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Sandouk A, Xu Z, Baruah S, Tremblay M, Hopkins JB, Chakravarthy S, Gakhar L, Schnicker NJ, Houtman JCD. GRB2 dimerization mediated by SH2 domain-swapping is critical for T cell signaling and cytokine production. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3505. [PMID: 36864087 PMCID: PMC9981690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GRB2 is an adaptor protein required for facilitating cytoplasmic signaling complexes from a wide array of binding partners. GRB2 has been reported to exist in either a monomeric or dimeric state in crystal and solution. GRB2 dimers are formed by the exchange of protein segments between domains, otherwise known as "domain-swapping". Swapping has been described between SH2 and C-terminal SH3 domains in the full-length structure of GRB2 (SH2/C-SH3 domain-swapped dimer), as well as between α-helixes in isolated GRB2 SH2 domains (SH2/SH2 domain-swapped dimer). Interestingly, SH2/SH2 domain-swapping has not been observed within the full-length protein, nor have the functional influences of this novel oligomeric conformation been explored. We herein generated a model of full-length GRB2 dimer with an SH2/SH2 domain-swapped conformation supported by in-line SEC-MALS-SAXS analyses. This conformation is consistent with the previously reported truncated GRB2 SH2/SH2 domain-swapped dimer but different from the previously reported, full-length SH2/C-terminal SH3 (C-SH3) domain-swapped dimer. Our model is also validated by several novel full-length GRB2 mutants that favor either a monomeric or a dimeric state through mutations within the SH2 domain that abrogate or promote SH2/SH2 domain-swapping. GRB2 knockdown and re-expression of selected monomeric and dimeric mutants in a T cell lymphoma cell line led to notable defects in clustering of the adaptor protein LAT and IL-2 release in response to TCR stimulation. These results mirrored similarly-impaired IL-2 release in GRB2-deficient cells. These studies show that a novel dimeric GRB2 conformation with domain-swapping between SH2 domains and monomer/dimer transitions are critical for GRB2 to facilitate early signaling complexes in human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Sandouk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Zhen Xu
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sankar Baruah
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mikaela Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jesse B Hopkins
- Biophysics Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Srinivas Chakravarthy
- Biophysics Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schnicker
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Wang Z, Wang H, Lin S, Ahmed S, Angers S, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Nanoparticle Amplification Labeling for High-Performance Magnetic Cell Sorting. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4774-4783. [PMID: 35639489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic cell sorting is an enabling tool for the isolation of specific cellular subpopulations for downstream applications and requires the cells to be labeled by a sufficient number of magnetic nanoparticles to leverage magnetophoresis for efficient separation. This requirement makes it challenging to target weakly expressed biomarkers. Here, we developed a new approach that selectively and efficiently amplifies the magnetic labeling on cells through sequentially connected antibodies and nanoparticles delivered to the surface or interior of the cell. Using this approach, we achieved amplification up to 100-fold for surface and intracellular markers. We also demonstrated the utility of this assay for enabling high-performance magnetic cell sorting when it is applied to the analysis of rare tumor cells for cancer diagnosis and the purification of transfected CAR T cells for immunotherapy. The data presented demonstrate a useful tool for the stratification of rare cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sichun Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Stephane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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CD81 costimulation skews CAR transduction toward naive T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:1910844119. [PMID: 35091467 PMCID: PMC8812682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910844119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered, artificial T cell receptors that can redirect cytotoxic immune T cells to eliminate cancer. Previous reports describe the benefit of less differentiated naive T cell subtypes for the purpose of CAR therapy. Here we test CD81, a T cell costimulator that preferentially activates naive T cells, for CAR engineering. We show that CD81 costimulation of naive T cells prior to CAR transduction can lead to enhanced CAR expression in this T cell subset. Adoptive cellular therapy using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized our treatment of relapsed B cell malignancies and is currently being integrated into standard therapy. The impact of selecting specific T cell subsets for CAR transduction remains under investigation. Previous studies demonstrated that effector T cells derived from naive, rather than central memory T cells mediate more potent antitumor effects. Here, we investigate a method to skew CAR transduction toward naive T cells without physical cell sorting. Viral-mediated CAR transduction requires ex vivo T cell activation, traditionally achieved using antibody-mediated strategies. CD81 is a T cell costimulatory molecule that when combined with CD3 and CD28 enhances naive T cell activation. We interrogate the effect of CD81 costimulation on resultant CAR transduction. We identify that upon CD81-mediated activation, naive T cells lose their identifying surface phenotype and switch to a memory phenotype. By prelabeling naive T cells and tracking them through T cell activation and CAR transduction, we document that CD81 costimulation enhanced naive T cell activation and resultantly generated a CAR T cell product enriched with naive-derived CAR T cells.
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Taştan C, Kançağı DD, Turan RD, Yurtsever B, Çakırsoy D, Abanuz S, Yılancı M, Seyis U, Özer S, Mert S, Kayhan CK, Tokat F, Açıkel Elmas M, Birdoğan S, Arbak S, Yalçın K, Sezgin A, Kızılkılıç E, Hemşinlioğlu C, İnce Ü, Ratip S, Ovalı E. Preclinical Assessment of Efficacy and Safety Analysis of CAR-T Cells (ISIKOK-19) Targeting CD19-Expressing B-Cells for the First Turkish Academic Clinical Trial with Relapsed/Refractory ALL and NHL Patients. Turk J Haematol 2020; 37:234-247. [PMID: 32755128 PMCID: PMC7702660 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Relapsed and refractory CD19-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are the focus of studies on hematological cancers. Treatment of these malignancies has undergone recent transformation with the development of new gene therapy and molecular biology techniques, which are safer and well-tolerated therapeutic approaches. The CD19 antigen is the most studied therapeutic target in these hematological cancers. This study reports the results of clinical-grade production, quality control, and in vivo efficacy processes of ISIKOK-19 cells as the first academic clinical trial of CAR-T cells targeting CD19-expressing B cells in relapsed/refractory ALL and NHL patients in Turkey. Materials and Methods We used a lentiviral vector encoding the CD19 antigen-specific antibody head (FMC63) conjugated with the CD8-CD28-CD3ζ sequence as a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) along with a truncated form of EGFR (EGFRt) on human T-lymphocytes (CAR-T). We preclinically assessed the efficacy and safety of the manufactured CAR-T cells, namely ISIKOK-19, from both healthy donors’ and ALL/NHL patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results We showed significant enhancement of CAR lentivirus transduction efficacy in T-cells using BX-795, an inhibitor of the signaling molecule TBK1/IKKƐ, in order to cut the cost of CAR-T cell production. In addition, ISIKOK-19 cells demonstrated a significantly high level of cytotoxicity specifically against a CD19+ B-lymphocyte cancer model, RAJI cells, in NOD/SCID mice. Conclusion This is the first report of preclinical assessment of efficacy and safety analysis of CAR-T cells (ISIKOK-19) targeting CD19-expressing B cells in relapsed/refractory ALL and NHL patients in Turkey.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/etiology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Taştan
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Bulut Yurtsever
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Çakırsoy
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selen Abanuz
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Utku Seyis
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Samed Özer
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Animal Application and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Mert
- Boğaziçi University, Center of Life Sciences and Technologies, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Tokat
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Açıkel Elmas
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Birdoğan
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Arbak
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Koray Yalçın
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
- Medical Park Göztepe Hospital, Pediatric Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Ümit İnce
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Siret Ratip
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercüment Ovalı
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
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5
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Li L, Gao Y, Srivastava R, Wang W, Xiong Q, Fang Z, Pelayo A, Denson C, Goswami A, Harari-Steinfeld R, Yang Z, Weng L, Qi LS, Marincola FM. Lentiviral delivery of combinatorial CAR/CRISPRi circuit into human primary T cells is enhanced by TBK1/IKKɛ complex inhibitor BX795. J Transl Med 2020; 18:363. [PMID: 32967676 PMCID: PMC7510327 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, low transduction efficiency particularly when large payload lentiviral vectors are used on primary T cells is a limitation for the development of cell therapy platforms that include multiple constructs bearing long DNA sequences. RB-340-1 is a new CAR T cell that combines two strategies in one product through a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) circuit. Because multiple regulatory components are included in the circuit, RB-340-1 production needs delivery of two lentiviral vectors into human primary T cells, both containing long DNA sequences. To improve lentiviral transduction efficiency, we looked for inhibitors of receptors involved in antiviral response. BX795 is a pharmacological inhibitor of the TBK1/IKKɛ complex, which has been reported to augment lentiviral transduction of human NK cells and some cell lines, but it has not been tested with human primary T cells. The purpose of this study was to test if BX795 treatment promotes large payload RB-340-1 lentiviral transduction of human primary T cells. Methods To make the detection of gene delivery more convenient, we constructed another set of RB-340-1 constructs containing fluorescent labels named RB-340-1F. We incorporated BX795 treatment into the human primary T cell transduction procedure that was optimized for RB-340-1F. We tested BX795 with T cells collected from multiple donors, and detected the effect of BX795 on T cell transduction, phenotype, cell growth and cell function. Results We found that BX795 promotes RB-340-1F lentiviral transduction of human primary T cells, without dramatic change in cell growth and T cell functions. Meanwhile, BX795 treatment increased CD8+ T cell ratios in transduced T cells. Conclusions These results indicate that BX795 treatment is effective, and might be a safe approach to promote RB-340-1F lentiviral transduction of human primary T cells. This approach might also be helpful for other T cell therapy products that need delivery of complicated platform via large payload lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Li
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Hangzhou Juwu Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinghui Xiong
- Hangzhou Juwu Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiming Fang
- Hangzhou Juwu Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhifen Yang
- Refuge Biotechnologies Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Lihong Weng
- Hangzhou Juwu Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Stanley Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305
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6
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Tremblay MM, Ollinger T, Houtman JCD. The membrane proximal proline-rich region and correct order of C-terminal tyrosines on the adaptor protein LAT are required for TCR-mediated signaling and downstream functions. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109790. [PMID: 32979494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary activating receptor for T cells is the T cell receptor (TCR), which is stimulated upon binding to an antigen/MHC complex. TCR activation results in the induction of regulated signaling pathways vital for T cell differentiation, cellular adhesion and cytokine release. A critical TCR-induced signaling protein is the adaptor protein LAT. Upon TCR stimulation, LAT is phosphorylated on conserved tyrosines, which facilitates the formation of multiprotein complexes needed for propagation of signaling pathways. Although the role of the conserved tyrosines in LAT-mediated signaling has been investigated, few studies have examined the role of larger regions of LAT in TCR-induced pathways. In this study, a sequence alignment of 97 mammalian LAT proteins was used to identify several "functional" domains on LAT. Using LAT mutants expressed in Jurkat E6.1 cells, we observed that the membrane proximal, proline-rich region of LAT and the correct order of domains containing conserved tyrosines are necessary for optimal TCR-mediated early signaling, cytokine production, and cellular adhesion. Together, these data show that LAT contains distinct regions whose presence and correct order are required for the propagation of TCR-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Tomye Ollinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA.
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7
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Bilal MY, Katara G, Dambaeva S, Kwak‐Kim J, Gilman‐Sachs A, Beaman KD. Clinical molecular genetics evaluation in women with reproductive failures. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13313. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y. Bilal
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Gajendra Katara
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Joanne Kwak‐Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Rosalind Franklin University Health System Vernon Hills IL USA
| | - Alice Gilman‐Sachs
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
| | - Kenneth D. Beaman
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA
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8
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Improvement of K562 Cell Line Transduction by FBS Mediated Attachment to the Cell Culture Plate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9540702. [PMID: 31032368 PMCID: PMC6457364 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9540702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have been used for gene therapy in the clinical phase in recent years. These vectors provide a tool for gene insertion, deletion, or modification in organisms. The K562 human cell line has been used extensively in hematopoietic research. Despite its broad application, it is hard-to-transfection and transduction. So, this study presents a simple method to increase the transduction efficiency of K562 cells with a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of the virus particle. For this purpose, 24-well plate was coated by 300 μl fetal bovine serum (FBS) before seeding. Then 2×104 K562 cells were seeded in each FBS coated plate. After 24h, K562 cells were attached and doubled. Different amount of lentivirus-based GFP vector according to MOI (5, 10, 15, and 20) along with 8 μg polybrene was added to the attached K562 cells and after 6h cells and viral particle complex were spinfected. Then cells were returned to the plate and incubated in 37°C overnight. After 48h transduction efficiency was established by measuring the GFP-expressing cells by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis showed that, after plate treatment by FBS, 64.5% transduction rate in K562 cells was achieved at MOI=20. Therefore, this method can be an effective and simple way to increase the lentiviral transduction rate for suspended cells such as K562.
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9
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Intracellular delivery of mRNA to human primary T cells with microfluidic vortex shedding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3214. [PMID: 30824814 PMCID: PMC6397276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of functional macromolecules, such as DNA and RNA, across the cell membrane and into the cytosol, is a critical process in both biology and medicine. Herein, we develop and use microfluidic chips containing post arrays to induce microfluidic vortex shedding, or μVS, for cell membrane poration that permits delivery of mRNA into primary human T lymphocytes. We demonstrate transfection with μVS by delivery of a 996-nucleotide mRNA construct encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and assessed transfection efficiencies by quantifying levels of EGFP protein expression. We achieved high transfection efficiency (63.6 ± 3.44% EGFP + viable cells) with high cell viability (77.3 ± 0.58%) and recovery (88.7 ± 3.21%) in CD3 + T cells 19 hrs after μVS processing. Importantly, we show that processing cells via μVS does not negatively affect cell growth rates or alter cell states. We also demonstrate processing speeds of greater than 2.0 × 106 cells s-1 at volumes ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 milliliters. Altogether, these results highlight the use of μVS as a rapid and gentle delivery method with promising potential to engineer primary human cells for research and clinical applications.
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10
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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11
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Omelchenko DO, Glazkova DV, Bogoslovskaya EV, Urusov FA, Zhogina YA, Tsyganova GM, Shipulin GA. Protection of Lymphocytes Against HIV using Lentivirus Vector Carrying a Combination of TRIM5α-HRH Genes and microRNA Against CCR5. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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McCreedy BJ, Senyukov VV, Nguyen KT. Off the shelf T cell therapies for hematologic malignancies. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2018; 31:166-175. [PMID: 29909917 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of autologous CAR-T cells can induce durable remissions in patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. However, multiple challenges exist for manufacturing CAR-T cells from patients with advanced disease including inability to manufacture a product, disease progression or death while waiting for the CAR-T product to be available, and heterogeneity among autologous CAR-T products that contributes to unpredictable and variable clinical activity. Healthy donor T cells can provide a source for production of universal CAR-T cells when combined with gene editing to prevent expression of endogenous TCRs and avoid generation of GvHD in HLA mismatched recipients. Additional gene edits can be included to impart resistance to immunosuppression or improve trafficking to tumor sites. Recent advances in cell manufacturing and analytics technology can provide for consistent batch to batch manufacturing of gene edited allogeneic CAR-T cells in sufficient quantity to treat thousands of patients when needed as off the shelf products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J McCreedy
- Precision BioSciences, Inc., 302 East Pettigrew Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Vladimir V Senyukov
- Precision BioSciences, Inc., 302 East Pettigrew Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Kim T Nguyen
- Precision BioSciences, Inc., 302 East Pettigrew Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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13
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López-Marín LM, Rivera AL, Fernández F, Loske AM. Shock wave-induced permeabilization of mammalian cells. Phys Life Rev 2018; 26-27:1-38. [PMID: 29685859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled permeabilization of mammalian cell membranes is fundamental to develop gene and cell therapies based on macromolecular cargo delivery, a process that emerged against an increasing number of health afflictions, including genetic disorders, cancer and infections. Viral vectors have been successfully used for macromolecular delivery; however, they may have unpredictable side effects and have been limited to life-threatening cases. Thus, several chemical and physical methods have been explored to introduce drugs, vaccines, and nucleic acids into cells. One of the most appealing physical methods to deliver genes into cells is shock wave-induced poration. High-speed microjets of fluid, emitted due to the collapse of microbubbles after shock wave passage, represent the most significant mechanism that contributes to cell membrane poration by this technique. Herein, progress in shock wave-induced permeabilization of mammalian cells is presented. After covering the main concepts related to molecular strategies whose applications depend on safer drug delivery methods, the physics behind shock wave phenomena is described. Insights into the use of shock waves for cell membrane permeation are discussed, along with an overview of the two major biomedical applications thereof-i.e., genetic modification and anti-cancer shock wave-assisted chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to summarize 30 years of data showing underwater shock waves as a safe, noninvasive method for macromolecular delivery into mammalian cells, encouraging the development of further research, which is still required before the introduction of this promising tool into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M López-Marín
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
| | - Ana Leonor Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares & Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Fernández
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
| | - Achim M Loske
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
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14
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Legut M, Dolton G, Mian AA, Ottmann OG, Sewell AK. CRISPR-mediated TCR replacement generates superior anticancer transgenic T cells. Blood 2018; 131:311-322. [PMID: 29122757 PMCID: PMC5774207 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-787598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a cancer-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) has shown significant therapeutic potential for both hematological and solid tumors. However, a major issue of transducing T cells with a transgenic TCR is the preexisting expression of TCRs in the recipient cells. These endogenous TCRs compete with the transgenic TCR for surface expression and allow mixed dimer formation. Mixed dimers, formed by mispairing between the endogenous and transgenic TCRs, may harbor autoreactive specificities. To circumvent these problems, we designed a system where the endogenous TCR-β is knocked out from the recipient cells using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) technology, simultaneously with transduction with a cancer-reactive receptor of choice. This TCR replacement strategy resulted in markedly increased surface expression of transgenic αβ and γδ TCRs, which in turn translated to a stronger, and more polyfunctional, response of engineered T cells to their target cancer cell lines. Additionally, the TCR-plus-CRISPR-modified T cells were up to a thousandfold more sensitive to antigen than standard TCR-transduced T cells or conventional model proxy systems used for studying TCR activity. Finally, transduction with a pan-cancer-reactive γδ TCR used in conjunction with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the endogenous αβ TCR resulted in more efficient redirection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against a panel of established blood cancers and primary, patient-derived B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts compared with standard TCR transfer. Our results suggest that TCR transfer combined with genome editing could lead to new, improved generations of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
| | - Afsar Ali Mian
- Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Ottmann
- Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, and
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15
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Joshi RN, Binai NA, Marabita F, Sui Z, Altman A, Heck AJR, Tegnér J, Schmidt A. Phosphoproteomics Reveals Regulatory T Cell-Mediated DEF6 Dephosphorylation That Affects Cytokine Expression in Human Conventional T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1163. [PMID: 28993769 PMCID: PMC5622166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control key events of immune tolerance, primarily by suppression of effector T cells. We previously revealed that Tregs rapidly suppress T cell receptor (TCR)-induced calcium store depletion in conventional CD4+CD25− T cells (Tcons) independently of IP3 levels, consequently inhibiting NFAT signaling and effector cytokine expression. Here, we study Treg suppression mechanisms through unbiased phosphoproteomics of primary human Tcons upon TCR stimulation and Treg-mediated suppression, respectively. Tregs induced a state of overall decreased phosphorylation as opposed to TCR stimulation. We discovered novel phosphosites (T595_S597) in the DEF6 (SLAT) protein that were phosphorylated upon TCR stimulation and conversely dephosphorylated upon coculture with Tregs. Mutation of these DEF6 phosphosites abrogated interaction of DEF6 with the IP3 receptor and affected NFAT activation and cytokine transcription in primary Tcons. This novel mechanism and phosphoproteomics data resource may aid in modifying sensitivity of Tcons to Treg-mediated suppression in autoimmune disease or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin N Joshi
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadine A Binai
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Marabita
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhenhua Sui
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jesper Tegnér
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angelika Schmidt
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Streltsova MA, Barsov E, Erokhina SA, Kovalenko EI. Retroviral gene transfer into primary human NK cells activated by IL-2 and K562 feeder cells expressing membrane-bound IL-21. J Immunol Methods 2017; 450:90-94. [PMID: 28802832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are capable of rapidly recognizing and efficiently killing tumor cells. This makes them a potentially promising agent for cancer immunotherapy. Additional genetic modifications of NK cells may further improve their anti-tumor efficacy. Numerous technical challenges associated with gene delivery into NK cells have significantly tempered this approach. We achieved efficient retroviral vector transduction of primary human NK cells that were stimulated by a combination of IL-2 and engineered K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL-21. The activated NK cells were in less differentiated state and expressed NK cell activation receptors NKG2D, NKp30, CD16, and were highly HLA-DR-positive. This NK cell population was highly susceptible to the transduction by both GFP- and NGFR-expressing retroviral vectors, with transduction efficiency exceeding 50%. More mature CD57+ NK cell population was generally resistant to retroviral vector transduction because of poor response to the stimulation. Our findings may facilitate retroviral vector-mediated genetic engineering of human primary NK cells for future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Streltsova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | | | - Sofia A Erokhina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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17
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Kwarteng A, Ahuno ST, Kwakye-Nuako G. The therapeutic landscape of HIV-1 via genome editing. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:32. [PMID: 28705213 PMCID: PMC5513397 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment for HIV-1 largely relies on chemotherapy through the administration of antiretroviral drugs. While the search for anti-HIV-1 vaccine remain elusive, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) have been far-reaching and has changed HIV-1 into a manageable chronic infection. There is compelling evidence, including several side-effects of ARTs, suggesting that eradication of HIV-1 cannot depend solely on antiretrovirals. Gene therapy, an expanding treatment strategy, using RNA interference (RNAi) and programmable nucleases such as meganuclease, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas9) are transforming the therapeutic landscape of HIV-1. TALENS and ZFNS are structurally similar modular systems, which consist of a FokI endonuclease fused to custom-designed effector proteins but have been largely limited, particularly ZFNs, due to their complexity and cost of protein engineering. However, the newly developed CRISPR-Cas9 system, consists of a single guide RNA (sgRNA), which directs a Cas9 endonuclease to complementary target sites, and serves as a superior alternative to the previous protein-based systems. The techniques have been successfully applied to the development of better HIV-1 models, generation of protective mutations in endogenous/host cells, disruption of HIV-1 genomes and even reactivating latent viruses for better detection and clearance by host immune response. Here, we focus on gene editing-based HIV-1 treatment and research in addition to providing perspectives for refining these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Terkper Ahuno
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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18
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Tran R, Myers DR, Denning G, Shields JE, Lytle AM, Alrowais H, Qiu Y, Sakurai Y, Li WC, Brand O, Le Doux JM, Spencer HT, Doering CB, Lam WA. Microfluidic Transduction Harnesses Mass Transport Principles to Enhance Gene Transfer Efficiency. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2372-2382. [PMID: 28780274 PMCID: PMC5628863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy using lentiviral vectors (LVs) is a proven approach to treat and potentially cure many hematologic disorders and malignancies but remains stymied by cumbersome, cost-prohibitive, and scale-limited production processes that cannot meet the demands of current clinical protocols for widespread clinical utilization. However, limitations in LV manufacture coupled with inefficient transduction protocols requiring significant excess amounts of vector currently limit widespread implementation. Herein, we describe a microfluidic, mass transport-based approach that overcomes the diffusion limitations of current transduction platforms to enhance LV gene transfer kinetics and efficiency. This novel ex vivo LV transduction platform is flexible in design, easy to use, scalable, and compatible with standard cell transduction reagents and LV preparations. Using hematopoietic cell lines, primary human T cells, primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) of both murine (Sca-1+) and human (CD34+) origin, microfluidic transduction using clinically processed LVs occurs up to 5-fold faster and requires as little as one-twentieth of LV. As an in vivo validation of the microfluidic-based transduction technology, HSPC gene therapy was performed in hemophilia A mice using limiting amounts of LV. Compared to the standard static well-based transduction protocols, only animals transplanted with microfluidic-transduced cells displayed clotting levels restored to normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Tran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David R Myers
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Jordan E Shields
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Allison M Lytle
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hommood Alrowais
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yongzhi Qiu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yumiko Sakurai
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - William C Li
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Oliver Brand
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Joseph M Le Doux
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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19
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Galarza-Muñoz G, Briggs FBS, Evsyukova I, Schott-Lerner G, Kennedy EM, Nyanhete T, Wang L, Bergamaschi L, Widen SG, Tomaras GD, Ko DC, Bradrick SS, Barcellos LF, Gregory SG, Garcia-Blanco MA. Human Epistatic Interaction Controls IL7R Splicing and Increases Multiple Sclerosis Risk. Cell 2017; 169:72-84.e13. [PMID: 28340352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder where T cells attack neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination and neurological deficits. A driver of increased MS risk is the soluble form of the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain gene (sIL7R) produced by alternative splicing of IL7R exon 6. Here, we identified the RNA helicase DDX39B as a potent activator of this exon and consequently a repressor of sIL7R, and we found strong genetic association of DDX39B with MS risk. Indeed, we showed that a genetic variant in the 5' UTR of DDX39B reduces translation of DDX39B mRNAs and increases MS risk. Importantly, this DDX39B variant showed strong genetic and functional epistasis with allelic variants in IL7R exon 6. This study establishes the occurrence of biological epistasis in humans and provides mechanistic insight into the regulation of IL7R exon 6 splicing and its impact on MS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddiel Galarza-Muñoz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Farren B S Briggs
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Irina Evsyukova
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Geraldine Schott-Lerner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Edward M Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tinashe Nyanhete
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Lisa F Barcellos
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Simon G Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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20
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Wallis AM, Wallace EC, Hostager BS, Yi Z, Houtman JCD, Bishop GA. TRAF3 enhances TCR signaling by regulating the inhibitors Csk and PTPN22. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2081. [PMID: 28522807 PMCID: PMC5437045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) 3 is required for effective TCR signaling and normal T cell effector functions, and associates with the CD3/CD28 complex upon activation. To determine how TRAF3 promotes proximal TCR signaling, we studied TRAF3-deficient mouse and human T cells, which showed a marked reduction in activating phosphorylation of the TCR-associated kinase Lck. The impact of TRAF3 on this very early signaling event led to the hypothesis that TRAF3 restrains one or both of two known inhibitors of Lck, C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22). TRAF3 associated with Csk, promoting the dissociation of Csk from the plasma membrane. TRAF3 also associated with and regulated the TCR/CD28 induced localization of PTPN22. Loss of TRAF3 resulted in increased amounts of both Csk and PTPN22 in T cell membrane fractions and decreased association of PTPN22 with Csk. These findings identify a new role for T cell TRAF3 in promoting T cell activation, by regulating localization and functions of early TCR signaling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zuoan Yi
- Depts of Microbiology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Depts of Microbiology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Biomedical Engineering, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Depts of Microbiology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,The University of Iowa and VAMC, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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21
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Chicaybam L, Barcelos C, Peixoto B, Carneiro M, Limia CG, Redondo P, Lira C, Paraguassú-Braga F, Vasconcelos ZFMD, Barros L, Bonamino MH. An Efficient Electroporation Protocol for the Genetic Modification of Mammalian Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 4:99. [PMID: 28168187 PMCID: PMC5253374 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of cell lines and primary cells is an expensive and cumbersome approach, often involving the use of viral vectors. Electroporation using square-wave generating devices, like Lonza's Nucleofector, is a widely used option, but the costs associated with the acquisition of electroporation kits and the transient transgene expression might hamper the utility of this methodology. In the present work, we show that our in-house developed buffers, termed Chicabuffers, can be efficiently used to electroporate cell lines and primary cells from murine and human origin. Using the Nucleofector II device, we electroporated 14 different cell lines and also primary cells, like mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood CD34+, providing optimized protocols for each of them. Moreover, when combined with sleeping beauty-based transposon system, long-term transgene expression could be achieved in all types of cells tested. Transgene expression was stable and did not interfere with CD34+ differentiation to committed progenitors. We also show that these buffers can be used in CRISPR-mediated editing of PDCD1 gene locus in 293T and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The optimized protocols reported in this study provide a suitable and cost-effective platform for the genetic modification of cells, facilitating the widespread adoption of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Chicaybam
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Barcelos
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Barbara Peixoto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Mayra Carneiro
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Cintia Gomez Limia
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Patrícia Redondo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Lira
- Banco de Cordão Umbilical e Placentário, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Paraguassú-Braga
- Banco de Cordão Umbilical e Placentário, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Barros
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Martin Hernán Bonamino
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Vacaflores A, Chapman NM, Harty JT, Richer MJ, Houtman JCD. Exposure of Human CD4 T Cells to IL-12 Results in Enhanced TCR-Induced Cytokine Production, Altered TCR Signaling, and Increased Oxidative Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157175. [PMID: 27280403 PMCID: PMC4900534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD4 T cells are constantly exposed to IL-12 during infections and certain autoimmune disorders. The current paradigm is that IL-12 promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th1 cells, but recent studies suggest IL-12 may play a more complex role in T cell biology. We examined if exposure to IL-12 alters human CD4 T cell responses to subsequent TCR stimulation. We found that IL-12 pretreatment increased TCR-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, IL-4 and IL-10 production. This suggests that prior exposure to IL-12 potentiates the TCR-induced release of a range of cytokines. We observed that IL-12 mediated its effects through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. IL-12 pretreatment increased the phosphorylation of AKT, p38 and LCK following TCR stimulation without altering other TCR signaling molecules, potentially mediating the increase in transcription of cytokines. In addition, the IL-12-mediated enhancement of cytokines that are not transcriptionally regulated was partially driven by increased oxidative metabolism. Our data uncover a novel function of IL-12 in human CD4 T cells; specifically, it enhances the release of a range of cytokines potentially by altering TCR signaling pathways and by enhancing oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Vacaflores
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Chapman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Richer
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jon C. D. Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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