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Frézard F, Aguiar MMG, Ferreira LAM, Ramos GS, Santos TT, Borges GSM, Vallejos VMR, De Morais HLO. Liposomal Amphotericin B for Treatment of Leishmaniasis: From the Identification of Critical Physicochemical Attributes to the Design of Effective Topical and Oral Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010099. [PMID: 36678729 PMCID: PMC9864876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The liposomal amphotericin B (AmB) formulation, AmBisome®, still represents the best therapeutic option for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. However, its clinical efficacy depends on the patient's immunological status, the clinical manifestation and the endemic region. Moreover, the need for parenteral administration, its side effects and high cost significantly limit its use in developing countries. This review reports the progress achieved thus far toward the understanding of the mechanism responsible for the reduced toxicity of liposomal AmB formulations and the factors that influence their efficacy against leishmaniasis. It also presents the recent advances in the development of more effective liposomal AmB formulations, including topical and oral liposome formulations. The critical role of the AmB aggregation state and release rate in the reduction of drug toxicity and in the drug efficacy by non-invasive routes is emphasized. This paper is expected to guide future research and development of innovative liposomal formulations of AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-34092940
| | - Marta M. G. Aguiar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas A. M. Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S. Ramos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais T. Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S. M. Borges
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Virgínia M. R. Vallejos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Helane L. O. De Morais
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Nicoletti G, White K. The Anti-Fungal Activity of Nitropropenyl Benzodioxole (NPBD), a Redox-Thiol Oxidant and Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091188. [PMID: 36139967 PMCID: PMC9495065 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetically diverse fungal species are an increasing cause of severe disease and mortality. Identification of new targets and development of new fungicidal drugs are required to augment the effectiveness of current chemotherapy and counter increasing resistance in pathogens. Nitroalkenyl benzene derivatives are thiol oxidants and inhibitors of cysteine-based molecules, which show broad biological activity against microorganisms. Nitropropenyl benzodioxole (NPBD), one of the most active antimicrobial derivatives, shows high activity in MIC assays for phylogenetically diverse saprophytic, commensal and parasitic fungi. NPBD was fungicidal to all species except the dermatophytic fungi, with an activity profile comparable to that of Amphotericin B and Miconazole. NPBD showed differing patterns of dynamic kill rates under different growth conditions for Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus and was rapidly fungicidal for non-replicating vegetative forms and microconidia. It did not induce resistant or drug tolerant strains in major pathogens on long term exposure. A literature review highlights the complexity and interactivity of fungal tyrosine phosphate and redox signaling pathways, their differing metabolic effects in fungal species and identifies some targets for inhibition. A comparison of the metabolic activities of Amphotericin B, Miconazole and NPBD highlights the multiple cellular functions of these agents and the complementarity of many mechanisms. The activity profile of NPBD illustrates the functional diversity of fungal tyrosine phosphatases and thiol-based redox active molecules and contributes to the validation of tyrosine phosphatases and redox thiol molecules as related and complementary selective targets for antimicrobial drug development. NPBD is a selective antifungal agent with low oral toxicity which would be suitable for local treatment of skin and mucosal infections.
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Yu F, Zhang M, Sun J, Wang F, Li X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhao X, Li J, Chen J, Du G, Xue Z. Improved Neomycin Sulfate Potency in Streptomyces fradiae Using Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) Mutagenesis and Fermentation Medium Optimization. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010094. [PMID: 35056543 PMCID: PMC8780280 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the screening efficiency of high-yield neomycin sulfate (NM) Streptomyces fradiae strains after mutagenesis, a high-throughput screening method using streptomycin resistance prescreening (8 μg/mL) and a 24-deep well plates/microplate reader (trypan blue spectrophotometry) rescreening strategy was developed. Using this approach, we identified a high-producing NM mutant strain, Sf6-2, via six rounds of atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis and screening. The mutant displayed a NM potency of 7780 ± 110 U/mL and remarkably stable genetic properties over six generations. Furthermore, the key components (soluble starch, peptone, and (NH4)2SO4) affecting NM potency in fermentation medium were selected using Plackett-Burman and optimized by Box-Behnken designs. Finally, the NM potency of Sf6-2 was increased to 10,849 ± 141 U/mL at the optimal concentration of each factor (73.98 g/L, 9.23 g/L, and 5.99 g/L, respectively), and it exhibited about a 40% and 100% enhancement when compared with before optimization conditions and the wild-type strain, respectively. In this study, we provide a new S. fradiae NM production strategy and generate valuable insights for the breeding and screening of other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenglian Xue
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, College of Biologic & Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Middle Beijing Road, Wuhu 241000, China
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (Z.X.)
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Nagaraj S, Manivannan S, Narayan S. Potent antifungal agents and use of nanocarriers to improve delivery to the infected site: A systematic review. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:849-873. [PMID: 34351655 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There are four major classes of antifungals with the predominant mechanism of action being targeting of cell wall or cell membrane. As in other drugs, low solubility of these compounds has led to low bioavailability in target tissues. Enhanced drug dosages have effects such as toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and increased drug resistance by fungi. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art of antifungals, structure, mechanism of action, other usages, and toxic side effects. The emergence of nanoformulations to transport and uniformly release cargo at the target site is a boon in antifungal treatment. The article details research that lead to the development of nanoformulations of antifungals and potential advantages and avoidance of the lacunae characterizing conventional drugs. A range of nanoformulations based on liposomes, polymers are in various stages of research and their potential advantages have been brought out. It could be observed that under similar dosages, test models, and duration, nanoformulations provided enhanced activity, reduced toxicity, higher uptake and higher immunostimulatory effects. In most instances, the mechanism of antifungal activity of nanoformulations was similar to that of regular antifungal. There are possibilities of coupling multiple antifungals on the same nano-platform. Increased activity coupled with multiple mechanisms of action presents for nanoformulations a tremendous opportunity to overcome antifungal resistance. In the years to come, robust methods for the preparation of nanoformulations taking into account the repeatability and reproducibility in action, furthering the studies on nanoformulation toxicity and studies of human models are required before extensive use of nanoformulations as a prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Nagaraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivakami Manivannan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Pippi B, Joaquim AR, Merkel S, Zanette RA, Nunes MEM, da Costa Silva DG, Schimith LE, Teixeira ML, Franco JL, Fernandes de Andrade S, Fuentefria AM. Antifungal activity and toxicological parameters of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonamides using alternative animal models. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1925-1934. [PMID: 33128257 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity and toxicological parameters of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives PH151 and PH153 using alternative animal models, to understand their behaviour when subjected to in vivo experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS We used Toll-deficient Drosophila melanogaster to test the protective effect of compounds against Candida albicans infection. Toxicological parameters were investigated in chicken and zebrafish embryos. PH151 and PH153 showed low toxicity and the treated flies with these compounds had a significantly higher survival rate than untreated flies after 7 days of infection. The compounds did not cause interruption of chicken embryogenesis. Zebrafish embryos exposed to compounds showed dose-dependent toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The data supported the potential of PH151 and PH153 for the treatment of systemic candidiasis and demonstrated to be appropriate drug candidates for further studies using mammalian models. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The increased incidence of Candida infections resistant to antifungals currently available requires acceleration of the discovery of new agents with properties of inhibiting this fungal pathogen. In this study, we have described the antifungal potential and toxicity of two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives using in vivo alternative models, and the results confirm their potential to be developed as new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pippi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A R Joaquim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S Merkel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R A Zanette
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M E M Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica e Toxicologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - D G da Costa Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - L E Schimith
- Faculdade de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - M L Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia, Brazil
| | - J L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - S Fernandes de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A M Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Chen B, Gao ZQ, Liu Y, Zheng YM, Han Y, Zhang JP, Hu CQ. Embryo and Developmental Toxicity of Cefazolin Sodium Impurities in Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:403. [PMID: 28694779 PMCID: PMC5483477 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefazolin sodium is an essential drug that is widely used in clinical therapy for certain infective diseases caused by bacteria. As drug impurities are considered to be one of the most important causes of drug safety issues, we studied embryotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity of nine cefazolin sodium impurities in zebrafish embryo and larvae for the objective control of impurity profiling. LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze the compound absorbance in vivo, and the structure-toxicity relationship was approached. Our results suggested that the structure of MMTD (2-mercapto-5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole) is the main toxic functional group for embryo deformities; the 7-ACA (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) structure mainly affects motor nerve function; and both the MMTD and 7-ACA structures are responsible for cardiac effects. Impurity G (7-ACA) presented with the strongest toxicity; impurity A was most extensively absorbed to embryo and larvae; and impurity F (MMTD) exhibited the strongest apparent toxic effect; Therefore, impurities F and G should be monitored from the cefazolin sodium preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Gao
- Division of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Division of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Yang-Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Division of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Chang-Qin Hu
- Division of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
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Gonçalves SS, Souza ACR, Chowdhary A, Meis JF, Colombo AL. Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in CandidaandAspergillus. Mycoses 2016; 59:198-219. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Remondi Souza
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology; Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute; University of Delhi; Delhi India
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital; Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Radboud University Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Diversity and bioprospecting of culturable actinomycetes from marine sediment of the Yellow Sea, China. Arch Microbiol 2014; 197:299-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Chang Y, Wang YH, Hu CQ. Simultaneous determination of purity and potency of amphotericin B by HPLC. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:735-9. [PMID: 21971300 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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