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Abass S, Parveen R, Irfan M, Malik Z, Husain SA, Ahmad S. Mechanism of antibacterial phytoconstituents: an updated review. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:325. [PMID: 38913205 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The increase of multiple drug resistance bacteria significantly diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic armory and subsequently exaggerates the level of therapeutic failure. Phytoconstituents are exceptional substitutes for resistance-modifying vehicles. The plants appear to be a deep well for the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds. This is owing to the numerous enticing characteristics of plants, they are easily accessible and inexpensive, extracts or chemicals derived from plants typically have significant levels of action against infections, and they rarely cause serious adverse effects. The enormous selection of phytochemicals offers very distinct chemical structures that may provide both novel mechanisms of antimicrobial activity and deliver us with different targets in the interior of the bacterial cell. They can directly affect bacteria or act together with the crucial events of pathogenicity, in this manner decreasing the aptitude of bacteria to create resistance. Abundant phytoconstituents demonstrate various mechanisms of action toward multi drug resistance bacteria. Overall, this comprehensive review will provide insights into the potential of phytoconstituents as alternative treatments for bacterial infections, particularly those caused by multi drug resistance strains. By examining the current state of research in this area, the review will shed light on potential future directions for the development of new antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sageer Abass
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zoya Malik
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Tan L, Ma R, Katz AJ, Levi N. Farnesol repurposing for prevention and treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms. Biofilm 2024; 7:100198. [PMID: 38706984 PMCID: PMC11066513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) superbug by causing severe infections, with high mortality rates. The ability of A. baumannii to form biofilms significantly contributes to its persistence in diverse environmental and hospital settings. Here we report that farnesol, an FDA-approved commercial cosmetic and flavoring agent, demonstrates efficacy for both inhibition of biofilm formation, and disruption of established A. baumannii biofilms. Moreover, no resistance to farnesol was observed even after prolonged culture in the presence of sub-inhibitory farnesol doses. Farnesol combats A. baumannii biofilms by direct killing, while also facilitating biofilm detachment. Furthermore, farnesol was safe, and effective, for both prevention and treatment of A. baumannii biofilms in an ex vivo burned human skin model. Since current treatment options for A. baumannii biofilm infections were mainly counted on the combination therapy of last-resort antibiotics, and clearly non-sustainable due to robust MDR phenotype of A. baumannii, we propose that farnesol alone can be repurposed as a highly effective agent for both preventing and treating life-threating biofilm-associated infections of A. baumannii due to its proven safety, convenient topical delivery, and excellent efficiency, plus its superiority of evading resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam J. Katz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Levi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Lange A, Matuszewski A, Kutwin M, Ostrowska A, Jaworski S. Farnesol and Selected Nanoparticles (Silver, Gold, Copper, and Zinc Oxide) as Effective Agents Against Biofilms Formed by Pathogenic Microorganisms. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2024; 17:107-125. [PMID: 38645468 PMCID: PMC11032122 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s457124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Biofilms, which are created by most microorganisms, are known for their widely developed drug resistance, even more than planktonic forms of microorganisms. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of agents composed of farnesol and nanoparticles (silver, gold, copper, and zinc oxide) in the degradation of biofilms produced by pathogenic microorganisms. Methods Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were used to create the biofilm structure. Colloidal suspensions of silver, gold, copper, and zinc oxide (Ag, Au, Cu, ZnO) with the addition of farnesol (F) were used as the treatment factor. The size distribution of those composites was analyzed, their zeta potential was measured, and their structure was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The viability of the microorganism strains was assessed by an XTT assay, the ability to form biofilms was analyzed by confocal microscopy, and the changes in biofilm structure were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The general toxicity toward the HFFF2 cell line was determined by a neutral red assay and a human inflammation antibody array. Results The link between the two components (farnesol and nanoparticles) caused mutual stability of both components. Planktonic forms of the microorganisms were the most sensitive when exposed to AgF and CuF; however, the biofilm structure of all microorganism strains was the most disrupted (both inhibition of formation and changes within the structure) after AgF treatment. Composites were not toxic toward the HFFF2 cell line, although the expression of several cytokines was higher than in the not-treated group. Conclusion The in vitro studies demonstrated antibiofilm properties of composites based on farnesol and nanoparticles. The greatest changes in biofilm structure were triggered by AgF, causing an alteration in the biofilm formation process as well as in the biofilm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Lange
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Matuszewski
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ostrowska
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Tan L, Ma R, Reeves T, Katz AJ, Levi N. Repurposing Farnesol for Combating Drug-Resistant and Persistent Single and Polymicrobial Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:350. [PMID: 38667026 PMCID: PMC11047559 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections caused by drug-resistant and persistent bacteria remain a significant clinical challenge. Here we report that farnesol, commercially available as a cosmetic and flavoring agent, shows significant anti-biofilm properties when dissolved in ethanol using a proprietary formulation emulsion technique. Farnesol in the new formulation inhibits biofilm formation and disrupts established biofilms for Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including their polymicrobial biofilms, and, moreover, kills S. aureus persister cells that have developed tolerance to antibiotics. No resistance to farnesol was observed for S. aureus after twenty continuous passages. Farnesol combats biofilms by direct killing, while also facilitating biofilm detachment. Furthermore, farnesol was safe and effective for preventing and treating biofilm-associated infections of both types of bacteria in an ex vivo burned human skin model. These data suggest that farnesol in the new formulation is an effective broad-spectrum anti-biofilm agent with promising clinical potential. Due to its established safety, low-cost, versatility, and excellent efficacy-including ability to reduce persistent and resistant microbial populations-farnesol in the proprietary formulation represents a compelling transformative, translational, and commercial platform for addressing many unsolved clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Tony Reeves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Adam J. Katz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Nicole Levi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.T.); (A.J.K.)
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Landa G, Miranda-Calderon LG, Gomez A, Perez M, Sebastian V, Arruebo M, Lamarche I, Tewes F, Irusta S, Mendoza G. Real-time in vivo monitoring of the antimicrobial action of combination therapies in the management of infected topical wounds. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123502. [PMID: 37827392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of non-healing infected wounds has become a serious concern in the clinical practice, being associated to population aging and to the rising prevalence of several chronic conditions such as diabetes. Herein, the evaluation of the bactericidal and antibiofilm effects of the natural antiseptic terpenes thymol and farnesol standing alone or in combination with the standard care antiseptic chlorhexidine was carried out both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro combinatorial treatment of chlorhexidine associated with those terpenes against Staphylococcus aureus in its planktonic and sessile forms demonstrated a superior antibacterial activity than that of chlorhexidine alone. Real-time in vivo monitoring of infection progression and antimicrobial treatment outcomes were evaluated using the bioluminescent S. aureus strain Xen36. In vivo studies on infected wound splinting murine models corroborated the superior bactericidal effects of the combinatorial treatments here proposed. Moreover, the encapsulation of thymol in electrospun Eudragit® S100 (i.e., a synthetic anionic copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate)-based wound dressings was also carried out in order to design efficient antimicrobial wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Landa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura G Miranda-Calderon
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alex Gomez
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 177 Miguel Servet Street, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Perez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Embriology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 177 Miguel Servet Street, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabelle Lamarche
- INSERM U1070 "Pharmacology of anti-infective agents", 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France
| | - Frederic Tewes
- INSERM U1070 "Pharmacology of anti-infective agents", 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France.
| | - Silvia Irusta
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Mendoza
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Doyle WJ, Walters D, Shi X, Hoffman K, Magori K, Roullet JB, Ochoa-Repáraz J. Farnesol brain transcriptomics in CNS inflammatory demyelination. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109752. [PMID: 37673223 PMCID: PMC10619994 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesol (FOL) prevents the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE We examined the transcriptomic profile of the brains of EAE mice treated with daily oral FOL using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq). METHODS Transcriptomics from whole brains of treated and untreated EAE mice at the peak of EAE was performed. RESULTS EAE-induced mice, compared to naïve, healthy mice, overall showed increased expression in pathways for immune response, as well as an increased cytokine signaling pathway, with downregulation of cellular stress proteins. FOL downregulates pro-inflammatory pathways and attenuates the immune response in EAE. FOL downregulated the expression of genes involved in misfolded protein response, MAPK activation/signaling, and pro-inflammatory response. CONCLUSION This study provides insight into the molecular impact of FOL in the brain and identifies potential therapeutic targets of the isoprenoid pathway in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Dana Walters
- Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Xutong Shi
- Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kristina Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Krisztian Magori
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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Gaálová-Radochová B, Kendra S, Jordao L, Kursawe L, Kikhney J, Moter A, Bujdáková H. Effect of Quorum Sensing Molecule Farnesol on Mixed Biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030441. [PMID: 36978309 PMCID: PMC10044556 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural bioactive molecule farnesol (FAR) is widely studied mainly for its antibiofilm and antimicrobial properties. In addition, it increases the effectiveness of some antimicrobial substances, which makes it interesting for the development of combined therapy. In the present work, the effect of FAR either alone or in combination with oxacillin (OXA) on mixed biofilms formed by clinically relevant pathogens, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, was studied. S. aureus isolates used for biofilm formation originated from blood cultures and central venous catheters (CVC) were characterized in terms of antimicrobial resistance. The minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) for FAR of 48 h mixed biofilms formed by the C. albicans and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was determined to be 125 μM, and for the mixed biofilms with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was determined to be 250 μM. Treatment of mixed biofilms with OXA (2 mg/mL) showed ≤4% inhibition; however, the combination of OXA (2 mg/mL) and FAR (300 μM) resulted in 80% inhibition of biofilms. In addition, planktonic cells of S. aureus exhibited an increased susceptibility to OXA, cefoxitin and kanamycin in the presence of FAR (150 and 300 μM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs confirmed patchy biofilm and lack of candidal hyphae in the samples treated with FAR and FAR/OXA in comparison to control and mixed biofilms treated only with OXA. Intriguingly, in a pilot experiment using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), considerable differences in activity (as indicated by ribosome content) of staphylococcal cells were detected. While the activity rate of the staphylococci in mixed biofilms treated with FAR was high, no FISH-positive signal for staphylococcal cells was found in the biofilm treated with FAR/OXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Gaálová-Radochová
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-9014-9480
| | - Samuel Kendra
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura Kursawe
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Moter Diagnostics, Marienplatz 9, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Bujdáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Dewachter L, Dénéréaz J, Liu X, de Bakker V, Costa C, Baldry M, Sirard JC, Veening JW. Amoxicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae can be resensitized by targeting the mevalonate pathway as indicated by sCRilecs-seq. eLife 2022; 11:75607. [PMID: 35748540 PMCID: PMC9363119 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in the important opportunistic human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is on the rise. This is particularly problematic in the case of the β-lactam antibiotic amoxicillin, which is the first-line therapy. It is therefore crucial to uncover targets that would kill or resensitize amoxicillin-resistant pneumococci. To do so, we developed a genome-wide, single-cell based, gene silencing screen using CRISPR interference called sCRilecs-seq (subsets of CRISPR interference libraries extracted by fluorescence activated cell sorting coupled to next generation sequencing). Since amoxicillin affects growth and division, sCRilecs-seq was used to identify targets that are responsible for maintaining proper cell size. Our screen revealed that downregulation of the mevalonate pathway leads to extensive cell elongation. Further investigation into this phenotype indicates that it is caused by a reduced availability of cell wall precursors at the site of cell wall synthesis due to a limitation in the production of undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-P), the lipid carrier that is responsible for transporting these precursors across the cell membrane. The data suggest that, whereas peptidoglycan synthesis continues even with reduced Und-P levels, cell constriction is specifically halted. We successfully exploited this knowledge to create a combination treatment strategy where the FDA-approved drug clomiphene, an inhibitor of Und-P synthesis, is paired up with amoxicillin. Our results show that clomiphene potentiates the antimicrobial activity of amoxicillin and that combination therapy resensitizes amoxicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. These findings could provide a starting point to develop a solution for the increasing amount of hard-to-treat amoxicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that can cause pneumonia, meningitis and other life-threatening illnesses in humans. Currently, many S. pneumoniae infections are treated with the antibiotic amoxicillin, which kills the bacteria by weakening a structure known as the cell wall that surrounds each bacterium. However, more and more S. pneumoniae cells are becoming resistant to amoxicillin, making it harder to treat such infections. We need new ways to effectively treat S. pneumoniae infections in humans. One potential strategy would be to combine amoxicillin with another drug that boosts the activity of amoxicillin so that it is able to kill the resistant bacteria. Two drugs that both target the same process in cells are more likely to boost each other’s activity. Therefore, Dewachter et al. decided to search for another drug that also weakens the cell wall of S. pneumoniae. The team first developed a new screening approach called sCRilecs-seq to silence individual genes in single S. pneumoniae cells. By looking at many cells that each had a different gene that was no longer active, the team were able to identify several genes that when silenced resulted in the cells becoming longer than normal cells (a sign the bacteria may have weak cell walls). Further experiments revealed that the cell walls of these bacteria were weaker than normal cells due to a shortage in a cell wall building material known as undecaprenyl phosphate. Dewachter et al. then demonstrated that combining an existing drug known as clomiphene – which is known to inhibit undecaprenyl phosphate production and is currently used to treat infertility in humans – together with amoxicillin is able to effectively kill S. pneumoniae that are resistant to amoxicillin alone. Clomiphene also boosted the activity of amoxicillin against S. pneumoniae that remain sensitive to the antibiotic. Before this new drug combination may be used to help treat S. pneumoniae infections in human patients, further experiments will be needed to find out the optimum dose of clomiphene to use with amoxicillin. In the future, the new screening approach developed by Dewachter et al. may also prove useful to other researchers studying a wide range of biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselot Dewachter
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Dénéréaz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Vincent de Bakker
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Farnesol induces protection against murine CNS inflammatory demyelination and modifies gut microbiome. Clin Immunol 2022; 235:108766. [PMID: 34091018 PMCID: PMC8660955 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Farnesol is a 15‑carbon organic isoprenol synthesized by plants and mammals with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. We sought to determine whether farnesol treatment would result in protection against murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We compared disease progression and severity in C57BL/6 mice treated orally with 100 mg/kg/day farnesol solubilized in corn oil to corn-oil treated and untreated EAE mice. Farnesol significantly delayed the onset of EAE (by ~2 days) and dramatically decreased disease severity (~80%) compared to controls. Disease protection by farnesol was associated with a significant reduction in spinal cord infiltration by monocytes-macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and a significant change in gut microbiota composition, including a decrease in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. The study suggests FOL could protect MS patients against CNS inflammatory demyelination by partially modulating the gut microbiome composition.
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Moinuddin SK, Gajbhiye RL, Mehta P, Sarmah B, Murty US, Ravichandiran V, Samudrala PK, Alexander A, Kumar P. UHPLC-DAD Method Development and Validation: Degradation Kinetic, Stress Studies of Farnesol and Characterization of Degradation Products Using LC-QTOF-ESI-MS with in silico Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Predictions. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:817-831. [PMID: 34849633 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol (FAR) is a sesquiterpene molecule with high lipophilicity that has antibacterial and other pharmacological properties along with broad nutritional values with high commercial values. Although having potential, FAR stability behavior and degradation kinetics are not available in the literature. Hence, it is very essential to develop a simple, rapid, accurate, precise, robust, cheap UHPLC-DAD method for FAR. It was also proposed to study mechanistic insights into FAR under different degradation conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized to do systematic stability studies along with degradation kinetic and accelerated stability studies. The developed method was validated. FAR was studied for stress studies, degradation kinetics and ADMET prediction of degradants. Degradation products were characterized using LC-QTOF-ESI-MS. Developed method consists of an isocratic mobile phase with a wavelength of 215 nm. The percent recoveries for FAR were observed within the acceptance limit of 98-102%. The eight major degradation products were formed during stress studies. FAR follows first-order degradation kinetics. FAR and all degradants were found to have more than 75% good human oral absorption, and are non-toxic. FAR UHPLC-DAD method was developed, validated and performed stability studies to know the possible degradation pattern along with degradation kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Khaja Moinuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, SilaKatamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Rahul L Gajbhiye
- Central Instrumentation Facility, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chunilal Bhawan (Adjacent to BCPL), 168, Maniktala Main Road, P.O. Bengal Chemicals, P.S. Phoolbagan, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Pakhuri Mehta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Bhaskar Sarmah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, SilaKatamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India.,BioNEST, Incubation Centre, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, SilaKatamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chunilal Bhawan (Adjacent to BCPL), 168, Maniktala Main Road, P.O. Bengal Chemicals, P.S. Phoolbagan, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Samudrala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, SilaKatamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
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Valcourt C, Buyck JM, Grégoire N, Couet W, Marchand S, Tewes F. Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Farnesol or Geraniol to Enhance the Susceptibility of E. coli MCR-1 to Colistin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111849. [PMID: 34834268 PMCID: PMC8625850 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to colistin, one of the antibiotics of last resort against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, is increasingly reported. Notably, MCR plasmids discovered in 2015 have now been reported worldwide in humans. To keep this antibiotic of last resort efficient, a way to tackle this mechanism seems essential. Terpene alcohols such as farnesol have been shown to improve the efficacy of some antibiotics. However, their high lipophilicity makes them difficult to use. This problem can be solved by encapsulating them in water-dispersible lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The aim of this study was to discover, using checkerboard tests and time-kill curve experiments, an association between colistin and farnesol or geraniol loaded in LNPs, which would improve the efficacy of colistin against E. coli and, in particular, MCR-1 transconjugants. Then, the effect of the combination on E. coli inner membrane permeabilisation was evaluated using propidium iodide (PI) uptake and compared to human red blood cells plasma membrane permeabilisation. Both terpene alcohols were able to restore the susceptibility of E. coli J53 MCR-1 to colistin with the same efficacy (Emax = 16, i.e., colistin MIC was decreased from 8 to 0.5 mg/L). However, with an EC50 of 2.69 mg/L, farnesol was more potent than geraniol (EC50 = 39.49 mg/L). Time-kill studies showed a bactericidal effect on MCR-1 transconjugant 6 h after incubation, with no regrowth up to 30 h in the presence of 1 mg/L colistin (1/8 MIC) and 60 mg/L or 200 mg/L farnesol or geraniol, respectively. Colistin alone was more potent in increasing PI uptake rate in the susceptible strain (EC50 = 0.86 ± 0.08 mg/L) than in the MCR-1 one (EC50 = 7.38 ± 0.85 mg/L). Against the MCR-1 strain, farnesol-loaded LNP at 60 mg/L enhanced the colistin-induced inner membrane permeabilization effect up to 5-fold and also increased its potency as shown by the decrease in its EC50 from 7.38 ± 0.85 mg/L to 2.69 ± 0.25 mg/L. Importantly, no hemolysis was observed for LNPs loaded with farnesol or geraniol, alone or in combination with colistin, at the concentrations showing the maximum decrease in colistin MICs. The results presented here indicate that farnesol-loaded LNPs should be studied as combination therapy with colistin to prevent the development of resistance to this antibiotic of last resort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Valcourt
- INSERM U1070 “Pharmacology of Anti-Infective Agents”, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France; (C.V.); (J.M.B.); (N.G.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Julien M. Buyck
- INSERM U1070 “Pharmacology of Anti-Infective Agents”, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France; (C.V.); (J.M.B.); (N.G.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- UFR Médecine-Pharmacie Université de Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Grégoire
- INSERM U1070 “Pharmacology of Anti-Infective Agents”, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France; (C.V.); (J.M.B.); (N.G.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- UFR Médecine-Pharmacie Université de Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie-Pharmacocinétique, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Miletrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - William Couet
- INSERM U1070 “Pharmacology of Anti-Infective Agents”, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France; (C.V.); (J.M.B.); (N.G.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- UFR Médecine-Pharmacie Université de Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie-Pharmacocinétique, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Miletrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Sandrine Marchand
- INSERM U1070 “Pharmacology of Anti-Infective Agents”, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France; (C.V.); (J.M.B.); (N.G.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- UFR Médecine-Pharmacie Université de Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie-Pharmacocinétique, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Miletrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Tewes
- INSERM U1070 “Pharmacology of Anti-Infective Agents”, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, Pôle Biologie Santé, 86022 Poitiers, France; (C.V.); (J.M.B.); (N.G.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- UFR Médecine-Pharmacie Université de Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
- Correspondence:
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Antimicrobial, modulatory, and antibiofilm activity of tt-farnesol on bacterial and fungal strains of importance to human health. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128192. [PMID: 34118413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and modulatory activities of trans-trans-farnesol (tt-farnesol). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this sesquiterpene was evaluated against 31 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and 4 species of the genus Candida. Furthermore, we examined its inhibitory action on biofilm production as well as antibiotic modulation. Only Gram-positive species presented susceptibility to tt-farnesol (MIC ranging from 8 µg/mL to 128 µg/mL). No synergistic or antagonistic effects were observed between tt-farnesol (1/4 and 1/8 of MIC) and first-choice antibiotics against multidrug resistant strains. However, the modulatory action of tt-farnesol (1/2 and 1/4 of the MIC) decreased 8 × MIC of non-inhibitory β-lactam antibiotic against a Methicillin-resistant strain. In the antibiofilm assay, tt-farnesol inhibited biofilm formation, especially in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, at concentrations ranging from 2 μg/mL to 128 μg/mL. Additionally, in the molecular docking study, the tt-farnesol molecule demonstrated a remarkable binding affinity with important proteins involved in the biofilm production, such as IcaA and Srt proteins. The antimicrobial action of tt-farnesol on Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae strains was evaluated for the first time, presenting an MIC of 16 µg/mL for both strains. Our findings reveal the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and modulatory potential of tt-farnesol to aid in the fight against infectious processes.
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Bahr T, Butler G, Rock C, Welburn K, Allred K, Rodriguez D. Cholesterol-lowering activity of natural mono- and sesquiterpenoid compounds in essential oils: A review and investigation of mechanisms using in silico protein-ligand docking. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4215-4245. [PMID: 33754393 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and sesquiterpenoids are the main chemical constituents of essential oils. Essential oils and their constituents have received increasing attention for lipid-lowering properties in both cell and animal models. Despite the chemical diversity of essential oil compounds, the effects of many of these compounds on cholesterol metabolism are highly similar. In this report, we review the literature regarding the effects of essential oils and their terpenoid constituents on cholesterol homeostasis, and explore likely mechanisms using protein-ligand docking. We identified 98 experimental and seven clinical studies on essential oils, isolated compounds, and blends; 100 of these described improvements either in blood cholesterol levels or in sterol metabolic pathways. Our review and docking analysis confirmed two likely mechanisms common to many essential oil compounds: (1) direct agonism of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors, and (2) direct interaction with sterol-sensing domains, motifs found in key sterol regulatory proteins including sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activating protein and HMG-CoA reductase. Notably, these direct interactions lead to decreased transcription and accelerated degradation of HMG-CoA reductase. Our work suggests that terpene derivatives in essential oils have cholesterol-lowering activity and could potentially work synergistically with statins, however, further high quality studies are needed to establish their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bahr
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Gavin Butler
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Christian Rock
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Kyle Welburn
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of the Incarnate Word, 7615 Kennedy Hill, San Antonio, Texas, 78235, USA
| | - Kathryn Allred
- Science & Education, doTERRA International LLC, 389 1300 W, Pleasant Grove, Utah, 84062, USA
| | - Damian Rodriguez
- Science & Education, doTERRA International LLC, 389 1300 W, Pleasant Grove, Utah, 84062, USA
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Kossakowska-Zwierucho M, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Nakonieczna J. Farnesol potentiates photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus with the use of red light-activated porphyrin TMPyP. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111863. [PMID: 32224392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) or antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a method based on the use of a photosensitizer, light of a proper wavelength and oxygen, which combined together leads to an oxidative stress and killing of target cells. PDI can be applied towards various pathogenic bacteria independently on their antibiotic resistance profile. Optimization of photodynamic treatment to eradicate the widest range of human pathogens remains challenging despite the availability of numerous photosensitizing compounds. Therefore, a search for molecules that could act as adjuvants potentiating antibacterial photoinactivation is of high scientific and clinical importance. Here we propose farnesol (FRN), a well described sesquiterpene, as a potent adjuvant of PDI, which specifically sensitizes Staphylococcus aureus to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetratosylate (TMPyP) upon red light irradiation. Interestingly, the observed potentiation strongly depends on the presence of light. Analysis of this combined action of FRN and TMPyP, however, showed no influence of farnesol on TMPyP photochemical properties, i.e. the amount of reactive oxygen species that were produced by TMPyP in the presence of FRN. The accumulation rate of TMPyP in Staphylococcus aureus cells did not change, as well as the influence of staphyloxanthin inhibition. The precise mechanism of observed sensitization is unclear and probably involves specific molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska-Zwierucho
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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15
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Ribeiro LMBC, Fumagalli F, Mello RB, Froes TQ, da Silva MVS, Villamizar Gómez SM, Barros TF, Emery FS, Castilho MS. Structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action of tetragomycin derivatives as inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus staphyloxanthin biosynthesis. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104127. [PMID: 32169485 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the main strategy to overcome bacterial resistance has focused on the development of more potent antimicrobial agents, the evolutionary pressure caused by such drugs makes this strategy limited. Molecules that interfere with virulence factors appear as a promising alternative though, as they cause reduced selective pressure. As a matter of fact, staphyloxanthin biosynthesis inhibition (STXBI) has been pursued as promising strategy to reduce S. aureus virulence. Herein, we report the inhibitory profile of 27 tetrangomycin derivatives over staphyloxanthin production. The experimental result showed that naphthoquinone dehydro-α-lapachone (25 - EC50 = 57.29 ± 1.15 μM) and 2-Isopropylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (26 EC50 = 82.10 ± 1.09 μM) are the most potent compounds and suggest that hydrogen acceptor groups and lipophilic moieties decorating the naphthoquinone ring are crucial for STXBI. In addition, we present an in situ analysis, through RAMAN spectroscopy, that is inexpensive and might be employed to probe the mechanism of action of staphyloxanthin biosynthesis inhibitors. Therefore, our molecular simplification strategies afforded promising lead compounds for the development of drugs that modulate S. aureus staphyloxanthin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M B C Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - F Fumagalli
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - R B Mello
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T Q Froes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - M V S da Silva
- Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - T F Barros
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - F S Emery
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Castilho
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil.
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Delmondes GDA, Santiago Lemos IC, Dias DDQ, Cunha GLD, Araújo IM, Barbosa R, Coutinho HDM, Felipe CFB, Barbosa-Filho JM, Lima NTRD, De Menezes IRA, Kerntopf MR. Pharmacological applications of farnesol (C15H26O): a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:227-234. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1718653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isaac Moura Araújo
- Department of Biologial Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Roseli Barbosa
- Department of Biologial Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Regina Kerntopf
- Department of Biologial Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
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17
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Verdaguer IB, Zafra CA, Crispim M, Sussmann RA, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Prenylquinones in Human Parasitic Protozoa: Biosynthesis, Physiological Functions, and Potential as Chemotherapeutic Targets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203721. [PMID: 31623105 PMCID: PMC6832408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parasitic protozoa cause a large number of diseases worldwide and, for some of these diseases, there are no effective treatments to date, and drug resistance has been observed. For these reasons, the discovery of new etiological treatments is necessary. In this sense, parasitic metabolic pathways that are absent in vertebrate hosts would be interesting research candidates for the identification of new drug targets. Most likely due to the protozoa variability, uncertain phylogenetic origin, endosymbiotic events, and evolutionary pressure for adaptation to adverse environments, a surprising variety of prenylquinones can be found within these organisms. These compounds are involved in essential metabolic reactions in organisms, for example, prevention of lipoperoxidation, participation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain or as enzymatic cofactors. This review will describe several prenylquinones that have been previously characterized in human pathogenic protozoa. Among all existing prenylquinones, this review is focused on ubiquinone, menaquinone, tocopherols, chlorobiumquinone, and thermoplasmaquinone. This review will also discuss the biosynthesis of prenylquinones, starting from the isoprenic side chains to the aromatic head group precursors. The isoprenic side chain biosynthesis maybe come from mevalonate or non-mevalonate pathways as well as leucine dependent pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Finally, the isoprenic chains elongation and prenylquinone aromatic precursors origins from amino acid degradation or the shikimate pathway is reviewed. The phylogenetic distribution and what is known about the biological functions of these compounds among species will be described, as will the therapeutic strategies associated with prenylquinone metabolism in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi B. Verdaguer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Camila A. Zafra
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Marcell Crispim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Rodrigo A.C. Sussmann
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro 45810-000 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Emília A. Kimura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Alejandro M. Katzin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7330; Fax: +5511-3091-7417
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18
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de Araújo Delmondes G, Bezerra DS, de Queiroz Dias D, de Souza Borges A, Araújo IM, Lins da Cunha G, Bandeira PFR, Barbosa R, Melo Coutinho HD, Felipe CFB, Barbosa-Filho JM, Alencar de Menezes IR, Kerntopf MR. Toxicological and pharmacologic effects of farnesol (C15H26O): A descriptive systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:169-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Padder SA, Prasad R, Shah AH. Quorum sensing: A less known mode of communication among fungi. Microbiol Res 2018; 210:51-58. [PMID: 29625658 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS), a density-dependent signaling mechanism of microbial cells, involves an exchange and sense of low molecular weight signaling compounds called autoinducers. With the increase in population density, the autoinducers accumulate in the extracellular environment and once their concentration reaches a threshold, many genes are either expressed or repressed. This cell density-dependent signaling mechanism enables single cells to behave as multicellular organisms and regulates different microbial behaviors like morphogenesis, pathogenesis, competence, biofilm formation, bioluminescence, etc guided by environmental cues. Initially, QS was regarded to be a specialized system of certain bacteria. The discovery of filamentation control in pathogenic polymorphic fungus Candida albicans by farnesol revealed the phenomenon of QS in fungi as well. Pathogenic microorganisms primarily regulate the expression of virulence genes using QS systems. The indirect role of QS in the emergence of multiple drug resistance (MDR) in microbial pathogens necessitates the finding of alternative antimicrobial therapies that target QS and inhibit the same. A related phenomenon of quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) performed by small inhibitor molecules called quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) has an ability for efficient reduction of gene expression regulated by quorum sensing. In the present review, recent advancements in the study of different fungal quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) and quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) of fungal origin along with their mechanism of action and/or role/s are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Padder
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurgaon 122413, HR, India
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India.
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Kim C, Hesek D, Lee M, Mobashery S. Potentiation of the activity of β-lactam antibiotics by farnesol and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:642-645. [PMID: 29402738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, potentiates the activity of β-lactam antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We document that farnesol and two synthetic derivatives (compounds 2 and 6) have poor antibacterial activities of their own, but they potentiate the activities of ampicillin and oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus strains (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus). These compounds attenuate the rate of growth of bacteria, which has to be taken into account in assessment of the potentiation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, United States.
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Modulation of Staphylococcus aureus Response to Antimicrobials by the Candida albicans Quorum Sensing Molecule Farnesol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01573-17. [PMID: 28893777 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01573-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In microbial biofilms, microorganisms utilize secreted signaling chemical molecules to coordinate their collective behavior. Farnesol is a quorum sensing molecule secreted by the fungal species Candida albicans and shown to play a central physiological role during fungal biofilm growth. Our pervious in vitro and in vivo studies characterized an intricate interaction between C. albicans and the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, as these species coexist in biofilm. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of farnesol on S. aureus survival, biofilm formation, and response to antimicrobials. The results demonstrated that in the presence of exogenously supplemented farnesol or farnesol secreted by C. albicans in biofilm, S. aureus exhibited significantly enhanced tolerance to antimicrobials. By using gene expression studies, S. aureus mutant strains, and chemical inhibitors, the mechanism for the enhanced tolerance was attributed to upregulation of drug efflux pumps. Importantly, we showed that sequential exposure of S. aureus to farnesol generated a phenotype of high resistance to antimicrobials. Based on the presence of intracellular reactive oxygen species upon farnesol exposure, we hypothesize that antimicrobial tolerance in S. aureus may be mediated by farnesol-induced oxidative stress triggering the upregulation of efflux pumps, as part of a general stress response system. Hence, in mixed biofilms, C. albicans may influence the pathogenicity of S. aureus through acquisition of a drug-tolerant phenotype, with important therapeutic implications. Understanding interspecies signaling in polymicrobial biofilms and the specific drug resistance responses to secreted molecules may lead to the identification of novel targets for drug development.
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Lee K, Lee S, Lee SH, Kim SR, Oh HS, Park PK, Choo KH, Kim YW, Lee JK, Lee CH. Fungal Quorum Quenching: A Paradigm Shift for Energy Savings in Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) for Wastewater Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10914-10922. [PMID: 27634354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last 30 years, the use of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for advanced wastewater treatment and reuse have been expanded continuously, but they still suffer from excessive energy consumption resulting from the intrinsic problem of membrane biofouling. One of the major causes of biofouling in MBRs is bacterial quorum sensing (QS) via N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and/or autoinducer-2 (AI-2), enabling intra- and interspecies communications, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that farnesol can substantially mitigate membrane biofouling in a MBR due to its quorum quenching (QQ) activity. When Candida albicans (a farnesol producing fungus) entrapping polymer beads (AEBs) were placed in the MBR, the rate of transmembrane pressure (TMP) rise-up was substantially decreased, even for lower aeration intensities. This finding corresponds to a specific aeration energy savings of approximately 40% (25% through the physical washing effect and a further 15% through the biological QQ effect of AEBs) compared to conventional MBRs without AEBs. A real-time RT-qPCR analysis revealed that farnesol secreted from C. albicans mitigated the biofilm formation in MBRs via the suppression of AI-2 QS. Successful control of biofouling and energy savings through fungal-to-bacterial QQ could be expanded to the plant scale for MBRs in wastewater treatment with economic feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibaek Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonki Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ryoung Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Kyu Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University , Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea-Won Kim
- Department of Biomedicinal Science and Biotechnology, Paichai University , Daejeon 35345, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kee Lee
- Department of Biomedicinal Science and Biotechnology, Paichai University , Daejeon 35345, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hak Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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23
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Constantino J, Delgado-Rastrollo M, Pacha-Olivenza M, Pérez-Giraldo C, Quiles M, González-Martín M, Gallardo-Moreno A. In vivo bactericidal efficacy of farnesol on Ti6Al4V implants. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recote.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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24
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Constantino JA, Delgado-Rastrollo M, Pacha-Olivenza MA, Pérez-Giraldo C, Quiles M, González-Martín ML, Gallardo-Moreno AM. In vivo bactericidal efficacy of farnesol on Ti6Al4V implants. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2016; 60:260-6. [PMID: 27239017 DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vivo anti-staphylococcal bactericidal activity of farnesol on Ti6Al4V surfaces. MATERIAL AND METHODS An experimental model of infection in biomaterials was developed by inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 into the canal of both femurs of 15 Wistar rats. A Ti6Al4V pin impregnated with 30mM of farnesol was inserted into study femur, and a Ti6Al4V control was inserted into the control femur. To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy, a comparison was made between the median of the colony forming units recovered after inoculation in the study group and the control group for different times of euthanasia and inoculum size. RESULTS The median expressed as Log10 CFU counts obtained with farnesol titanium pin was 4.26, and in control group, it was 4.86, which was statistically significant (P=.001) on applying the Student t test for related samples. The median reduction obtained in farnesol pins relative to the control was 74%. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with farnesol 30mM on Ti6Al4V pins appears to decrease the rate of colonisation by Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Constantino
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, España; Departamento de Terapéutica Medico Quirúrgica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, España.
| | - M Delgado-Rastrollo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) (CIBER-BBN), España
| | - M A Pacha-Olivenza
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) (CIBER-BBN), España
| | - C Pérez-Giraldo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Área Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) (CIBER-BBN), España
| | - M Quiles
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, España; Departamento de Terapéutica Medico Quirúrgica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, España
| | - M L González-Martín
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) (CIBER-BBN), España
| | - A M Gallardo-Moreno
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) (CIBER-BBN), España
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Matsumoto Y, Yasukawa J, Ishii M, Hayashi Y, Miyazaki S, Sekimizu K. A critical role of mevalonate for peptidoglycan synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22894. [PMID: 26961421 PMCID: PMC4790635 DOI: 10.1038/srep22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, a mevalonate synthetase, is required for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. However, the essential role of the enzyme in cell growth has remained unclear. Here we show that three mutants possessed single-base substitutions in the mvaA gene, which encodes HMG-CoA reductase, show a temperature-sensitive phenotype. The phenotype was suppressed by the addition of mevalonate or farnesyl diphosphate, which is a product synthesized from mevalonate. Farnesyl diphosphate is a precursor of undecaprenyl phosphate that is required for peptidoglycan synthesis. The rate of peptidoglycan synthesis was decreased in the mvaA mutants under the non-permissive conditions and the phenotype was suppressed by the addition of mevalonate. HMG-CoA reductase activities of mutant MvaA proteins in the temperature sensitive mutants were lower than that of wild-type MvaA protein. Our findings from genetic and biochemical analyses suggest that mevalonate produced by HMG-CoA reductase is required for peptidoglycan synthesis for S. aureus cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Yasukawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Shinya Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 111-0033, Japan
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Krause J, Geginat G, Tammer I. Prostaglandin E2 from Candida albicans Stimulates the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Mixed Biofilms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135404. [PMID: 26262843 PMCID: PMC4532413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans interact synergistically in dual species biofilms resulting in enhanced mortality in animal models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The aim of the current study was to test possible candidate molecules which might mediate this synergistic interaction in an in vitro model of mixed biofilms, such as farnesol, tyrosol and prostaglandin (PG) E2. In mono-microbial and dual biofilms of C.albicans wild type strains PGE2 levels between 25 and 250 pg/mL were measured. Similar concentrations of purified PGE2 significantly enhanced S.aureus biofilm formation in a mode comparable to that observed in dual species biofilms. Supernatants of the null mutant deficient in PGE2 production did not stimulate the proliferation of S.aureus and the addition of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin blocked the S.aureus biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, S. aureus biofilm formation was boosted by low and inhibited by high farnesol concentrations. Supernatants of the farnesol-deficient C. albicans ATCC10231 strain significantly enhanced the biofilm formation of S. aureus but at a lower level than the farnesol producer SC5314. However, C. albicans ATCC10231 also produced PGE2 but amounts were significantly lower compared to SC5314. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE In conclision, we identified C. albicans PGE2 as a key molecule stimulating the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus in dual S. aureus/C. albicans biofilms, although C. albicans derived farnesol, but not tyrosol, may also contribute to this effect but to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krause
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hospital Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Geginat
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hospital Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ina Tammer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hospital Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ünlü A, Tanriseven A, Sezen İY, Çelik A. A new lipase as a pharmaceutical target for battling infections caused byStaphylococcus aureus: Gene cloning and biochemical characterization. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:642-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aişe Ünlü
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Aziz Tanriseven
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - İ. Yavuz Sezen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze-Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Ayhan Çelik
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
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Horev B, Klein MI, Hwang G, Li Y, Kim D, Koo H, Benoit DS. pH-activated nanoparticles for controlled topical delivery of farnesol to disrupt oral biofilm virulence. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2390-404. [PMID: 25661192 PMCID: PMC4395463 DOI: 10.1021/nn507170s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective therapies to control oral biofilms is challenging, as topically introduced agents must avoid rapid clearance from biofilm-tooth interfaces while targeting biofilm microenvironments. Additionally, exopolysaccharides-matrix and acidification of biofilm microenvironments are associated with cariogenic (caries-producing) biofilm virulence. Thus, nanoparticle carriers capable of binding to hydroxyapatite (HA), saliva-coated HA (sHA), and exopolysaccharides with enhanced drug release at acidic pH were developed. Nanoparticles are formed from diblock copolymers composed of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and 2-propylacrylic acid (PAA) (p(DMAEMA)-b-p(DMAEMA-co-BMA-co-PAA)) that self-assemble into ∼21 nm cationic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibit outstanding adsorption affinities (∼244 L-mmol(-1)) to negatively charged HA, sHA, and exopolysaccharide-coated sHA due to strong electrostatic interactions via multivalent tertiary amines of p(DMAEMA). Owing to hydrophobic cores, nanoparticles load farnesol, a hydrophobic antibacterial drug, at ∼22 wt %. Farnesol release is pH-dependent with t1/2 = 7 and 15 h for release at pH 4.5 and 7.2, as nanoparticles undergo core destabilization at acidic pH, characteristic of cariogenic biofilm microenvironments. Importantly, topical applications of farnesol-loaded nanoparticles disrupted Streptococcus mutans biofilms 4-fold more effectively than free farnesol. Mechanical stability of biofilms treated with drug-loaded nanoparticles was compromised, resulting in >2-fold enhancement in biofilm removal under shear stress compared to free farnesol and controls. Farnesol-loaded nanoparticles effectively attenuated biofilm virulence in vivo using a clinically relevant topical treatment regimen (2×/day) in a rodent dental caries disease model. Strikingly, treatment with farnesol-loaded nanoparticles reduced both the number and severity of carious lesions, while free farnesol had no effect. Nanoparticle carriers have great potential to enhance the efficacy of antibiofilm agents through multitargeted binding and pH-responsive drug release due to microenvironmental triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Horev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Marlise I. Klein
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
- Address correspondence to: ;
| | - Danielle S.W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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29
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Sol–gel silica controlled release thin films for the inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomaterials 2014; 35:509-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Cerca N, Gomes F, Pereira S, Teixeira P, Oliveira R. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of S. epidermidis biofilms exposed to farnesol, vancomycin and rifampicin. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:244. [PMID: 22591918 PMCID: PMC3481475 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus epidermidis is the major bacterial species found in biofilm-related infections on indwelling medical devices. Microbial biofilms are communities of bacteria adhered to a surface and surrounded by an extracellular polymeric matrix. Biofilms have been associated with increased antibiotic tolerance to the immune system. This increased resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy has lead to the search for new antimicrobial therapeutical agents. Farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans, has been described as impairing growth of several different microorganisms and we have previously shown its potential as an adjuvant in antimicrobial therapy against S. epidermidis. However, its mechanism of action in S. epidermidis is not fully known. In this work we better elucidate the role of farnesol against S: epidermidis biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Findings 24 h biofilms were exposed to farnesol, vancomycin or rifampicin and were analysed by CLSM, after stained with a Live/Dead stain, a known indicator of cell viability, related with cell membrane integrity. Biofilms were also disrupted by sonication and viable and cultivable cells were quantified by colony forming units (CFU) plating. Farnesol showed a similar effect as vancomycin, both causing little reduction of cell viability but at the same time inducing significant changes in the biofilm structure. On the other hand, rifampicin showed a distinct action in S. epidermidis biofilms, by killing a significant proportion of biofilm bacteria. Conclusions While farnesol is not very efficient at killing biofilm bacteria, it damages cell membrane, as determined by the live/dead staining, in a similar way as vancomycin. Furthermore, farnesol might induce biofilm detachment, as determined by the reduced biofilm biomass, which can partially explain the previous findings regarding its role as a possible chemotherapy adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Cerca
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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