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Cable JM, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, White RE, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA-LP engages YY1 through leucine-rich motifs to promote naïve B cell transformation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011950. [PMID: 39083560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with numerous cancers including B cell lymphomas. In vitro, EBV transforms primary B cells into immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) which serves as a model to study the role of viral proteins in EBV malignancies. EBV induced cellular transformation is driven by viral proteins including EBV-Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs). EBNA-LP is important for the transformation of naïve but not memory B cells. While EBNA-LP was thought to promote gene activation by EBNA2, EBNA-LP Knockout (LPKO) virus-infected cells express EBNA2-activated cellular genes efficiently. Therefore, a gap in knowledge exists as to what roles EBNA-LP plays in naïve B cell transformation. We developed a trans-complementation assay wherein transfection with wild-type EBNA-LP rescues the transformation of peripheral blood- and cord blood-derived naïve B cells by LPKO virus. Despite EBNA-LP phosphorylation sites being important in EBNA2 co-activation; neither phospho-mutant nor phospho-mimetic EBNA-LP was defective in rescuing naïve B cell outgrowth. However, we identified conserved leucine-rich motifs in EBNA-LP that were required for transformation of adult naïve and cord blood B cells. Because cellular PPAR-g coactivator (PGC) proteins use leucine-rich motifs to engage transcription factors including YY1, a key regulator of DNA looping and metabolism, we examined the role of EBNA-LP in engaging transcription factors. We found a significant overlap between EBNA-LP and YY1 in ChIP-Seq data. By Cut&Run, YY1 peaks unique to WT compared to LPKO LCLs occur at more highly expressed genes. Moreover, Cas9 knockout of YY1 in primary B cells prior to EBV infection indicted YY1 to be important for EBV-mediated transformation. We confirmed EBNA-LP and YY1 biochemical association in LCLs by endogenous co-immunoprecipitation and found that the EBNA-LP leucine-rich motifs were required for YY1 interaction in LCLs. We propose that EBNA-LP engages YY1 through conserved leucine-rich motifs to promote EBV transformation of naïve B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert E White
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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2
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Berman-Riu M, Cunill V, Clemente A, López-Gómez A, Pons J, Ferrer JM. Dysfunctional mitochondria, disrupted levels of reactive oxygen species, and autophagy in B cells from common variable immunodeficiency patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362995. [PMID: 38596676 PMCID: PMC11002182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) patients are characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and poor response to vaccination due to deficient generation of memory and antibody-secreting B cells. B lymphocytes are essential for the development of humoral immune responses, and mitochondrial function, hreactive oxygen species (ROS) production and autophagy are crucial for determining B-cell fate. However, the role of those basic cell functions in the differentiation of human B cells remains poorly investigated. Methods We used flow cytometry to evaluate mitochondrial function, ROS production and autophagy processes in human naïve and memory B-cell subpopulations in unstimulated and stimulated PBMCs cultures. We aimed to determine whether any alterations in these processes could impact B-cell fate and contribute to the lack of B-cell differentiation observed in CVID patients. Results We described that naïve CD19+CD27- and memory CD19+CD27+ B cells subpopulations from healthy controls differ in terms of their dependence on these processes for their homeostasis, and demonstrated that different stimuli exert a preferential cell type dependent effect. The evaluation of mitochondrial function, ROS production and autophagy in naïve and memory B cells from CVID patients disclosed subpopulation specific alterations. Dysfunctional mitochondria and autophagy were more prominent in unstimulated CVID CD19+CD27- and CD19+CD27+ B cells than in their healthy counterparts. Although naïve CD19+CD27- B cells from CVID patients had higher basal ROS levels than controls, their ROS increase after stimulation was lower, suggesting a disruption in ROS homeostasis. On the other hand, memory CD19+CD27+ B cells from CVID patients had both lower ROS basal levels and a diminished ROS production after stimulation with anti-B cell receptor (BCR) and IL-21. Conclusion The failure in ROS cell signalling could impair CVID naïve B cell activation and differentiation to memory B cells. Decreased levels of ROS in CVID memory CD19+CD27+ B cells, which negatively correlate with their in vitro cell death and autophagy, could be detrimental and lead to their previously demonstrated premature death. The final consequence would be the failure to generate a functional B cell compartment in CVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Berman-Riu
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Vanesa Cunill
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Clemente
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Jaime Pons
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana M. Ferrer
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Cable JM, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, White RE, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA-LP engages YY1 through leucine-rich motifs to promote naïve B cell transformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.07.574580. [PMID: 38260266 PMCID: PMC10802455 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.574580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with numerous cancers including B cell lymphomas. In vitro, EBV transforms primary B cells into immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) which serves as a model to study the role of viral proteins in EBV malignancies. EBV induced cellular transformation is driven by viral proteins including EBV-Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs). EBNA-LP is important for the transformation of naïve but not memory B cells. While EBNA-LP was thought to promote gene activation by EBNA2, EBNA-LP Knock Out (LPKO) virus-infected cells express EBNA2-activated genes efficiently. Therefore, a gap in knowledge exists as to what roles EBNA-LP plays in naïve B cell transformation. We developed a trans-complementation assay wherein transfection with wild-type EBNA-LP rescues the transformation of peripheral blood- and cord blood-derived naïve B cells by LPKO virus. Despite EBNA-LP phosphorylation sites being important in EBNA2 co-activation; neither phospho-mutant nor phospho-mimetic EBNA-LP was defective in rescuing naïve B cell outgrowth. However, we identified conserved leucine-rich motifs in EBNA-LP that were required for transformation of adult naïve and cord blood B cells. Because cellular PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC) proteins use leucine-rich motifs to engage transcription factors including YY1, a key regulator of DNA looping and metabolism, we examined the role of EBNA-LP in engaging cellular transcription factors. We found a significant overlap between EBNA-LP and YY1 in ChIP-Seq data and confirmed their biochemical association in LCLs by endogenous co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, we found that the EBNA-LP leucine-rich motifs were required for YY1 interaction in LCLs. Finally, we used Cas9 to knockout YY1 in primary total B cells and naïve B cells prior to EBV infection and found YY1 to be essential for EBV-mediated transformation. We propose that EBNA-LP engages YY1 through conserved leucine-rich motifs to promote EBV transformation of naïve B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert E. White
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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4
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Xu F, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Pei H, Bai L. Bioinformatic mining and validation of the effects of ferroptosis regulators on the prognosis and progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gene 2021; 795:145804. [PMID: 34175402 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a new form of programmed cell death, provides a new option for anti-tumor treatment. However, the roles of ferroptosis-related (FR) genes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) were not fully elaborated. In the present study, 185 TCGA samples and 81 ICGC samples were used as training and validation cohorts, respectively. A novel FR risk signature (ALOX5, ALOX12, PTGS2, SAT1, STEAP3 and SQLE) was constructed via the Lasso regression analysis. In TCGA cohort, the risk signature was identified as an independent prognostic factor. Decision curve analysis (DCA) indicated that FR risk score could increase the net benefit when making clinical-decision. In addition, we constructed a nomogram to predict the overall survival rate (OSR) of individual at 1,2,3 year. Meanwhile, the prognostic value was partly validated in ICGC cohort. Through immune analyses, we found that high FR risk could affect the immune abundances of five lymphocytes but not effectively affect the activities of immune-related pathways. The expressions of most FR risk genes did not correlate with that of PD-L1(CD274) and CTLA4. Further, through RT-qPCR tests, the expressions of PTGS2 and SQLE were proven to be significantly upregulated in normal pancreatic duct epithelia cell (HPDE6-C7) compared to pancreatic cancer cells (SW1990 and BxPC-3). MTT, wound-healing and transwell assays revealed that silencing PTGS2 and SQLE could inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Besides, western-blot assays showed that blocking PTGS2 and SQLE expressions could suppress the protein expressions of cyclin D1 and N-cadherin, but facilitate that of E-cadherin, which suggested that they were involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Collectively, FR risk signature provides an important complement for PAAD prognostic analysis. High FR risk level can adversely affect anti-tumor immune process, but may not serve as a predictive marker of ICIs efficacy. PTGS2 and SQLE are proven to possess cancer-promoting abilities in PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshi Xu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhengliang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yidi Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Honghong Pei
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Ling Bai
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi Province, China.
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5
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Jackson JT, Mulazzani E, Nutt SL, Masters SL. The role of PLCγ2 in immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100905. [PMID: 34157287 PMCID: PMC8318911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is a critical signaling molecule activated downstream from a variety of cell surface receptors that contain an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. These receptors recruit kinases such as Syk, BTK, and BLNK to phosphorylate and activate PLCγ2, which then generates 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These well-known second messengers are required for diverse membrane functionality including cellular proliferation, endocytosis, and calcium flux. As a result, PLCγ2 dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune disorders. The diverse pathologies associated with PLCγ2 are exemplified by distinct genetic variants. Inherited mutations at this locus cause PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, in some cases with autoinflammation. Acquired mutations at this locus, which often arise as a result of BTK inhibition to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, result in constitutive downstream signaling and lymphocyte proliferation. Finally, a third group of PLCγ2 variants actually has a protective effect in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, presumably by increased uptake and degradation of deleterious neurological aggregates. Therefore, manipulating PLCγ2 activity either up or down could have therapeutic benefit; however, we require a better understanding of the signaling pathways propagated by these variants before such clinical utility can be realized. Here, we review the signaling roles of PLCγ2 in hematopoietic cells to help understand the effect of mutations driving immune disorders and cancer and extrapolate from this to roles which may relate to protection against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Jackson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Mulazzani
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Schnaack OH, Nourmohammad A. Optimal evolutionary decision-making to store immune memory. eLife 2021; 10:61346. [PMID: 33908347 PMCID: PMC8116052 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system provides a diverse set of molecules that can mount specific responses against a multitude of pathogens. Memory is a key feature of adaptive immunity, which allows organisms to respond more readily upon re-infections. However, differentiation of memory cells is still one of the least understood cell fate decisions. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework to characterize optimal strategies to store memory to maximize the utility of immune response over an organism's lifetime. We show that memory production should be actively regulated to balance between affinity and cross-reactivity of immune receptors for an effective protection against evolving pathogens. Moreover, we predict that specificity of memory should depend on the organism's lifespan, and shorter lived organisms with fewer pathogenic encounters should store more cross-reactive memory. Our framework provides a baseline to gauge the efficacy of immune memory in light of an organism's coevolutionary history with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar H Schnaack
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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7
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Koenig A, Charmetant X, Barba T, Sicard A, Espi M, Dussurgey S, Thaunat O. Improved cell signaling analysis by biofunctionalized nanospheres and imaging flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 99:1079-1090. [PMID: 33866668 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of immune cell signaling is critical for the understanding of the biology and pathology of the immune system, and thus a mandatory step for the development of efficient biomarkers and targeted therapies. Phosflow, which has progressively replaced the traditional western blot approach, relies on flow cytometry to analyze various signaling pathways at a single-cell level. This technique however suffers a lack of sensitivity largely due to the low signal/noise ratio that characterizes cell signaling analysis. In this study, we describe a new technique, which combines the use of biofunctionalized nanospheres (i.e., synthetic particulate antigens, SPAg) to stimulate the immune cells in suspension and imaging flow cytometry to identify homogenously-stimulated cells and quantify the activity of the chosen signaling pathway in selected subcellular regions of interest. Using BCR signaling as model, we demonstrate that SIBERIAN (SPAg-assIsted suB-cEllulaR sIgnaling ANalysis) allows assessing immune cell signaling with unprecedented sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Koenig
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Charmetant
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Barba
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Sicard
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Espi
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Dussurgey
- University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Inserm, CNRS SFR Biosciences US8 UMS3444, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
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8
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Price MJ, Scharer CD, Kania AK, Randall TD, Boss JM. Conserved Epigenetic Programming and Enhanced Heme Metabolism Drive Memory B Cell Reactivation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1493-1504. [PMID: 33627377 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) have enhanced capabilities to differentiate to plasma cells and generate a rapid burst of Abs upon secondary stimulation. To determine if MBCs harbor an epigenetic landscape that contributes to increased differentiation potential, we derived the chromatin accessibility and transcriptomes of influenza-specific IgM and IgG MBCs compared with naive cells. MBCs possessed an accessible chromatin architecture surrounding plasma cell-specific genes, as well as altered expression of transcription factors and genes encoding cell cycle, chemotaxis, and signal transduction processes. Intriguingly, this MBC signature was conserved between humans and mice. MBCs of both species possessed a heightened heme signature compared with naive cells. Differentiation in the presence of hemin enhanced oxidative phosphorylation metabolism and MBC differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells. Thus, these data define conserved MBC transcriptional and epigenetic signatures that include a central role for heme and multiple other pathways in augmenting MBC reactivation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anna K Kania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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9
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Leng Y, Romero R, Xu Y, Galaz J, Slutsky R, Arenas-Hernandez M, Garcia-Flores V, Motomura K, Hassan SS, Reboldi A, Gomez-Lopez N. Are B cells altered in the decidua of women with preterm or term labor? Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13102. [PMID: 30768818 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The immunophenotype of B cells at the maternal-fetal interface (decidua) in labor at term and preterm labor is poorly understood. METHOD OF STUDY Decidual tissues were obtained from women with preterm or term labor and from non-labor gestational age-matched controls. Immunophenotyping of decidual B cells was performed using multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS (a) In the absence of acute or chronic chorioamnionitis, total B cells were more abundant in the decidua parietalis of women who delivered preterm than in those who delivered at term, regardless of the presence of labor; (b) decidual transitional and naïve B cells were the most abundant B-cell subsets; (c) decidual B1 B cells were increased in women with either labor at term or preterm labor and chronic chorioamnionitis compared to those without this placental lesion; (d) decidual transitional B cells were reduced in women with preterm labor compared to those without labor; (e) naïve, class-switched, and non-class-switched B cells in the decidual tissues underwent mild alterations with the process of preterm labor; (f) decidual plasmablasts seemed to increase in women with either labor at term or preterm labor with chronic chorioamnionitis; and (g) decidual B cells expressed high levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, and/or IL-35. CONCLUSION Total B cells are not increased with the presence of preterm or term labor; yet, specific subsets (B1 and plasmablasts) undergo alterations in women with chronic chorioamnionitis. Therefore, B cells are solely implicated in the pathological process of preterm labor in a subset of women with chronic inflammation of the placenta. These findings provide insight into the immunology of the maternal-fetal interface in preterm and term labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhu Leng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Slutsky
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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10
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Wang L, Ni M, Hückelhoven-Krauss A, Sellner L, Hoffmann JM, Neuber B, Luft T, Hegenbart U, Schönland S, Kleist C, Sill M, Chen BA, Wuchter P, Eckstein V, Krüger W, Hilgendorf I, Yerushalmi R, Nagler A, Müller-Tidow C, Ho AD, Dreger P, Schmitt M, Schmitt A. Modulation of B Cells and Homing Marker on NK Cells Through Extracorporeal Photopheresis in Patients With Steroid-Refractory/Resistant Graft-Vs.-Host Disease Without Hampering Anti-viral/Anti-leukemic Effects. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2207. [PMID: 30349527 PMCID: PMC6186805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD), a severe complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, significantly affects the post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Systemic steroids remain the gold standard for the initial management of GvHD. However, up to 60% of patients will not sufficiently respond to steroids. Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP), a cell-based immunotherapy, has shown good clinical results in such steroid-refractory/resistant GvHD patients. Given its immunomodulatory, but not global immunosuppressive and steroid-sparing capacity, ECP constitutes an attractive option. In the case of GvHD, the balance of immune cells is destroyed: effector cells are not any longer efficiently controlled by regulatory cells. ECP therapy may restore this balance. However, the precise mechanism and the impact of ECP on anti-viral/anti-leukemic function remain unclear. In this study, 839 ECP treatments were performed on patients with acute GvHD (aGvHD) and chronic GvHD (cGvHD). A comprehensive analysis of effector and regulatory cells in patients under ECP therapy included multi-parametric flow cytometry and tetramer staining, LuminexTM-based cytokine, interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot, and chromium-51 release assays. Gene profiling of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was performed by microarray analysis. Immunologically, modulations of effector and regulatory cells as well as proinflammatory cytokines were observed under ECP treatment: (1) GvHD-relevant cell subsets like CD62L+ NK cells and newly defined CD19hiCD20hi B cells were modulated, but (2) quantity and quality of anti-viral/anti-leukemic effector cells were preserved. (3) The development of MDSCs was promoted and switched from an inactivated subset (CD33-CD11b+) to an activated subset (CD33+CD11b+). (4) The frequency of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD24+CD38hi regulatory B cells was considerably increased in aGvHD patients, and Foxp3+CD8+ Tregs in cGvHD patients. (5) Proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were significantly reduced. In summary, ECP constitutes an effective immunomodulatory therapy for patients with steroid-refractory/resistant GvHD without impairment of anti-viral/leukemia effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | | | - Leopold Sellner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Neuber
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Luft
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Hegenbart
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schönland
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Kleist
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sill
- Division Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bao-An Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Eckstein
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Krüger
- Department of Internal Medicine C, Haematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Palliative Care, University Clinic Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Inken Hilgendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Clinic Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ronit Yerushalmi
- Hematology Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Dreger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Yaari G, Flajnik M, Hershberg U. Questions of Stochasticity and Control in Immune Repertoires. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:859-861. [PMID: 30243818 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gur Yaari
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Martin Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Suite 380, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Uri Hershberg
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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13
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Induction of human dendritic cell maturation by naïve and memory B-cell subsets requires different activation stimuli. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:1074-1076. [PMID: 29568116 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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14
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Szymula A, Palermo RD, Bayoumy A, Groves IJ, Ba abdullah M, Holder B, White RE. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA-LP is essential for transforming naïve B cells, and facilitates recruitment of transcription factors to the viral genome. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006890. [PMID: 29462212 PMCID: PMC5834210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen leader protein (EBNA-LP) is the first viral latency-associated protein produced after EBV infection of resting B cells. Its role in B cell transformation is poorly defined, but it has been reported to enhance gene activation by the EBV protein EBNA2 in vitro. We generated EBNA-LP knockout (LPKO) EBVs containing a STOP codon within each repeat unit of internal repeat 1 (IR1). EBNA-LP-mutant EBVs established lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from adult B cells at reduced efficiency, but not from umbilical cord B cells, which died approximately two weeks after infection. Adult B cells only established EBNA-LP-null LCLs with a memory (CD27+) phenotype. Quantitative PCR analysis of virus gene expression after infection identified both an altered ratio of the EBNA genes, and a dramatic reduction in transcript levels of both EBNA2-regulated virus genes (LMP1 and LMP2) and the EBNA2-independent EBER genes in the first 2 weeks. By 30 days post infection, LPKO transcription was the same as wild-type EBV. In contrast, EBNA2-regulated cellular genes were induced efficiently by LPKO viruses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that EBNA2 and the host transcription factors EBF1 and RBPJ were delayed in their recruitment to all viral latency promoters tested, whereas these same factors were recruited efficiently to several host genes, which exhibited increased EBNA2 recruitment. We conclude that EBNA-LP does not simply co-operate with EBNA2 in activating gene transcription, but rather facilitates the recruitment of several transcription factors to the viral genome, to enable transcription of virus latency genes. Additionally, our findings suggest that EBNA-LP is essential for the survival of EBV-infected naïve B cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects almost everyone. Once infected, people harbor the virus for life, shedding it in saliva. Infection of children is asymptomatic, but a first infection during adolescence or adulthood can cause glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis). EBV is also implicated in several different cancers. EBV infection of B cells (antibody-producing immune cells) can drive them to replicate almost indefinitely (‘transformation’), generating cell lines. We have investigated the role of an EBV protein (EBNA-LP) which is thought to support gene activation by the essential virus protein EBNA2. We have made an EBV in which the EBNA-LP gene has been disrupted. This virus (LPKO) shows several properties. 1. It is reduced in its ability to transform B cells; 2. ‘Naïve’ B cells (those whose antibodies have not adapted to fight infections) die two weeks after LPKO infection; 3. Some virus genes fail to turn on immediately after LPKO infection. 4. Binding of EBNA2 and various cellular factors to these genes is delayed. 5. EBNA-LP does not affect EBNA2-targeted cellular genes in the same way. This shows that EBNA-LP is more important in naïve B cells, and that it helps to turn on virus genes, but not cell genes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/virology
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szymula
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Palermo
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amr Bayoumy
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Groves
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Ba abdullah
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Holder
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. White
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Nuñez IA, Carlock MA, Allen JD, Owino SO, Moehling KK, Nowalk P, Susick M, Diagle K, Sweeney K, Mundle S, Vogel TU, Delagrave S, Ramgopal M, Zimmerman RK, Kleanthous H, Ross TM. Impact of age and pre-existing influenza immune responses in humans receiving split inactivated influenza vaccine on the induction of the breadth of antibodies to influenza A strains. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185666. [PMID: 29091724 PMCID: PMC5665503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most humans have pre-existing immunity to influenza viruses. In this study, volunteers (ages of 18-85 years) were vaccinated with split, inactivated Fluzone™ influenza vaccine in four consecutive influenza seasons from 2013 to 2016 seasons. The impact of repeated vaccination on breadth and durability of antibodies was assessed as a result of vaccine strain changes. Total IgG anti-hemagglutinin (HA) binding antibodies and hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity increased in all age groups against both influenza A HA components in the vaccine post-vaccination (day 21). However, younger subjects maintained seroprotective titers to the vaccine strains, which resulted in higher seroconversion rates in the elderly, since the HAI titers in elderly subjects were more likely to decline prior to the next season. Young subjects had significant HAI activity against historical, as well as contemporary H1 and H3 vaccine strains from the mid-1980s to present. In contrast, elderly subjects had HAI activity to H1 strains from all years, but were more likely to have HAI activity to older strains from 1918-1950s. They also had a more restricted HAI profile against H3 viruses compared to young subjects recognizing H3N2 influenza viruses from the mid-2000s to present. Vaccine recipients were then categorized by whether subjects seroconverted from a seronegative or seropositive pre-vaccination state. Regardless of age, immunological recall or 'back-boosting' to antigenically related strains were associated with seroconversion to the vaccine strain. Overall, both younger and older people have the ability to mount a breadth of immune responses following influenza vaccination. This report describes how imprinting exposure differs across age groups, influences antibody cross-reactivity to past hemagglutinin antigenic variants, and shapes immune responses elicited by current split inactivated influenza vaccines. Understanding how current influenza vaccines are influenced by pre-existing immunity in people of different ages is critical for designing the next-generation of 'universal' or broadly-protective influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James D. Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon O. Owino
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krissy K. Moehling
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Susick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kensington Diagle
- Martin Health System, Clinical Research Division, Stuart, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kristen Sweeney
- Martin Health System, Clinical Research Division, Stuart, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sophia Mundle
- Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thorsten U. Vogel
- Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon Delagrave
- Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Moti Ramgopal
- Martin Health System, Clinical Research Division, Stuart, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Zimmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Martin Health System, Clinical Research Division, Stuart, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Matsuda Y, Imamura R, Takahara S. Evaluation of Antigen-Specific IgM and IgG Production during an In Vitro Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Culture Assay. Front Immunol 2017; 8:794. [PMID: 28740496 PMCID: PMC5502262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent attention given to diseases associated with memory B-cell (mBC)-produced antibodies (Abs) suggests the need for a similar in vitro assay to evaluate the functions of mBCs. Here, we cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the intent to collect mBC-derived Abs in vitro and maintain their cell–cell contact-dependent interactions with helper T-cells. PBMCs were cultured with interleukin (IL)-21, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and phytohemagglutinin/leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in 24-well flat-bottom plates (5 × 105 cells/well). A culture supernatant analysis of PBMCs from healthy donors (n = 10) indicated that antigen-specific IgM Ab levels in a PBMC culture supernatant might be better able to demonstrate the antigen sensitization status in a smaller peripheral blood sample, compared to IgG because Epstein–Barr virus-specific IgM mBCs circulate peripherally at a significantly higher frequency once antiviral humoral immunity has stabilized. Thus, our in vitro assay demonstrated the potential significance of antigen-specific IgM Ab production in the culture supernatants. Furthermore, an analysis of cultured PBMCs from allograft kidney recipients (n = 16) sensitized with de novo donor-specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-specific Abs (DSAs) showed that IgM-type HLA-specific Abs were detected mainly from the culture supernatants from PBMCs of patients with stable graft function, whereas IgG isotype HLA Abs were detectable only from patients with biopsy-proven antibody-mediated rejection. In other words, these IgG isotype Abs also represented an activated humoral immune response in vivo. Additionally, IgM- and IgG-expressing mBCs from healthy donors (n = 5) were cultured with IL-21, CpG-ODN, and a supernatant produced by stimulating CD19+ B-cell-depleted PBMCs with PHA-L and PMA in 24-well flat-bottom plates (1 × 105 cells/well), and the resulting in vitro analysis provided some information regarding the biological processes of IgG and IgM mBCs in peripheral blood. Taken together, our findings suggest that antigen-specific Ab subtype analyses of supernatants from cultured PBMCs might more effectively and accurately reflect a patient’s Ab-associated pathological condition vs. than serum IgG and IgM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Imamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiro Takahara
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Ashouri JF, Weiss A. Endogenous Nur77 Is a Specific Indicator of Antigen Receptor Signaling in Human T and B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:657-668. [PMID: 27940659 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing true Ag-stimulated lymphocytes from bystanders activated by the inflammatory milieu has been difficult. Nur77 is an immediate early gene whose expression is rapidly upregulated by TCR signaling in murine T cells and human thymocytes. Nur77-GFP transgenes serve as specific TCR and BCR signaling reporters in murine transgenic models. In this study, we demonstrate that endogenous Nur77 protein expression can serve as a reporter of TCR and BCR specific signaling in human PBMCs. Nur77 protein amounts were assessed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry in T and B cells isolated from human PBMCs obtained from healthy donors that had been stimulated by their respective Ag receptors. We demonstrate that endogenous Nur77 is a more specific reporter of Ag-specific signaling events than the commonly used CD69 activation marker in both human T and B cells. This is reflective of the disparity in signaling pathways that regulate the expression of Nur77 and CD69. Assessing endogenous Nur77 protein expression has great potential to identify Ag-activated lymphocytes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith F Ashouri
- The Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Arthur Weiss
- The Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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