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Mamudu CO, Tebamifor ME, Sule MO, Dokunmu TM, Ogunlana OO, Iheagwam FN. Apicoplast-Resident Processes: Exploiting the Chink in the Armour of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:9940468. [PMID: 38765186 PMCID: PMC11101256 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9940468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a relict plastid, also known as an apicoplast (apicomplexan plastid), that houses housekeeping processes and metabolic pathways critical to Plasmodium parasites' survival has prompted increased research on identifying potent inhibitors that can impinge on apicoplast-localised processes. The apicoplast is absent in humans, yet it is proposed to originate from the eukaryote's secondary endosymbiosis of a primary symbiont. This symbiotic relationship provides a favourable microenvironment for metabolic processes such as haem biosynthesis, Fe-S cluster synthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and housekeeping processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation, distinct from analogous mammalian processes. Recent advancements in comprehending the biology of the apicoplast reveal it as a vulnerable organelle for malaria parasites, offering numerous potential targets for effective antimalarial therapies. We provide an overview of the metabolic processes occurring in the apicoplast and discuss the organelle as a viable antimalarial target in light of current advances in drug discovery. We further highlighted the relevance of these metabolic processes to Plasmodium falciparum during the different stages of the lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Ojonugwa Mamudu
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Mercy Eyitomi Tebamifor
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Mary Ohunene Sule
- Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara, Kogi, Nigeria
| | - Titilope Modupe Dokunmu
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Franklyn Nonso Iheagwam
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
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Machino K, Sakakibara Y, Osada K, Ochiai T, Uraki Y, Shigetomi K. Pseudomonas bohemica strain ins3 eliminates antibacterial hinokitiol from its culture broth. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:236-239. [PMID: 36367540 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial strain, Pseudomonas bohemica strain ins3 was newly isolated as a resistant strain against high concentrations of hinokitiol. This strain was revealed not only to show resistance but also completely remove this compound from its culture broth. In addition, its mechanism was revealed to be independent of conventional aromatic dioxygenases, ie catechol-1,2- or 2,3-dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Machino
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Kota Osada
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Uraki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kengo Shigetomi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural bioactive compound found in several aromatic and medicinal plants. It is a terpenoid synthetized and secreted by different species as secondary metabolites. This volatile compound was tested and explored for its different biological properties. In this review, we report the pharmacological properties of hinokitiol by focusing mainly on its anticancer mechanisms. Indeed, it can block cell transformation at different levels by its action on the cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy via inhibiting gene expression and dysregulating cellular signaling pathways. Moreover, hinokitiol also exhibits other pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. It showed multiple and several effects through its inhibition, interaction and/or activation of the main cellular targets inducing these pathologies.
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Saito R, Sennari G, Nakajima A, Kimishima A, Iwatsuki M, Ishiyama A, Hokari R, Hirose T, Sunazuka T. Discoveries and Syntheses of Highly Potent Antimalarial Troponoids. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:564-572. [PMID: 34078803 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel derivatives of puberulic acid were synthesized and their antimalarial properties were evaluated in vitro against the Plasmodium falciparum K1 parasite strain, cytotoxicity against a human diploid embryonic cell line MRC-5, and in vivo efficacy using a Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse model. From previous information that three hydroxy groups on the tropone framework were essential for antimalarial activity, we converted the carboxylic acid moiety into the corresponding esters, amides, and ketones. These derivatives showed antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium in vitro equivalent to puberulic acid. We identified that the pentane-3-yl ester, cyclohexyl ester, iso-butyl ketone, cyclohexyl methyl ketone all show an especially potent antiparasitic effect in vivo at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg without any apparent toxicity. These esters were more effective than the existing commonly used antimalarial drug, artesunate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Saito
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Goh Sennari
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Asuka Nakajima
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Aoi Kimishima
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University.,Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University.,Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University
| | - Aki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University.,Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University
| | - Rei Hokari
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University
| | - Tomoyasu Hirose
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University.,Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University.,Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University
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Sakakibara Y, Osada K, Uraki Y, Ubukata M, Shigetomi K. Direct deuteration of hinokitiol and its mechanistic study. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:215-222. [PMID: 33590006 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Hinokitiol has a broad antibacterial activity against bacteria and fungi. While its biosynthetic pathway has been intensively studied, its dynamics in natural environments, such as biodegradation pathway, remain unclear. In this study, the authors report a direct deuterium labeling of hinokitiol as a traceable molecular probe to serve those studies. Hinokitiol was subjected to the H2-Pd/C-D2O conditions and deuterated hinokitiol was obtained with excellent deuteration efficiencies and in moderate yield. The 1H and 2H NMR spectra indicated that all ring- and aliphatic hydrogens except that on C-6 were substituted by deuterium. According to the substrate scope and computational chemistry, deuteration on tropolone ring was suggested to proceed via D+-mediated process, and which was supported by the results of the experiment with trifluoroacetic acid and Pd(TPP)4. On the other hand, the deuteration on aliphatic group was predicted to be catalyzed by Pd(II) species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kota Osada
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Uraki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ubukata
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kengo Shigetomi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Tajuddeen N, Van Heerden FR. Antiplasmodial natural products: an update. Malar J 2019; 18:404. [PMID: 31805944 PMCID: PMC6896759 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Jin T, Zhao L, Wang HP, Huang ML, Yue Y, Lu C, Zheng ZB. Recent advances in the discovery and development of glyoxalase I inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115243. [PMID: 31879183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxalase I (GLO1) is a homodimeric Zn2+-metalloenzyme that catalyses the transformation of methylglyoxal (MG) to d-lacate through the intermediate S-d-lactoylglutathione. Growing evidence indicates that GLO1 has been identified as a potential target for the treatment cancer and other diseases. Various inhibitors of GLO1 have been discovered or developed over the past several decades including natural or natural product-based inhibitors, GSH-based inhibitors, non-GSH-based inhibitors, etc. The aim of this review is to summarize recent achievements of concerning discovery, design strategies, as well as pharmacological aspects of GLO1 inhibitors with the target of promoting their development toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jin
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Zhao
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ping Wang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Lin Huang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yue
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, People's Republic of China
| | - Chichong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe-Bin Zheng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, People's Republic of China.
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Antimalarial troponoids, puberulic acid and viticolins; divergent synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7259. [PMID: 28775291 PMCID: PMC5543150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent synthesis of antimalarial troponoids, including naturally occurring compounds, some of which were identified and isolated by our group, has been achieved utilizing the total synthetic route of puberulic acid. Structure-activity relationships of natural products and simple troponoids inspired us to explore more detailed properties of this class of compounds. Access to new derivatives was facilitated through intermediate compounds generated during the total synthesis of puberulic acid by a stepwise oxidation-aromatization sequence to provide 7-hydroxytropolones and bromination for conversion of the carboxylic acid moiety. The first total synthesis of viticolin A, as well as the synthesis of different methyl-substituted derivatives, has also been achieved. In vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of novel derivatives were evaluated and fundamental information to facilitate the discovery of more promising antimalarials was obtained.
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Troponoids Can Inhibit Growth of the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02574-16. [PMID: 28167553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02574-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogen that is common in immunosuppressed patients. It can be treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole, but the mortality rate remains 15 to 30%. Thus, novel and more effective anticryptococcal therapies are needed. The troponoids are based on natural products isolated from western red cedar, and have a broad range of antimicrobial activities. Extracts of western red cedar inhibit the growth of several fungal species, but neither western red cedar extracts nor troponoid derivatives have been tested against C. neoformans We screened 56 troponoids for their ability to inhibit C. neoformans growth and to assess whether they may be attractive candidates for development into anticryptococcal drugs. We determined MICs at which the compounds inhibited 80% of cryptococcal growth relative to vehicle-treated controls and identified 12 compounds with MICs ranging from 0.2 to 15 μM. We screened compounds with MICs of ≤20 μM for cytotoxicity in liver hepatoma cells. Fifty percent cytotoxicity values (CC50s) ranged from 4 to >100 μM. The therapeutic indexes (TI, CC50/MIC) for most of the troponoids were fairly low, with most being <8. However, two compounds had TI values that were >8, including a tropone with a TI of >300. These tropones are fungicidal and are not antagonistic when used in combination with fluconazole or amphotericin B. Inhibition by these two tropones remains unchanged under conditions favoring cryptococcal capsule formation. These data support the hypothesis that troponoids may be a productive scaffold for the development of novel anticryptococcal therapies.
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