hong E, Khang TF, Mariapun S, Lee CSM, Hasan SN, Rajadurai P, Yip CH, Mohd Taib NA, Teo SH. Germline APOBEC3B deletion is associated with breast cancer risk in an Asian multi-ethnic cohort and with immune cell presentation. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:56. [PMID: 27233495 PMCID: PMC4884363 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background APOBEC3B is a cytosine deaminase implicated in immune response to viral infection, cancer predisposition and carcinogenesis. Germline APOBEC3B deletion is more common in East Asian women and confers a modest risk to breast cancer in both East Asian and Caucasian women. Analysis of tumour samples from women of European descent has shown that germline APOBEC3B deletion is associated with an increased propensity to develop somatic mutations and with an enrichment for immune response-related gene sets. However, this has not been examined in Asian tumour samples, where population differences in genetic and dietary factors may have an impact on the immune system. Methods In this study, we determined the prevalence of germline APOBEC3B deletion and its association with breast cancer risk in a cross-sectional hospital-based Asian multi-ethnic cohort of 1451 cases and 1442 controls from Malaysia. We compared gene expression profiles of breast cancers arising from APOBEC3B deletion carriers and non-carriers using microarray analyses. Finally, we characterised the overall abundance of tumour-infiltrating immune cells in breast cancers from TCGA and METABRIC using ESTIMATE and relative frequency of 22 immune cell subsets in breast cancers from METABRIC using CIBERSORT. Results The minor allelic frequency of APOBEC3B deletion was estimated to be 0.35, 0.42 and 0.16 in female populations of Chinese, Malay and Indian descent, respectively, and that germline APOBEC3B deletion was associated with breast cancer risk with odds ratios of 1.23 (95 % CI: [1.05, 1.44]) for one-copy deletion and 1.38 (95 % CI: [1.10, 1.74]) for two-copy deletion compared to women with no deletion. Germline APOBEC3B deletion was not associated with any clinicopathologic features or the expression of any APOBEC family members but was associated with immune response-related gene sets (FDR q values < 0.05). Analysis of breast cancers from METABRIC revealed breast cancers from APOBEC3B deletion carriers to have significantly higher abundance of tumour-infiltrating immune cells (P < 0.001). Conclusions Taken together, our data suggests that tumour-infiltrating immune cells may be an important feature of breast cancers arising in women with APOBEC3B germline deletion, and that this may be of particular interest in Asian women where the germline deletion is more common. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0717-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong Wen
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaslyn Sian-Siu Soo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yoke Kwan
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Elaine Hong
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tsung Fei Khang
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Har Yip
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aishah Mohd Taib
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Ng PS, Wen WX, Fadlullah MZH, Yoon SY, Lee SY, Thong MK, Yip CH, Mohd Taib NA, Teo SH. Identification of germline alterations in breast cancer predisposition genes among Malaysian breast cancer patients using panel testing. Clin Genet 2016; 90:315-23. [PMID: 26757417 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although an association between protein-truncating variants and breast cancer risk has been established for 11 genes, only alterations in BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and PALB2 have been reported in Asian populations. Given that the age of onset of breast cancer is lower in Asians, it is estimated that inherited predisposition to breast cancer may be more significant. To determine the potential utility of panel testing, we investigated the prevalence of germline alterations in 11 established and 4 likely breast cancer genes in a cross-sectional hospital-based cohort of 108 moderate to high-risk breast cancer patients using targeted next generation sequencing. Twenty patients (19%) were identified to carry deleterious mutations, of whom 13 (12%) were in the BRCA1 or BRCA2, 6 (6%) were in five other known breast cancer predisposition genes and 1 patient had a mutation in both BRCA2 and BARD1. Our study shows that BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for the majority of genetic predisposition to breast cancer in our cohort of Asian women. Although mutations in other known breast cancer genes are found, the functional significance and breast cancer risk have not yet been determined, thus limiting the clinical utility of panel testing in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Ng
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W X Wen
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - S Y Yoon
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Y Lee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M K Thong
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C H Yip
- Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N A Mohd Taib
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S H Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. .,University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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16
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Hasmad HN, Lai KN, Wen WX, Park DJ, Nguyen-Dumont T, Kang PCE, Thirthagiri E, Ma'som M, Lim BK, Southey M, Woo YL, Teo SH. Evaluation of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort of ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 141:318-322. [PMID: 26541979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the discovery of breast and ovarian cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 more than two decades ago, almost all the available data relate to women of European ancestry, with only a handful of studies in Asian populations. In this study, we determined the frequency of germline alterations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in ovarian cancer patients from a multi-ethnic cross-sectional cohort of Asian ovarian cancer patients from Malaysia. METHODS From October 2008 to February 2015, we established a hospital-based cohort of ovarian cancer patients and the germline status of all 218 women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer was tested using targeted amplification and sequencing of the intron-exon junctions and exonic sequences of BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and TP53. RESULTS BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were found in 8% (17 cases) and 3% (7 cases) of the ovarian cancer patients, respectively. Mutation carriers were diagnosed at a similar age to non-carriers, but were more likely to be Indian, have serous ovarian cancer, and have more relatives with breast or ovarian cancer. Nonetheless, 42% (10/24) of mutation carriers did not have any family history of breast or ovarian cancer and offering genetic counselling and genetic testing only to women with family history would mean that 35% (6/17) of BRCA1 mutation carriers and 57% (4/7) of BRCA2 mutation carriers would not be offered genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that, similar to Caucasians, a significant proportion of Asian ovarian cancer was attributed to germline mutations in BRCA1 and to a lesser extent in BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kah Nyin Lai
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | | | - Daniel Jonathan Park
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Tú Nguyen-Dumont
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | - Mahirah Ma'som
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Boon Kiong Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Melissa Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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