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Verjan Garcia N, Santisteban Celis IC, Dent M, Matoba N. Characterization and utility of two monoclonal antibodies to cholera toxin B subunit. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4305. [PMID: 36922604 PMCID: PMC10016189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is a potent immunomodulator exploitable in mucosal vaccine and immunotherapeutic development. To aid in the characterization of pleiotropic biological functions of CTB and its variants, we generated a panel of anti-CTB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). By ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, two mAbs, 7A12B3 and 9F9C7, were analyzed for their binding affinities to cholera holotoxin (CTX), CTB, and EPICERTIN: a recombinant CTB variant possessing mucosal healing activity. Both 7A12B3 and 9F9C7 bound efficiently to CTX, CTB, and EPICERTIN with equilibrium dissociation constants at low to sub-nanomolar concentrations but bound weakly, if at all, to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit. In a cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay using Caco2 human colon epithelial cells, the 7A12B3 mAb was found to be a potent inhibitor of CTX, whereas 9F9C7 had relatively weak inhibitory activity. Meanwhile, the 9F9C7 mAb effectively detected CTB and EPICERTIN bound to the surface of Caco2 cells and mouse spleen leukocytes by flow cytometry. Using 9F9C7 in immunohistochemistry, we confirmed the preferential localization of EPICERTIN in colon crypts following oral administration of the protein in mice. Collectively, these mAbs provide valuable tools to investigate the biological functions and preclinical development of CTB variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health - Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Matthew Dent
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- UofL Health - Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 505 S. Hancock Street, Room 615, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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2
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Lu Y, Craft J. T Follicular Regulatory Cells: Choreographers of Productive Germinal Center Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679909. [PMID: 34177925 PMCID: PMC8222975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular regulatory cells, or Tfr cells, are a discernable population of regulatory T (Treg) cells that migrate to the B cell follicle and germinal center (GC) upon immune challenge. These cells express the transcription factor Bcl6, the master regulator required for development and differentiation of T follicular helper cells, and are among a group of previously described Treg cells that use T helper cell–associated transcription factors to adapt their regulatory function to diverse milieus for maintenance of immune homeostasis. While there is consensus that Tfr cells control B-cell autoreactivity, it has been unclear whether they regulate productive, antigen-specific GC responses. Accordingly, understanding the regulatory balancing that Tfr cells play in maintenance of B-cell tolerance while optimizing productive humoral immunity is crucial for vaccine-design strategies. To this end, we discuss recent evidence that Tfr cells promote humoral immunity and memory following viral infections, fitting with the accepted role of Treg cells in maintaining homeostasis with promotion of productive immunity, while mitigating that which is potentially pathological. We also propose models in which Tfr cells regulate antigen-specific B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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3
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Class-switch recombination to IgA in the Peyer's patches requires natural thymus-derived Tregs and appears to be antigen independent. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1268-1279. [PMID: 31501516 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how class-switch recombination (CSR) to IgA occurs in the gut is still incomplete. Earlier studies have indicated that Tregs are important for IgA CSR and these cells were thought to transform into follicular helper T cells (Tfh), responsible for germinal center formation in the Peyer's patches (PP). Following adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-Tg) CD4 T cells into nude mice, we unexpectedly found that oral immunization did not require an adjuvant to induce strong gut IgA and systemic IgG responses, suggesting an altered regulatory environment in the PP. After sorting of splenic TCR-Tg CD4 T cells into CD25+ or CD25- cells we observed that none of these fractions supported a gut IgA response, while IgG responses were unperturbed in mice receiving the CD25- cell fraction. Hence, while Tfh functions resided in the CD25- fraction the IgA CSR function in the PP was dependent on CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs, which were found to be Helios+ neuropilin-1+ thymus-derived Tregs. This is the first study to demonstrate that Tfh and IgA CSR functions are indeed, unique, and separate functions in the PP with the former being TCR-dependent while the latter appeared to be antigen independent.
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Lycke NY, Bemark M. The regulation of gut mucosal IgA B-cell responses: recent developments. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1361-1374. [PMID: 28745325 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of activated B cells differentiate into IgA plasma cells, with the gut being the largest producer of immunoglobulin in the body. Secretory IgA antibodies have numerous critical functions of which protection against infections and the role for establishing a healthy microbiota appear most important. Expanding our knowledge of the regulation of IgA B-cell responses and how effective mucosal vaccines can be designed are of critical importance. Here we discuss recent developments in the field that shed light on the uniqueness and complexity of mucosal IgA responses and the control of protective IgA responses in the gut, specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Akhmetzyanova I, Zelinskyy G, Littwitz-Salomon E, Malyshkina A, Dietze KK, Streeck H, Brandau S, Dittmer U. CD137 Agonist Therapy Can Reprogram Regulatory T Cells into Cytotoxic CD4+T Cells with Antitumor Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:484-92. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Aricha R, Reuveni D, Fuchs S, Souroujon MC. Suppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by autologous T regulatory cells. J Autoimmun 2015; 67:57-64. [PMID: 26489998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of regulatory T (Treg) cells have been employed effectively for suppression of several animal models for autoimmune diseases. In order to employ Treg cell therapy in patients, it is necessary to generate Treg cells from the patient's own cells (autologous) that would be able to suppress effectively the disease in vivo, upon their reintroduction to the patient. Towards this objective, we report in the present study on a protocol for a successful immune-regulation of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) by ex vivo--generated autologous Treg cells. For this protocol bone marrow (BM) cells, are first cultured in the presence of GM-CSF, giving rise to a population of CD11c(+)MHCII(+)CD45RA(+)CD8(-) DCs (BMDCs). Splenic CD4(+) T cells are then co-cultured with the differentiated BM cells and expand to 90% of Foxp3(+) Treg cells. In vitro assay exhibits a similar dose dependent manner in the suppression of T effector cells proliferation between Treg cells obtained from either healthy or sick donors. In addition, both Treg cells inhibit similarly the secretion of IFN-γ from activated splenocytes. Administration of 1 × 10(6) ex-vivo generated Treg cells, I.V, to EAMG rats, modulates the disease following a single treatment, given 3 days or 3 weeks after disease induction. Similar disease inhibition was achieved when CD4 cells were taken from either healthy or sick donors. The disease suppression was accompanied by reduced levels of total AChR specific antibodies in the serum. Moreover, due to the polyclonality of the described Treg cell, we have examined whether this treatment approach could be also employed for the treatment of other autoimmune diseases involving Treg cells. Indeed, we demonstrated that the ex-vivo generated autologous Treg cells suppress Adjuvant Arthritis (AA) in rats. This study opens the way for the application of induced autologous Treg cell therapy for myasthenia gravis, as well as for other human autoimmune diseases involving Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Aricha
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Debby Reuveni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sara Fuchs
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Miriam C Souroujon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Raanana 43107, Israel
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7
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Regulatory T Cells Control Antigen-Specific Expansion of Tfh Cell Number and Humoral Immune Responses via the Coreceptor CTLA-4. Immunity 2014; 41:1013-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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FoxP3+ regulatory T cells promote influenza-specific Tfh responses by controlling IL-2 availability. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3495. [PMID: 24633065 PMCID: PMC4013682 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we test the role of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in controlling T follicular helper (Tfh) and germinal centre (GC) B-cell responses to influenza. In contrast to the idea that Tregs suppress T-cell responses, we find that Treg depletion severely reduces the Tfh cell response to influenza virus. Furthermore, Treg depletion prevents the accumulation of influenza-specific GCs. These effects are not due to alterations in TGFβ availability or a precursor-progeny relationship between Tregs and Tfh cells, but are instead mediated by increased availability of IL-2, which suppresses the differentiation of Tfh cells and as a consequence, compromises the GC B response. Thus, Tregs promote influenza-specific GC responses by preventing excessive IL-2 signalling, which suppresses Tfh cell differentiation.
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Parish CR. Immunology and Cell Biology
turns 90. Immunol Cell Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Parish
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Group, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
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10
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Sharma MD, Huang L, Choi JH, Lee EJ, Wilson JM, Lemos H, Pan F, Blazar BR, Pardoll DM, Mellor AL, Shi H, Munn DH. An inherently bifunctional subset of Foxp3+ T helper cells is controlled by the transcription factor eos. Immunity 2013; 38:998-1012. [PMID: 23684987 PMCID: PMC3681093 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
At sites of inflammation, certain regulatory T cells (Treg cells) can undergo rapid reprogramming into helper-like cells without loss of the transcription factor Foxp3. We show that reprogramming is controlled by downregulation of the transcription factor Eos (Ikzf4), an obligate corepressor for Foxp3. Reprogramming was restricted to a specific subset of "Eos-labile" Treg cells that was present in the thymus and identifiable by characteristic surface markers and DNA methylation. Mice made deficient in this subset became impaired in their ability to provide help for presentation of new antigens to naive T cells. Downregulation of Eos required the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and mice lacking IL-6 had impaired development and function of the Eos-labile subset. Conversely, the immunoregulatory enzyme IDO blocked loss of Eos and prevented the Eos-labile Treg cells from reprogramming. Thus, the Foxp3(+) lineage contains a committed subset of Treg cells capable of rapid conversion into biologically important helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav D. Sharma
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Pediatrics, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Radiology, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Choi
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Eun-Joon Lee
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - James M. Wilson
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Henrique Lemos
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Div., Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Div. of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Div., Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Medicine Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Huidong Shi
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - David H. Munn
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Pediatrics, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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11
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Abstract
The subpopulation of CD4(+) T lymphocytes that co-express the transcription factor Foxp3 plays a unique role as regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) that modulate many aspects of the immune response. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the suppressor function of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells based on in vitro studies, but much less is known about how Tregs suppress immune responses in vivo. Both polyclonal Tregs and antigen-specific Tregs are capable of exerting potent suppressive effects in vivo, and it is likely that they mediate their biologic functions using different mechanisms. Antigen-specific Tregs primarily target dendritic cells and inhibit dendritic cell functions including the expression of costimulatory molecules and the presentation of antigen early during the generation of the immune response. The end result is a complete inhibition of both the expansion and the differentiation of T effector cells. Polyclonal Tregs also act on dendritic cells, but at a later phase, and do not inhibit expansion of T effector cells, but appear to modulate differentiation and cell trafficking. The cell surface molecules involved in the interaction of Tregs with dendritic cells, as well as the biochemical pathways modified by this interaction remain to be fully elucidated. A complete understand of the biological functions of Tregs in vivo should facilitate the development of pharmacologic and biologic agents that can be used to modulate Treg function in a therapeutic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Jin B, Sun T, Yu XH, Yang YX, Yeo AET. The effects of TLR activation on T-cell development and differentiation. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:836485. [PMID: 22737174 PMCID: PMC3376488 DOI: 10.1155/2012/836485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invading pathogens have unique molecular signatures that are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) resulting in either activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and/or costimulation of T cells inducing both innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are also involved in T-cell development and can reprogram Treg cells to become helper cells. T cells consist of various subsets, that is, Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper (Tfh), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Treg) and these originate from thymic progenitor thymocytes. T-cell receptor (TCR) activation in distinct T-cell subsets with different TLRs results in differing outcomes, for example, activation of TLR4 expressed in T cells promotes suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Treg), while activation of TLR6 expressed in T cells abrogates Treg function. The current state of knowledge of regarding TLR-mediated T-cell development and differentiation is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- 1Department of Gastroenterology, The 309th Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, China
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
- *Bo Jin: and
| | - Tao Sun
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
- *Tao Sun:
| | - Xiao-Hong Yu
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Yang
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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Yan X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li X, Wang S, Zhao B, Li Y, Ju Y, Chen L, Liu W, Meng S. Regulatory T-cell depletion synergizes with gp96-mediated cellular responses and antitumor activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1763-74. [PMID: 21789592 PMCID: PMC11029708 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite its potent immunostimulatory properties, vaccination with autologous tumor-derived gp96 has relatively modest antitumor effect in a range of clinical trials. Based on our previous study showing a gp96-mediated immune balance between CTL and Tregs, here we investigated possible synergy between gp96 vaccine and systemic Treg depletion on induction of antitumor T-cell immunity and the mechanisms accounting for synergistic efficacy. In gp96-peptide complex immunized BALB/c mice, anti-CD25 mAb treatment significantly increased IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells by about 1-2-fold in spleen and 40-50% in lymph node. A significantly higher number of peptide-specific CTL were observed under anti-CD25 mAb treatment compared with no treatment. Moreover, Treg depletion synergistically improved the anticancer activity of tumor-derived gp96 vaccine in the poorly immunogenic and highly tumorigenic B16 melanoma model in C57BL/6 J mice. While gp96 immunization alone led to the modest enhancement of CTL activities in spleen, the combination with Treg depletion dramatically increased tumor-specific CTL responses. In addition, the combination resulted in a significant increase of CD8(+) T-cell infiltration in tumor, which correlated with an enhanced inhibition of tumor growth. Our results provide evidence that targeting Tregs may provide a more efficient strategy to potentiate gp96-mediated T-cell responses and enhance the antitumor efficiency of gp96-based therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xinghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Saifeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Bao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ying Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), NO.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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Davidson TS, Shevach EM. Polyclonal Treg cells modulate T effector cell trafficking. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2862-70. [PMID: 21728170 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have analyzed the in vivo dynamics of the interaction between polyclonal Foxp3(+) Treg cells, effector T (Teff) cells, and DCs in order to further our understanding of the mechanisms of Treg cell-mediated suppression. Cotransfer of polyclonal activated Treg cells into healthy mice attenuated the induction of EAE. Suppression of disease strongly correlated with a reduced number of Teff cells in the spinal cord, but not with Treg cell-mediated inhibition of Th1/Th17 differentiation. Cotransfer of Treg cells with TCR-Tg Teff cells followed by immunization by multiple routes resulted in an enhanced number of Teff cells in the lymph nodes draining the site of immunization without an inhibition of Teff-cell differentiation. Fewer Teff cells could be detected in the blood in the presence of Treg cells and fewer T cells could access a site of antigen exposure in a modified delayed-type hypersensitivity assay. Teff cells recovered from LNs in the presence of Treg cells expressed decreased levels of CXCR4, syndecan, and the sphingosine phosphate receptor, S1P1 (sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1). Thus, polyclonal Treg cells influence Teff-cell responses by targeting trafficking pathways, thus allowing immunity to develop in lymphoid organs, but limiting the number of potentially auto-aggressive cells that are allowed to enter the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Davidson
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Mellor AL, Munn DH. Physiologic control of the functional status of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4535-40. [PMID: 21464094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3-lineage CD4 regulatory T cells (Tregs) were named for their ability to maintain self tolerance and suppress T cell immunity. However, resting Tregs from noninflamed tissues exhibit little suppressor activity, and must be stimulated to acquire such function. Conversely, under certain inflammatory conditions, Tregs may undergo rapid reprogramming to acquire helper/effector functions. In this Brief Review, we describe recent progress in elucidating physiologic processes that control the functional status of Foxp3-lineage Tregs. Emerging evidence suggests the surprising possibility that reprogrammed Tregs can be an indispensable source of helper activity in some physiologic settings, such as priming CD8(+) T cell responses. This suggests a novel paradigm in which Foxp3(+) Tregs intrinsically possess bifunctional potential, acting as a preformed pool of first-responder cells at sites of local inflammation that can either provide classical regulatory/suppressor activity, or rapidly reprogram to supply helper/effector activity, contingent on signals that manifest in local physiologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mellor
- Department of Medicine, Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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16
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McMurchy AN, Bushell A, Levings MK, Wood KJ. Moving to tolerance: clinical application of T regulatory cells. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:304-13. [PMID: 21620722 PMCID: PMC3836227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing the incidence of chronic rejection and reducing the need for life-long immunosuppression remain important goals in clinical transplantation. In this article, we will review how regulatory T cells (Treg) came to be recognized as an attractive way to prevent or treat allograft rejection, the ways in which Treg can be manipulated or expanded in vivo, and the potential of in vitro expanded/generated Treg for cellular therapy. We will describe the first regulatory T cell therapies that have been or are in the process of being conducted in the clinic as well as the safety concerns of such therapies and how outcomes may be measured.
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17
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Garden O, Pinheiro D, Cunningham F. All creatures great and small: regulatory T cells in mice, humans, dogs and other domestic animal species. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:576-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Chai JG. Cancer vaccination reprograms regulatory T cells into helper CD4 T cells to promote antitumor CD8 T-cell responses. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:601-4. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Sharma MD, Hou DY, Baban B et al. : Reprogrammed Foxp3+ regulatory T cells provide essential help to support cross-presentation and CD8+ T cell priming in naive mice. Immunity 33, 942–954 (2010). It has been recognized that natural CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs could display a phenotypic and functional plasticity in an inflammatory microenvironment. Following the loss of key transcription factor, Foxp3 and core inhibitory molecules associated with suppression, Tregs are reprogrammed into proinflammatory effector cells in vivo. However, the biological significance of this conversion is elusive. Sharma et al. demonstrate that in response to vaccines containing antigens, IFA and CpG, a large proportion of Tregs are dedifferentiated into Th1-like effector cells, which coexpress CD40L – a key molecule for CD8 help by licensing dendritic cells. Under certain experimental conditions, these reprogrammed Tregs are absolutely essential in helping the differentiation of CD8 T cells primed by antigen cross-presentation pathways. Treg conversion is diminished by tumor-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in tumor-bearing mice, and blockade of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in vivo is able to rescue Treg reprogramming. Collectively, in response to signaling from innate immune cells, Tregs are rapidly reprogrammed into Th1-like effector cells, which are also capable of providing timely help for antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the early phase of activation, when the traditional cognate help from conventional CD4 T cells has not yet became available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Chai
- Cancer Immunotherapy Group, Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunity & Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Addey C, White M, Dou L, Coe D, Dyson J, Chai JG. Functional Plasticity of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells in Context of Tumor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4557-64. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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'Help' from an unexpected source: polyclonal Tregs enhance antibody response to mucosal immunization. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:696-7. [PMID: 20661258 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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