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Hollstein T, Piaggi P. How can we assess "thrifty" and "spendthrift" phenotypes? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:409-416. [PMID: 37294042 PMCID: PMC10531526 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a large inter-individual variability in the magnitude of body weight change that cannot be fully explained by differences in daily energy intake and physical activity levels and that can be attributed to differences in energy metabolism. Measuring the short-term metabolic response to acute changes in energy intake can better uncover this inter-individual variability and quantify the degree of metabolic thriftiness that characterizes an individual's susceptibility to weight gain and resistance to weight loss. This review summarizes the methods used to identify the individual-specific metabolic phenotype (thrifty vs. spendthrift) in research and clinical settings. RECENT FINDINGS The metabolic responses to short-term fasting, protein-imbalanced overfeeding, and mild cold exposure constitute quantitative factors that characterize metabolic thriftiness. SUMMARY The energy expenditure response to prolonged fasting is considered the most accurate and reproducible measure of metabolic thriftiness, likely because the largest energy deficit best captures interindividual differences in the extent of metabolic slowing. However, all the other dietary/environmental challenges can be used to quantify the degree of thriftiness using whole-room indirect calorimetry. Efforts are underway to identify alternative methods to assess metabolic phenotypes in clinical and outpatient settings such as the hormonal response to low-protein meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research. Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24195 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16 Street, Phoenix Arizona 85016, USA
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy
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Yang K, Bai C, Liu B, Liu Z, Cui X. Self-Powered, Non-Toxic, Recyclable Thermogalvanic Hydrogel Sensor for Temperature Monitoring of Edibles. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1327. [PMID: 37512638 PMCID: PMC10385118 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermogalvanic hydrogel, an environmentally friendly power source, enable the conversion of low-grade thermal energy to electrical energy and powers microelectronic devices in a variety of scenarios without the need for additional batteries. Its toxicity, mechanical fragility and low output performance are a hindrance to its wide application. Here, we demonstrate thermoelectric gels with safe non-toxic, recyclable, highly transparent and flexible stretchable properties by introducing gelatin as a polymer network and SO3/42- as a redox electric pair. When the temperature difference is 10 K, the gel-based thermogalvanic cell achieves an open-circuit voltage of about 16.2 mV with a maximum short-circuit current of 39 μA. Furthermore, we extended the application of the Gel-SO3/42- gel to monitor the temperature of hot or cold food, enabling self-powered sensing for food temperature detection. This research provides a novel concept for harvesting low-grade thermal energy and achieving safe and harmless self-driven temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Chenhui Bai
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Boyuan Liu
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhoutong Liu
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaojing Cui
- Shanxi Transportation Technology Research & Development Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Shemery AM, Zendlo M, Kowalski J, Gorrell E, Everett S, Wagner JG, Davis AE, Koch LG, Britton SL, Mul JD, Novak CM. Reduced contextually induced muscle thermogenesis in rats with calorie restriction and lower aerobic fitness but not monogenic obesity. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:379-393. [PMID: 37554387 PMCID: PMC10405760 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2023.2171669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified predator odor as a potent stimulus activating thermogenesis in skeletal muscle in rats. As this may prove relevant for energy balance and weight loss, the current study investigated whether skeletal muscle thermogenesis was altered with negative energy balance, obesity propensity seen in association with low intrinsic aerobic fitness, and monogenic obesity. First, weight loss subsequent to 3 wk of 50% calorie restriction suppressed the muscle thermogenic response to predator odor. Next, we compared rats bred based on artificial selection for intrinsic aerobic fitness - high- and low-capacity runners (HCR, LCR) - that display robust leanness and obesity propensity, respectively. Aerobically fit HCR showed enhanced predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis relative to the less-fit LCR. This contrasted with the profound monogenic obesity displayed by rats homozygous for a loss of function mutation in Melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4rK3a,4X/K314X rats), which showed no discernable deficit in thermogenesis. Taken together, these data imply that body size or obesity per se are not associated with deficient muscle thermogenesis. Rather, the physiological phenotype associated with polygenic obesity propensity may encompass pleiotropic mechanisms in the thermogenic pathway. Adaptive thermogenesis associated with weight loss also likely alters muscle thermogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Shemery
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Meredith Zendlo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jesse Kowalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Erin Gorrell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Scott Everett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jacob G Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Ashley E Davis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, the University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joram D Mul
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colleen M Novak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Hollstein T, Basolo A, Unlu Y, Ando T, Walter M, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Effects of Short-term Fasting on Ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 Axis in Healthy Humans: The Role of Ghrelin in the Thrifty Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3769-e3780. [PMID: 35678263 PMCID: PMC9387714 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A greater decrease in 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) during short-term fasting is indicative of a thrifty phenotype. OBJECTIVE As ghrelin and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis are implicated in the regulation of energy intake and metabolism, we investigated whether ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations mediate the fasting-induced decrease in 24hEE that characterizes thriftiness. METHODS In 47 healthy individuals, 24hEE was measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter both during 24-hour eucaloric and fasting conditions. Plasma total ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after an overnight fast the morning before and after each 24-hour session. RESULTS During 24-hour fasting, on average 24hEE decreased by 8.0% (P < .001), GH increased by ~5-fold (P < .001), whereas ghrelin (mean +23 pg/mL) and IGF-1 were unchanged (both P ≥ .19) despite a large interindividual variability in ghrelin change (SD 150 pg/mL). Greater fasting-induced increase in ghrelin was associated with a greater decrease in 24hEE during 24-hour fasting (r = -0.42, P = .003), such that individuals who increased ghrelin by 200 pg/mL showed an average decrease in 24hEE by 55 kcal/day. CONCLUSION Short-term fasting induced selective changes in the ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 axis, specifically a ghrelin-independent GH hypersecretion that did not translate into increased IGF-1 concentrations. Greater increase in ghrelin after 24-hour fasting was associated with greater decrease in 24hEE, indicating ghrelin as a novel biomarker of increased energy efficiency of the thrifty phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, 24195 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Yigit Unlu
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Lab, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Correspondence: Paolo Piaggi, PhD, FTOS, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA. or
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Basolo A, Magno S, Santini F, Ceccarini G. Ketogenic Diet and Weight Loss: Is There an Effect on Energy Expenditure? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091814. [PMID: 35565778 PMCID: PMC9105638 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) lead to biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the counterpart. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate fuel supply in variable life contexts. In the past decades, researchers focused their attention on finding efficient strategies to fight the obesity pandemic. The ketogenic or “keto” diet (KD) gained substantial consideration as a potential weight-loss strategy, whereby the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and the activity of ketogenic enzymes. It has been hypothesized that during the first phase of KDs when glucose utilization is still prevalent, an increase in EE may occur, due to increased hepatic oxygen consumption for gluconeogenesis and for triglyceride-fatty acid recycling. Later, a decrease in 24-h EE may ensue due to the slowing of gluconeogenesis and increase in fatty acid oxidation, with a reduction of the respiratory quotient and possibly the direct action of additional hormonal signals.
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Identificación del fenotipo ahorrador para la personalización del manejo del sobrepeso y la obesidad. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Energy Balance and Control of Body Weight: Possible Effects of Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093276. [PMID: 34579152 PMCID: PMC8470941 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation of the energy equilibrium can be considered a dynamic process and variations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) cause biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the other part of the system. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate food supply in variable life contexts. The circadian rhythm plays a major role in systemic homeostasis by acting as “timekeeper” of the human body, under the control of central and peripheral clocks that regulate many physiological functions such as sleep, hunger and body temperature. Clock-associated biological processes anticipate the daily demands imposed by the environment, being synchronized under ideal physiologic conditions. Factors that interfere with the expected demand, including daily distribution of macronutrients, physical activity and light exposure, may disrupt the physiologic harmony between predicted and actual behavior. Such a desynchronization may favor the development of a wide range of disease-related processes, including obesity and its comorbidities. Evidence has been provided that the main components of 24-h EE may be affected by disruption of the circadian rhythm. The sleep pattern, meal timing and meal composition could mediate these effects. An increased understanding of the crosstalk between disruption of the circadian rhythm and energy balance may shed light on the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to design effective strategies to fight the obesity pandemic.
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Hollstein T, Basolo A, Ando T, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Reduced adaptive thermogenesis during acute protein-imbalanced overfeeding is a metabolic hallmark of the human thrifty phenotype. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1396-1407. [PMID: 34225360 PMCID: PMC8488870 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human thrifty phenotype is characterized by a greater decrease in 24-h energy expenditure (24EE) during fasting due to relatively higher eucaloric 24EE in sedentary conditions, both of which are indicative of greater propensity to weight gain. Thriftiness is also associated with a smaller increase in 24EE (i.e., reduced adaptive thermogenesis) during overfeeding. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether short-term measures of adaptive thermogenesis during overfeeding with low/normal/high protein content characterize thriftiness. METHODS In this secondary cross-sectional analysis of a single-arm crossover study, 24EE was measured using whole-room indirect calorimetry during energy balance, fasting, and different overfeeding conditions (low/3% protein, high/30% protein, and 3 normal/20% protein diets) with 200% of eucaloric requirements in 77 healthy individuals [63 men; BMI (in kg/m2): 26.4 ± 4.3; body fat by DXA: 27.7% ± 9.4%, mean ± SD] with normal glucose regulation. Relations between the 24EE during energy balance (adjusted for body composition) and 24EE during each overfeeding diet were analyzed using separate linear regression models. Participants were arbitrarily categorized as thrifty/spendthrift based on the median value (-177 kcal/d) of the difference in 24EE between fasting and energy balance conditions. RESULTS Differences in 24EE during low/high-protein overfeeding diets (regression line slope = 0.76 and 0.68, respectively, both P < 0.05 compared with slope = 1) but not during the normal-protein overfeeding diets (all P > 0.05 compared with slope = 1) were dependent on baseline 24EE during energy balance. Specifically, individuals with higher eucaloric 24EE (thriftier phenotype) showed smaller increases in 24EE during protein-imbalanced overfeeding. Analyzed by group, thrifty individuals had smaller increases in 24EE by 42 and 237 kcal/d during low- and high-protein overfeeding, respectively, compared with spendthrift individuals who showed greater increases in 24EE by 100 and 302 kcal/d (P ≤ 0.03 compared with thrifty group). CONCLUSIONS During acute overfeeding conditions with low/high-protein content, thrifty participants have limited capacity to increase 24EE, indicating that impaired adaptive thermogenesis during protein-imbalanced diets further characterizes the thrifty phenotype and its susceptibility to weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicalTrials.gov as NCT00523627.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany,Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Human Behavior Research Team, Human-Centered Mobility Research Center, Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Hollstein T, Vinales K, Chen KY, Cypess AM, Basolo A, Schlögl M, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Reduced brown adipose tissue activity during cold exposure is a metabolic feature of the human thrifty phenotype. Metabolism 2021; 117:154709. [PMID: 33476636 PMCID: PMC7956243 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated that thrifty subjects, characterized by a greater decrease in 24 h energy expenditure (24hEE) during short-term fasting, have less capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) during 24 h of mild cold exposure. OBJECTIVE As cold-induced brown adipose tissue activation (CIBA) is a determinant of CIT, we sought to investigate whether thrifty individuals also have reduced CIBA. METHODS Twenty-four healthy subjects (age: 29.8 ± 9.5y, body fat: 27.3 ± 12.4%, 63% male) were admitted to our clinical research unit and underwent two 24hEE assessments in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during energy balance and fasting conditions at thermoneutrality to quantify their degree of thriftiness. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans were performed after exposure to 16 °C for 2 h to quantify peak CIBA. RESULTS A greater decrease in 24hEE during fasting was associated with lower peak CIBA (r = 0.50, p = 0.01), such that a 100 kcal/day greater reduction in 24hEE related to an average 3.2 g/mL lower peak CIBA. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that reduced CIBA is a metabolic trait of the thrifty phenotype which might explain reduced CIT capacity and greater predisposition towards weight gain in individuals with a thrifty metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Arnold Heller Straße 3, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Karyne Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Endocrinology Division, Medicine Department, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Mathias Schlögl
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
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Bray GA, Bouchard C. The biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13040. [PMID: 32515127 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review has examined more than 300 original papers dealing with the biology of overfeeding. Studies have varied from 1 day to 6 months. Overfeeding produced weight gain in adolescents, adult men and women and in older men. In longer term studies, there was a clear and highly significant relationship between energy ingested and weight gain and fat storage with limited individual differences. There is some evidence for a contribution of a genetic component to this response variability. The response to overfeeding was affected by the baseline state of the groups being compared: those with insulin resistance versus insulin sensitivity; those prone to obesity versus those resistant to obesity; and those with metabolically abnormal obesity versus those with metabolically normal obesity. Dietary components, such as total fat, polyunsaturated fat and carbohydrate influenced the patterns of adipose tissue distribution as did the history of low or normal birth weight. Overfeeding affected the endocrine system with increased circulating concentrations of insulin and triiodothyronine frequently present. Growth hormone, in contrast, was rapidly suppressed. Changes in plasma lipids were influenced by diet, exercise and the magnitude of weight gain. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism are substantially altered by chronic overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight, body composition and vital signs in low-income women with obesity: A 12-month randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:759-766. [PMID: 32713721 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Time-restricted feeding (TRF) studies usually are of short-term, involving heterogeneous populations, without a control group with similar energy restriction. Besides, it seldom assess vital signs such as body temperature and heart rate, which may be influenced by the fasting state. In this investigation, we assessed the long-term effects of TRF on body weight, body composition and vital signs of low-income women with obesity undergoing diets with the same energy deficit. METHODS Low-income women with obesity were randomly allocated to a group with a hypoenergetic diet and 12 h of TRF or to a group with only a hypoenergetic diet, for 12 months. Body fat and waist circumference were estimated using a tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance and an inelastic measuring tape, respectively, at baseline and after 4, 6 and 12 months of intervention. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and axillary temperature were measured at baseline and 12 months of intervention. The energy content of the diets was determined based on the women's resting metabolic rate (by indirect calorimetry) and level of physical activity (by triaxial accelerometers). Effects were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS Fifty-eight women were randomized and 31 (53.44%) were lost to follow-up at 12 months. Dropout rates were similar between groups. In the intention-to-treat analysis, there were no significant changes in the body weight after 12 months (Differences in changes from baseline between groups: -0.05 95%CI [-2.34; 2.24] Kg; p = 0.96). An increase in axillary temperature (0.40 °C, 95% CI [-0.14; 0.67]°C, p < 0.01), a reduction in the percentage of body fat (-1.64%, 95% CI [-3.08; -0.19]%, p = 0.02) and waist circumference (-2.57 cm, 95% CI [-5.73; 0.58] cm, p = 0.03 in the mixed model involving 4 measurements) were observed in the intervention group, when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS TRF showed no effects on weight loss. Nevertheless the findings on waist circumference and body fat, although not clinically meaningful, suggest that this strategy may help in the long-term management of obesity in this population, since it is an easy to apply intervention. Axillary temperature findings warrants further investigation. Registered under www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br Identifier no. RBR-387v6v. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-387v6v/.
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Hollstein T, Heinitz S, Ando T, Rodzevik TL, Basolo A, Walter M, Chang DC, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Metabolic Responses to 24-Hour Fasting and Mild Cold Exposure in Overweight Individuals Are Correlated and Accompanied by Changes in FGF21 Concentration. Diabetes 2020; 69:1382-1388. [PMID: 32341039 PMCID: PMC7306129 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A greater decrease in 24-h energy expenditure (24 EE) during 24-h fasting defines a "thriftier" metabolic phenotype prone to weight gain during overfeeding and resistant to weight loss during caloric restriction. As the thermogenic response to mild cold exposure (COLD) may similarly characterize this human phenotype identified by acute fasting conditions, we analyzed changes in 24 EE and sleeping metabolic rate (SLEEP) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during 24-h fasting at thermoneutrality (24°C) and during energy balance both at thermoneutrality (24°C) and mild cold (19°C) in 20 healthy volunteers (80% male; aged 36.6 ± 11.4 years; percentage body fat 34.8 ± 10.5%). Greater decrease in 24 EE during fasting (thriftier phenotype) was associated with less increase in 24 EE during COLD (i.e., less cold-induced thermogenesis). Greater decreases in plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) after 24-h fasting and after COLD were highly correlated and associated with greater decreases in SLEEP in both conditions. We conclude that the metabolic responses to short-term fasting and COLD are associated with and mediated by the liver-derived hormone FGF21. Thus, the 24 EE response to COLD further identifies the "thrifty" versus "spendthrift" phenotype, providing an additional setting to investigate the physiological mechanisms underlying the human metabolic phenotype and characterizing the individual susceptibility to weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Sascha Heinitz
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Theresa L Rodzevik
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Mary Walter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Douglas C Chang
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Hollstein T, Basolo A, Ando T, Votruba SB, Walter M, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Recharacterizing the Metabolic State of Energy Balance in Thrifty and Spendthrift Phenotypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5771299. [PMID: 32118268 PMCID: PMC7341172 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The human thrifty phenotype hypothesis presupposes that lower 24-hour (24h) energy expenditure (24EE) during famine preserves body mass and promotes survival. The prevailing view defines thrifty individuals as having a lower 24EE during fasting. However, it is also plausible that the greater decline in 24EE during fasting in thrifty individuals is due to higher 24EE during energy balance conditions (ENBAL). Herein, we provide evidence that this is indeed the case. METHODS In 108 healthy subjects, 24EE was measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter both during ENBAL and 24h fasting conditions. Subjects were categorized as thrifty or spendthrift based on the median value (-162 kcal/day) of the difference in 24EE (adjusted for body composition) between fasting and ENBAL conditions. Concomitant 24h urinary catecholamines were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared to ENBAL, 24EE decreased during 24h fasting by 172 kcal/day (standard deviation = 93; range, -470 to 122). A greater-than-median decrease in 24EE ("thriftier" phenotype) was due to higher 24EE during ENBAL (+124 kcal/day; P < 0.0001) but not to lower 24EE during fasting (P = 0.35). Greater fasting-induced increase in epinephrine was associated with concomitant lower decrease in 24EE (r = 0.27; P = 0.006). MAIN CONCLUSION The greater decrease in 24EE during acute fasting (which characterizes the thrifty phenotype) is not due to reduced metabolic rate during fasting but to a relatively higher 24EE during feeding conditions, and this decrease in 24EE during fasting is accompanied by a smaller increase in epinephrine. These results recharacterize the prevailing view of the short-term 24EE responses that define the human metabolic phenotypes. Clinical Trials: NCT00523627, NCT00687115, NCT02939404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence and Reprint Rerquests: Paolo Piaggi, PhD, FTOS, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016. E-mail: ,
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14
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Most J, Redman LM. Impact of calorie restriction on energy metabolism in humans. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vinales KL, Begaye B, Thearle MS, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Core body temperature, energy expenditure, and epinephrine during fasting, eucaloric feeding, and overfeeding in healthy adult men: evidence for a ceiling effect for human thermogenic response to diet. Metabolism 2019; 94:59-68. [PMID: 30710573 PMCID: PMC6446552 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In homeothermic animals, approximately 50% of daily energy expenditure (EE) is spent to maintain a consistent core body temperature (CBT). In humans, little is known about CBT responses to feeding and overfeeding and their relationship to diet-related changes in EE. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of feeding and overfeeding on CBT and its association with diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). DESIGN Fifty-three healthy men with normal glucose regulation and a wide range of body composition (mean ± SD, body fat: 25 ± 8%, range: 7-43%) had 24-h EE assessed during fasting in a whole-room indirect calorimeter with concomitant CBT measurement by ingestible capsules and 24-h urinary collection for catecholamine measurements. Changes in 24-h EE (DIT) and CBT compared to fasting were assessed during three normal-protein (20%) diets using a cross-over design: one eucaloric diet (EBL, 50% carbohydrate, n = 37) and two overfeeding diets with 200% energy requirements: a high-fat (FNP, 60% fat, n = 25) and a high-carbohydrate (CNP; 75% carbohydrate, n = 24) diet. RESULTS The average 24-h CBT (avgCBT) during fasting was 36.81 ± 0.14 °C (inter-individual CV = 0.4%) and positively correlated with 24-h urinary epinephrine (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), but not with body composition measures (p > 0.05). AvgCBT increased during EBL (Δ = 0.06 ± 0.11 °C, p = 0.002), FNP (Δ = 0.13 ± 0.14 °C, p < 0.001), and CNP (Δ = 0.19 ± 0.13 °C, p < 0.001) and associated with increased DIT during EBL (r = 0.43, p = 0.01, β = 31 kcal/day/0.1 °C) and FNP (r = 0.60, p = 0.002, β = 43 kcal/day/0.1 °C), but not CNP (p = 0.47). A ceiling effect for the increase in CBT, but not in DIT, was observed during feeding and, particularly, overfeeding. CONCLUSIONS CBT increases with feeding and is moderately associated with DIT to a different degree depending on the macronutrient composition of the overfeeding diet. There is a ceiling effect such that individuals with a higher CBT during fasting have limited capacity to increase CBT with feeding. Because of body thermoregulatory mechanisms that maintain a constant CBT, these results indicate that CBT has a limited role in the inter-individual variability in DIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne L Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, 2412 N. 16th St, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Phoenix VA Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 650 E. Indian School Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
| | - Brittany Begaye
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, 2412 N. 16th St, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
| | - Marie S Thearle
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, 2412 N. 16th St, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, 2412 N. 16th St, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, 2412 N. 16th St, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
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Vinales KL, Schlögl MC, Reinhardt M, Thearle MS, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Cycling Efficiency During Incremental Cycle Ergometry After 24 Hours of Overfeeding or Fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:368-377. [PMID: 29276860 PMCID: PMC5783742 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether net cycling efficiency (NET) is altered by 24-hour fasting or overfeeding and whether it correlates with dietary-related energy expenditure (EE) and future weight change. METHODS In a crossover design, healthy subjects fasted or were overfed for 24 hours while in a whole-room calorimeter using five diets with doubled energy needs: standard, high-carbohydrate (75%), high-fat (60%), high-protein (30%), and low-protein (3%) diets. Graded cycling exercise at low power outputs (10-25-50 W) was performed the day before and after each dietary intervention. RESULTS NET did not change following any dietary intervention (all P > 0.05 vs. 0). Individual changes in NET did not correlate with EE responses to dietary interventions. However, the change in NET after low-protein overfeeding was inversely correlated with baseline body fat (r = -0.60, P = 0.01); that is, NET increased in lean but decreased in overweight subjects (Δ = 0.010 ± 0.010 vs. -0.013 ± 0.009, P = 0.0003). Increased NET following the low-protein diet was associated with weight gain after 6 months (r = 0.60, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite no substantial effect of acute overfeeding or fasting on NET, the change in NET following low-protein overfeeding depends on adiposity and may influence weight change, suggesting that increased efficiency in a setting of protein scarcity is an adaptive response that may ultimately lead to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne L. Vinales
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Mathias C. Schlögl
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Reinhardt
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie S. Thearle
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Piaggi P, Vinales KL, Basolo A, Santini F, Krakoff J. Energy expenditure in the etiology of human obesity: spendthrift and thrifty metabolic phenotypes and energy-sensing mechanisms. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:83-89. [PMID: 28741280 PMCID: PMC5756119 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of human obesity is the result of dysregulation of the reciprocal relationship between food intake and energy expenditure (EE), which influences daily energy balance and ultimately leads to weight gain. According to principles of energy homeostasis, a relatively lower EE in a setting of energy balance may lead to weight gain; however, results from different study groups are contradictory and indicate a complex interaction between EE and food intake which may differentially influence weight change in humans. Recently, studies evaluating the adaptive response of one component to perturbations of the other component of energy balance have revealed both the existence of differing metabolic phenotypes ("spendthrift" and "thrifty") resulting from overeating or underfeeding, as well as energy-sensing mechanisms linking EE to food intake, which might explain the propensity of an individual to weight gain. The purpose of this review is to debate the role that human EE plays on body weight regulation and to discuss the physiologic mechanisms linking EE and food intake. An increased understanding of the complex interplay between human metabolism and food consumption may provide insight into pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to prevention and better treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - K L Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - A Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Santini
- Endocrinology Unit, Obesity Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - J Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4212 North 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
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Vinales KL, Schlögl M, Piaggi P, Hohenadel M, Graham A, Bonfiglio S, Krakoff J, Thearle MS. The Consistency in Macronutrient Oxidation and the Role for Epinephrine in the Response to Fasting and Overfeeding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:279-289. [PMID: 27820654 PMCID: PMC5413106 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Context In humans, dietary vs intraindividual determinants of macronutrient oxidation preference and the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) during short-term overfeeding and fasting are unclear. Objective To understand the influence on metabolic changes of diet and SNS during 24 hours of overfeeding. Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions While residing on a clinical research unit, 64 participants with normal glucose regulation were assessed during energy balance, fasting, and four 24-hour overfeeding diets, given in random order. The overfeeding diets contained 200% of energy requirements and varied macronutrient proportions: (1) standard (50% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 30% fat); (2) 75% carbohydrate; (3) 60% fat; and (4) 3% protein. Main Outcome Measures Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure (EE) and macronutrient oxidation rates were measured in an indirect calorimeter during the dietary interventions, with concomitant measurement of urinary catecholamines and free cortisol. Results EE decreased with fasting (-7.7% ± 4.8%; P < 0.0001) and increased with overfeeding. The smallest increase occurred during consumption of the diet with 3% protein (2.7% ± 4.5%; P = 0.001) and the greatest during the diet with 75% carbohydrate (13.8 ± 5.7%; P < 0.0001). Approximately 60% of macronutrient oxidation was determined by diet and 20% by intrinsic factors (P < 0.0001). Only urinary epinephrine differed between fasting and overfeeding diets (Δ = 2.25 ± 2.9 µg/24h; P < 0.0001). During fasting, higher urinary epinephrine concentrations correlated with smaller reductions in EE (ρ = 0.34; P = 0.01). Conclusions Independent from dietary macronutrient proportions, there is a strong individual contribution to fuel preference that remains consistent across diets. Higher urinary epinephrine levels may reflect the importance of epinephrine in maintaining EE during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne Lima Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
| | - Mathias Schlögl
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
| | - Maximilian Hohenadel
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
| | - Alexis Graham
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Susan Bonfiglio
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
| | - Marie S. Thearle
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014
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Monnard CR, Fares EJ, Calonne J, Miles-Chan JL, Montani JP, Durrer D, Schutz Y, Dulloo AG. Issues in Continuous 24-h Core Body Temperature Monitoring in Humans Using an Ingestible Capsule Telemetric Sensor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:130. [PMID: 28659868 PMCID: PMC5468423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the use of pill-sized ingestible capsule telemetric sensors for assessing core body temperature (Tc) as a potential indicator of variability in metabolic efficiency and thrifty metabolic traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of measuring Tc using the CorTemp® system. METHODS Tc was measured over an average of 20 h in 27 human subjects, with measurements of energy expenditure made in the overnight fasted state at rest, during standardized low-intensity physical activity and after a 600 kcal mixed meal. Validation of accuracy of the capsule sensors was made ex vivo against mercury and electronic thermometers across the physiological range (35-40°C) in morning and afternoon of 2 or 3 consecutive days. Comparisons between capsule sensors and thermometers were made using Bland-Altman analysis. Systematic bias, error, and temperature drift over time were assessed. RESULTS The circadian Tc profile classically reported in free-living humans was confirmed. Significant increases in Tc (+0.2°C) were found in response to low-power cycling at 40-50 W (~3-4 METs), but no changes in Tc were detectable during low-level isometric leg press exercise (<2 METs) or during the peak postprandial thermogenesis induced by the 600 kcal meal. Issues of particular interest include fast "turbo" gut transit with expulsion time of <15 h after capsule ingestion in one out of every five subjects and sudden erratic readings in teletransmission of Tc. Furthermore, ex vivo validation revealed a substantial mean bias (exceeding ±0.5°C) between the Tc capsule readings and mercury or electronic thermometers in half of the capsules. When examined over 2 or 3 days, the initial bias (small or large) drifted in excess of ±0.5°C in one out of every four capsules. CONCLUSION Since Tc is regulated within a very narrow range in the healthy homeotherm's body (within 1°C), physiological investigations of Tc require great accuracy and precision (better than 0.1°C). Although ingestible capsule methodology appears of great interest for non-invasively monitoring the transit gut temperature, new technology requires a reduction in the inherent error of measurement and elimination of temperature drift and warrants more interlaboratory investigation on the above factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona R. Monnard
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elie-Jacques Fares
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Julie Calonne
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L. Miles-Chan
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Schutz
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Cabinet Médical COM’s, EUROBESITAS, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G. Dulloo
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Abdul G. Dulloo,
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Lam YY, Ravussin E. Indirect calorimetry: an indispensable tool to understand and predict obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:318-322. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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