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Zhao X, Verma R, Sridhara MB, Sharath Kumar KS. Fluorinated azoles as effective weapons in fight against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its SAR studies. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106975. [PMID: 37992426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its difficult-to-treat skin and filmsy diseases are making MRSA a threat to human life. The most dangerous feature is the fast emergence of MRSA resistance to all recognized antibiotics, including vancomycin. The creation of novel, effective, and non-toxic drug candidates to combat MRSA isolates is urgently required. Fluorine containing small molecules have taken a centre stage in the field of drug development. Over the last 50 years, there have been a growing number of fluorinated compounds that have been approved since the clinical usage of fluorinated corticosteroids in the 1950 s and fluoroquinolones in the 1980 s. Due to its advantages in terms of potency and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), fluoro-pharmaceuticals have been regarded as a potent and useful tool in the rational drug design method. The flexible bioactive fluorinated azoles are ideal candidates for the development of new antibiotics. This review summarizes the decade developments of fluorinated azole derivatives with a wide antibacterial activity against diverged MRSA strains. In specific, we correlated the efficacy of structurally varied fluorinated azole analogues including thiazole, benzimidazole, oxadiazole and pyrazole against MRSA and discussed different angles of structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Zhao
- Energy Engineering College, Yulin University, Yulin City-719000, P. R. China
| | - Rameshwari Verma
- School of New Energy, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - M B Sridhara
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi 591156, India
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2
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Tolomeu HV, Fraga CAM. Imidazole: Synthesis, Functionalization and Physicochemical Properties of a Privileged Structure in Medicinal Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020838. [PMID: 36677894 PMCID: PMC9865940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole was first synthesized by Heinrich Debus in 1858 and was obtained by the reaction of glyoxal and formaldehyde in ammonia, initially called glyoxaline. The current literature provides much information about the synthesis, functionalization, physicochemical characteristics and biological role of imidazole. Imidazole is a structure that, despite being small, has a unique chemical complexity. It is a nucleus that is very practical and versatile in its construction/functionalization and can be considered a rich source of chemical diversity. Imidazole acts in extremely important processes for the maintenance of living organisms, such as catalysis in enzymatic processes. Imidazole-based compounds with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antituberculosis, antifungal, antioxidant, antitumor, antimalarial, anticancer, antidepressant and many others make up the therapeutic arsenal and new bioactive compounds proposed in the most diverse works. The interest and importance of imidazole-containing analogs in the field of medicinal chemistry is remarkable, and the understanding from the development of the first blockbuster drug cimetidine explores all the chemical and biological concepts of imidazole in the context of research and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heber Victor Tolomeu
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-39386447
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Zha GF, Preetham HD, Rangappa S, Sharath Kumar KS, Girish YR, Rakesh KP, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Rangappa KS. Benzimidazole analogues as efficient arsenals in war against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its SAR studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105175. [PMID: 34298242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule based inhibitors development is a growing field in medicinal chemistry. In recent years, different heterocyclic derivatives have been designed to counter the infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Indeed, small molecule inhibitors can be employed as an efficient antibacterial agents with different mechanism of action. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming lethal to mankind due to easy transmission mode, rapid resistance development to existing antibiotics and affect difficult-to-treat skin and filmsy diseases. Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds which have capability to fight against MRSA. High biocompatibility of benzimidazoles, synergistic behaviour with antibiotics and their tunable physico-chemical properties attracted the researchers to develop new benzimidazole based antibacterial agents. The present review focus on recent developments of benzimidazole-hybrid molecules as anti MRSA agents and the results of in-vitro and in-vivo studies with possible mechanism of action and discussing structure-activity relationship (SAR) in different directions. Benzimdazoles act as DNA binding agents, enzyme inhibitors, anti-biofilm agents and showed synergistic effect with available antibiotics to achieve antibacterial activity against MRSA. This cumulative figures would help to design new benzimidazole-based MRSA growth inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zha
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhan 518107, China.
| | - Habbanakuppe D Preetham
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570 006, India
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagar, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District 571448, India
| | | | - Yarabahally R Girish
- Centre for Research and Innovations, School of Natural Sciences, BGSIT, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara, Mandya, 571448, India
| | - Kadalipura P Rakesh
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
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Novel Nitro-Heteroaromatic Antimicrobial Agents for the Control and Eradication of Biofilm-Forming Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070855. [PMID: 34356776 PMCID: PMC8300661 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of several novel nitrothiazole, nitrobenzothiazole, and nitrofuran containing antimicrobial agents for the eradication of biofilm-forming Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens is described. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), nitrofurantoin, and furazolidone are commercial antimicrobials which were used as models to show how structural modification improved activity toward planktonic bacteria via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays and biofilms via minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies illustrate the ways in which improvements have been made to the aforementioned antimicrobial agents. It is of particular interest in this regard that the introduction of a chloro substituent at the 5-position of NTZ (analog 1b) resulted in marked activity enhancement, as did the replacement of the 2-acetoxy substituent in the latter compound with a basic amine group (analog 7b). It is also of importance that analog 4a, which is a simple methacrylamide, displayed noteworthy activity against S. epidermidis biofilms. These lead compounds identified to have high activity towards biofilms provide promise as starting points in future pro-drug studies.
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Soni J, Sethiya A, Sahiba N, Agarwal DK, Agarwal S. Contemporary Progress in the Synthetic Strategies of Imidazole and its Biological Activities. Curr Org Synth 2020; 16:1078-1104. [PMID: 31984918 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666191007092548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are pervasive in many areas of life and one of the heterocycles, imidazole is a unique heterocyclic five-membered aromatic compound having two sp2 hybridized nitrogen atoms. Its integral name is 1, 3 diazole and previously, it was known as glyoxalin. This moiety has achieved a considerable place among scientists in recent years by reason of its divergent synthetic strategies and uncommon biological and pharmacological activities, for example, anti-convulsant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-ulcer, analgesic, etc. Due to distinct therapeutic actions, it is still an engrossed area of research. Researchers currently are inventing new greener methods to synthesize its derivatives and to improve its pharmacological activities. The purpose of this review is to study the literature that can help researchers to explore this area, its prevailing program for synthesis in environmentally friendly conditions and biological profile throughout past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Soni
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, MLSU, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Ayushi Sethiya
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, MLSU, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Nusrat Sahiba
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, MLSU, Udaipur 313001, India
| | | | - Shikha Agarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, MLSU, Udaipur 313001, India
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Dhanda G, Sarkar P, Samaddar S, Haldar J. Battle against Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria: Recent Developments in Chemical Strategies. J Med Chem 2018; 62:3184-3205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Dhanda
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Paramita Sarkar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandip Samaddar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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Harris KK, Fay A, Yan HG, Kunwar P, Socci ND, Pottabathini N, Juventhala RR, Djaballah H, Glickman MS. Novel imidazoline antimicrobial scaffold that inhibits DNA replication with activity against mycobacteria and drug resistant Gram-positive cocci. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2572-83. [PMID: 25222597 PMCID: PMC4245167 DOI: 10.1021/cb500573z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Bacterial
antimicrobial resistance is an escalating public health
threat, yet the current antimicrobial pipeline remains alarmingly
depleted, making the development of new antimicrobials an urgent need.
Here, we identify a novel, potent, imidazoline antimicrobial compound,
SKI-356313, with bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Gram-positive cocci, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). SKI-356313 is active in murine
models of Streptococcus pneumoniae and MRSA infection
and is potently bactericidal for both replicating and nonreplicating M. tuberculosis. Using a combination of genetics, whole
genome sequencing, and a novel target ID approach using real time
imaging of core macromolecular biosynthesis, we show that SKI-356313
inhibits DNA replication and displaces the replisome from the bacterial
nucleoid. These results identify a new antimicrobial scaffold with
a novel mechanism of action and potential therapeutic utility against
nonreplicating M. tuberculosis and antibiotic resistant
Gram-positive cocci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K. Harris
- Program
in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Weill Cornell,
Rockefeller, Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | | | - Pratima Kunwar
- Viral
Vaccine Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | | | - Narender Pottabathini
- Discovery
Services Division, GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Plot 28A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500076, India
| | - Ramakrishna R. Juventhala
- Discovery
Services Division, GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Plot 28A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500076, India
| | | | - Michael S. Glickman
- Program
in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021, United States
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Yarlagadda V, Konai MM, Manjunath GB, Ghosh C, Haldar J. Tackling vancomycin-resistant bacteria with ‘lipophilic–vancomycin–carbohydrate conjugates’. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 68:302-12. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Antitubercular nitrofuran isoxazolines with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6063-72. [PMID: 22995771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetracyclic nitrofuran isoxazoline anti-tuberculosis agents was designed and synthesized to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of an initial lead compound, which had potent anti-tuberculosis activity but suffered from poor solubility, high protein binding and rapid metabolism. In this study, structural modifications were carried on the outer phenyl and piperidine rings to introduce solubilizing and metabolically blocking functional groups. The compounds generated were evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity, bacterial spectrum of activity, solubility, permeability, microsomal stability and protein binding. Pharmacokinetic profiles for the most promising candidates were then determined. Compounds with phenyl morpholine and pyridyl morpholine outer rings were found to be the most potent anti-tuberculosis agents in the series. These compounds retained a narrow antibacterial spectrum of activity, with weak anti-Gram positive and no Gram negative activity, as well as good activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a low oxygen model. Overall, the addition of solubilizing and metabolically blocked outer rings did improve solubility and decrease protein binding as designed. However, the metabolic stability for compounds in this series was generally lower than desired. The best three compounds selected for in vivo pharmacokinetic testing all showed high oral bioavailability, with one notable compound showing a significantly longer half-life and good tolerability supporting its further advancement.
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