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Cai L, Gao L, Zhang G, Zeng H, Wu X, Tan X, Qian C, Chen G. DJ-1 Alleviates Neuroinflammation and the Related Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Destruction by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via SOCS1/Rac1/ROS Pathway in a Rat Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133716. [PMID: 35807002 PMCID: PMC9267719 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 has been shown to play essential roles in neuronal protection and anti-inflammation in nervous system diseases. This study aimed to explore how DJ-1 regulates neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI). The rat model of spinal cord injury was established by the clamping method. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score and the inclined plane test (IPT) were used to evaluate neurological function. Western blot was then applied to test the levels of DJ-1, NLRP3, SOCS1, and related proinflammatory factors (cleaved caspase 1, IL-1β and IL-18); ROS level was also examined. The distribution of DJ-1 was assessed by immunofluorescence staining (IF). BSCB integrity was assessed by the level of MMP-9 and tight junction proteins (Claudin-5, Occludin and ZO-1). We found that DJ-1 became significantly elevated after t-SCI and was mainly located in neurons. Knockdown of DJ-1 with specific siRNA aggravated NLRP3 inflammasome-related neuroinflammation and strengthened the disruption of BSCB integrity. However, the upregulation of DJ-1 by Sodium benzoate (SB) reversed these effects and improved neurological function. Furthermore, SOCS1-siRNA attenuated the neuroprotective effects of DJ-1 and increased the ROS, Rac1 and NLRP3. In conclusion, DJ-1 may alleviate neuroinflammation and the related BSCB destruction after t-SCI by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation by SOCS1/Rac1/ROS pathways. DJ-1 shows potential as a feasible target for mediating neuroinflammation after t-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Cong Qian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (G.C.)
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (G.C.)
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Kim W, Kwon HJ, Jung HY, Hahn KR, Moon SM, Yoon YS, Hwang IK, Choi SY, Kim DW. Tat-p27 Ameliorates Neuronal Damage Reducing α-Synuclein and Inflammatory Responses in Motor Neurons After Spinal Cord Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3123-3134. [PMID: 34403064 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
p27Kip1 (p27) regulates the cell cycle by inhibiting G1 progression in cells. Several studies have shown conflicting results on the effects of p27 against cell death in various insults. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of p27 against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in NSC34 cells and against spinal cord ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rabbits. To promote delivery into NSC34 cells and motor neurons in the spinal cord, Tat-p27 fusion protein and its control protein (Control-p27) were synthesized with or without Tat peptide, respectively. Tat-p27, but not Control-27, was efficiently introduced into NSC34 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the protein was detected in the cytoplasm. Tat-p27 showed neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 treatment and reduced the formation of reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, and lipid peroxidation in NSC34 cells. Tat-p27, but not Control-p27, ameliorated ischemia-induced neurological deficits and cell damage in the rabbit spinal cord. In addition, Tat-p27 treatment reduced the expression of α-synuclein, activation of microglia, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the spinal cord. Taken together, these results suggest that Tat-p27 inhibits neuronal damage by decreasing oxidative stress, α-synuclein expression, and inflammatory responses after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, 18450, South Korea
- Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24253, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea.
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.
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Alpha-synuclein increases in rodent and human spinal cord injury and promotes inflammation and tissue loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11720. [PMID: 34083630 PMCID: PMC8175699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases in which α-synuclein protein accumulates in neurons and glia. In these diseases, α-synuclein forms dense intracellular aggregates that are disease hallmarks and actively contribute to tissue pathology. Interestingly, many pathological mechanisms, including iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, are shared between classical synucleinopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, to date, no studies have determined if α-synuclein accumulation occurs after human SCI. To examine this, cross-sections from injured and non-injured human spinal cords were immunolabeled for α-synuclein. This showed robust α-synuclein accumulation in profiles resembling axons and astrocytes in tissue surrounding the injury, revealing that α-synuclein markedly aggregates in traumatically injured human spinal cords. We also detected significant iron deposition in the injury site, a known catalyst for α-synuclein aggregation. Next a rodent SCI model mimicking the histological features of human SCI revealed aggregates and structurally altered monomers of α-synuclein are present after SCI. To determine if α-synuclein exacerbates SCI pathology, α-synuclein knockout mice were tested. Compared to wild type mice, α-synuclein knockout mice had significantly more spared axons and neurons and lower pro-inflammatory mediators, macrophage accumulation, and iron deposition in the injured spinal cord. Interestingly, locomotor analysis revealed that α-synuclein may be essential for dopamine-mediated hindlimb function after SCI. Collectively, the marked upregulation and long-lasting accumulation of α-synuclein and iron suggests that SCI may fit within the family of synucleinopathies and offer new therapeutic targets for promoting neuron preservation and improving function after spinal trauma.
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Zeng H, Liu N, Liu XX, Yang YY, Zhou MW. α-Synuclein in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22313-22334. [PMID: 33188159 PMCID: PMC7695413 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a small, soluble, disordered protein that is widely expressed in the nervous system. Although its physiological functions are not yet fully understood, it is mainly involved in synaptic vesicle transport, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, cell membrane homeostasis, lipid synthesis, mitochondrial and lysosomal activities, and heavy metal removal. The complex and inconsistent pathological manifestations of α-Syn are attributed to its structural instability, mutational complexity, misfolding, and diverse posttranslational modifications. These effects trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory responses, resulting in neuronal death and neurodegeneration. Several recent studies have discovered the pathogenic roles of α-Syn in traumatic and vascular central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic spinal cord injury, brain injury, and stroke, and in aggravating the processes of neurodegeneration. This review aims to highlight the structural and pathophysiological changes in α-Syn and its mechanism of action in traumatic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xie Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mou-Wang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Dynamic changes and mislocalizations of neurodegenerative disease-related proteins in mice stroke model. Brain Res 2020; 1742:146862. [PMID: 32360098 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation and cellular mislocalization of several RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been identified as the major hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, it remains obscure whether these pathological changes also occur during cerebral ischemia. In this study, we report that RBPs increased significantly compared with the sham group (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs sham), with nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic deposition in neurons in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. On the other hand, such nucleocytoplasmic mislocalization were not observed in astrocytes. We provide evidence of the alteration of these neurodegeneration-related RBPs after cerebral ischemia, suggesting a potential association between cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Zeng H, Liu N, Yang YY, Xing HY, Liu XX, Li F, La GY, Huang MJ, Zhou MW. Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of α-synuclein reduces neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:283. [PMID: 31888724 PMCID: PMC6936070 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) is closely related to secondary injury, which is dominated by neuroinflammation. There is evidence that α-synuclein aggregates after SCI and that inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation can improve the survival of neurons after SCI, but the mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of α-synuclein on neuroinflammation after SCI and to determine the underlying mechanisms. METHOD A T3 spinal cord contusion model was established in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. An SNCA-shRNA-carrying lentivirus (LV-SNCA-shRNA) was injected into the injury site to block the expression of α-synuclein (forming the SCI+KD group), and the SCI and sham groups were injected with an empty vector. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) behavioural scores and footprint analysis were used to detect motor function. Inflammatory infiltration and myelin loss were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-qPCR were used to analyse protein expression and transcription levels in the tissues. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the morphology and function of glial cells and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the central canal of the spinal cord. Finally, peripheral serum cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group exhibited reduced inflammatory infiltration, preserved myelin, and functional recovery. Specifically, the early arrest of α-synuclein inhibited the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-2 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-4. The neuroinflammatory response was regulated by reduced proliferation of Iba1+ microglia/macrophages and promotion of the shift of M1-polarized Iba1+/iNOS+ microglia/macrophages to M2-polarized Iba1+/Arg1+ microglia/macrophages after injury. In addition, compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group also exhibited a smaller microglia/astrocyte (Iba1/GFAP) immunostaining area in the central canal, lower MMP-9 expression, and improved cerebrospinal barrier function. CONCLUSION Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of α-synuclein reduces neuroinflammation, improves blood-cerebrospinal barrier function, promotes functional recovery, reduces microglial activation, and promotes the polarization of M1 microglia/macrophages to an M2 phenotype to confer a neuroprotective immune microenvironment in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hua-Yi Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xie Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Gao-Yan La
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng-Jie Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mou-Wang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Abstract
The constant refinement of tests used in animal research is crucial for the scientific community. This is particularly true for the field of pain research, where ethical standards are notably sensitive. The formalin test is widely used in pain research and some of its mechanisms resemble those underlying clinical pain in humans. Immediately upon injection, formalin triggers two waves (an early and a late phase) of strong, nociceptive behaviour, characterised by licking, biting, lifting and shaking the injected paw of the animal. Although well characterised at the behaviour level, since its proposal over four decades ago, there has not been any significant refinement to the formalin test, especially those combining minimisation of animal distress and preservation of behavioural outcomes of the test. Here, we propose a modified and improved method for the formalin test. We show that anaesthetising the animal with the inhalable anaesthetic sevoflurane at the time of the injection can produce reliable, robust and reproducible results whilst animal distress during the initial phase is reduced. Importantly, our results were validated by pharmacological suppression of the behaviour during the late phase of the test with gabapentin, the anaesthetic showing no interference with the drug. In addition, we demonstrate that this is also a useful method to screen for changes in pain behaviour in response to formalin in transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Lopes
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Heather L Cater
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Matthew Thakur
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London SE1 1UL, London, UK
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8
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Abstract
The constant refinement of tests used in animal research is crucial for the scientific community. This is particularly true for the field of pain research, where ethical standards are notably sensitive. The formalin test is widely used in pain research and some of its mechanisms resemble those underlying clinical pain in humans. Immediately upon injection, formalin triggers two waves (an early and a late phase) of strong, nociceptive behaviour, characterised by licking, biting, lifting and shaking the injected paw of the animal. Although well characterised at the behaviour level, since its proposal over four decades ago, there has not been any significant refinement to the formalin test, especially those combining minimisation of animal distress and preservation of behavioural outcomes of the test. Here, we propose a modified and improved method for the formalin test. We show that anaesthetising the animal with the inhalable anaesthetic sevoflurane at the time of the injection can produce reliable, robust and reproducible results whilst animal distress during the initial phase is reduced. Importantly, our results were validated by pharmacological suppression of the behaviour during the late phase of the test with gabapentin, the anaesthetic showing no interference with the drug. In addition, we demonstrate that this is also a useful method to screen for changes in pain behaviour in response to formalin in transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Lopes
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Heather L Cater
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Matthew Thakur
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London SE1 1UL, London, UK
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Amanat M, Vaccaro AR. Reducing alpha-synuclein in spinal cord injury: A new strategy of treatment. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:729-732. [PMID: 30916814 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Amanat
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Gao L, Zhang Z, Xu W, Li T, Ying G, Qin B, Li J, Zheng J, Zhao T, Yan F, Zhu Y, Chen G. Natrium Benzoate Alleviates Neuronal Apoptosis via the DJ-1-Related Anti-oxidative Stress Pathway Involving Akt Phosphorylation in a Rat Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:42. [PMID: 30853891 PMCID: PMC6395451 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of natrium benzoate (NaB) and DJ-1 in attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced neuronal apoptosis in traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI) in rats. T-SCI was induced by clip compression. The protein expression and neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by Western blotting, double immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM). ROS level, spinal cord water content (SCWC) and Evans blue (EB) extravasation was also examined. Locomotor function was evaluated by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and inclined plane test (IPT) scores. We found that DJ-1 is expressed in spinal cord neurons and increased after t-SCI. At 24 h post-injury, the levels of DJ-1, p-Akt, SOD2, ROS, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio, and CC-3 increased, while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio decreased. NaB upregulated DJ-1, p-Akt, and SOD2, decreased ROS, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio, and CC-3, and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which were reversed by DJ-1 siRNA. The proportion of CC-3- and TUNEL-positive neurons also increased after t-SCI and was reduced by NaB. These effects were reversed by MK2206. Moreover, the level of oxDJ-1 increased after t-SCI, which was decreased by DJ-1 siRNA, NaB or the combination of them. NaB also reduced mitochondrial vacuolization, SCWC and EB extravasation, and improved locomotor function assessed by the BBB and IPT scores. In conclusion, NaB increased DJ-1, and thus reduced ROS and ROS-induced neuronal apoptosis by promoting Akt phosphorylation in t-SCI rats. NaB shows potential as a therapeutic agent for t-SCI, with DJ-1 as its main target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Rüb C, Wilkening A, Voos W. Mitochondrial quality control by the Pink1/Parkin system. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:111-123. [PMID: 27586587 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a prominent pathological feature in many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in the genes encoding the proteins Pink1 and Parkin have been identified as genetic risk factors in familiar cases of PD. Research during the last decade has identified both proteins as crucial components of an organellar quality control system that contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial function in healthy cells. The Pink1/Parkin system acts as a sensor for mitochondrial quality and is activated, in particular, after the loss of the electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Pink1 molecules accumulate at the surface of damaged mitochondria to recruit and activate Parkin, which, in turn, elicits a signaling pathway eventually leading to the autophagic removal of the damaged organelles. This review summarizes recent advances in our knowledge of the functional role of the Pink1/Parkin system in preventing the accumulation of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rüb
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (IBMB), Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Wilkening
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (IBMB), Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voos
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (IBMB), Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Yeh TS, Huang YP, Wang HI, Pan SL. Spinal cord injury and Parkinson's disease: a population-based, propensity score-matched, longitudinal follow-up study. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:1215-1219. [PMID: 27241446 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). STUDY DESIGN A population-based, propensity score-matched, longitudinal follow-up cohort study. SETTING The study was conducted using the National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database. METHODS A total of 10 125 patients with at least 2 ambulatory visits with a diagnosis of SCI in 2001 were enrolled in the SCI group. The non-SCI group comprised 10 125 propensity score-matched patients without SCI. The propensity scores were computed using a logistic regression model that included age, sex, comorbidities and socioeconomic status. The PD-free survival rates of the two groups were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Stratified Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the effect of SCI on subsequent occurrence of PD. RESULTS During the 3-year follow-up period, 99 subjects in the SCI group and 59 in the non-SCI group developed PD. The hazard ratio of PD for the SCI group compared with the non-SCI group was 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.16-2.33, P=0.0049). The PD-free survival rate for the SCI group was lower than that for the non-SCI group (P=0.0017). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that SCI is associated with a subsequent increased risk of PD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-S Yeh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Y-P Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - H-I Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-L Pan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fogerson SM, van Brummen AJ, Busch DJ, Allen SR, Roychaudhuri R, Banks SML, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G, Morgan JR. Reducing synuclein accumulation improves neuronal survival after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2016; 278:105-15. [PMID: 26854933 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury causes neuronal death, limiting subsequent regeneration and recovery. Thus, there is a need to develop strategies for improving neuronal survival after injury. Relative to our understanding of axon regeneration, comparatively little is known about the mechanisms that promote the survival of damaged neurons. To address this, we took advantage of lamprey giant reticulospinal neurons whose large size permits detailed examination of post-injury molecular responses at the level of individual, identified cells. We report here that spinal cord injury caused a select subset of giant reticulospinal neurons to accumulate synuclein, a synaptic vesicle-associated protein best known for its atypical aggregation and causal role in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and other diseases. Post-injury synuclein accumulation took the form of punctate aggregates throughout the somata and occurred selectively in dying neurons, but not in those that survived. In contrast, another synaptic vesicle protein, synaptotagmin, did not accumulate in response to injury. We further show that the post-injury synuclein accumulation was greatly attenuated after single dose application of either the "molecular tweezer" inhibitor, CLR01, or a translation-blocking synuclein morpholino. Consequently, reduction of synuclein accumulation not only improved neuronal survival, but also increased the number of axons in the spinal cord proximal and distal to the lesion. This study is the first to reveal that reducing synuclein accumulation is a novel strategy for improving neuronal survival after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Fogerson
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Alexandra J van Brummen
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States; Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - David J Busch
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Scott R Allen
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Robin Roychaudhuri
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Susan M L Banks
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Frank-Gerrit Klärner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Brain Research Institute and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer R Morgan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
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14
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Elevated neuronal α-synuclein promotes microglia activation after spinal cord ischemic/reperfused injury. Neuroreport 2015; 26:656-61. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Surgucheva I, He S, Rich MC, Sharma R, Ninkina NN, Stahel PF, Surguchov A. Role of synucleins in traumatic brain injury — an experimental in vitro and in vivo study in mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 63:114-23. [PMID: 25447944 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleins are small prone to aggregate proteins associated with several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), however their role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an emerging area of investigation. Using in vitro scratch injury model and in vivo mouse weight-drop model we have found that the injury causes alterations in the expression and localization of synucleins near the damaged area. Before injury, α-synuclein is diffused in the cytoplasm of neurons and γ-synuclein is both in the cytoplasm and nucleus of oligodendrocytes. After the scratch injury of the mixed neuronal and glial culture, α-synuclein forms punctate structures in the cytoplasm of neurons and γ-synuclein is almost completely localized to the nucleus of the oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the amount of post-translationally modified Met38-oxidized γ-synuclein is increased 3.8 fold 24 h after the scratch. α- and γ-synuclein containing cells increased in the initially cell free scratch zone up to 24 h after the scratch.Intracellular expression and localization of synucleins are also changed in a mouse model of focal closed head injury, using a standardized weight drop device. γ-Synuclein goes from diffuse to punctate staining in a piriform cortex near the amygdala, which may reflect the first steps in the formation of deposits/inclusions. Surprisingly, oxidized γ-synuclein co-localizes with cofilin-actin rods in the thalamus, which are absent in all other regions of the brain. These structures reach their peak amounts 7 days after injury. The changes in γ-synuclein localization are accompanied by injury-induced alterations in the morphology of both astrocytes and neurons.
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16
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Chen SD, Lin TK, Yang DI, Lee SY, Shaw FZ, Liou CW, Chuang YC. Roles of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and dynamin-related protein 1 in transient global ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:397-403. [PMID: 25791474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that increased mitochondrial fission is an early event of cell death during cerebral ischemia and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) plays an important role in mitochondrial fission, which may be regulated by PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitochondrial serine/threonine-protein kinase thought to protect cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and regulate mitochondrial fission. However, the roles of PINK1 and Drp1 in hippocampal injury caused by transient global ischemia (TGI) remain unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that TGI may induce PINK1 causing downregulation of Drp1 phosphorylation to enhance hippocampal neuronal survival, thus functioning as an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism. We found progressively increased PINK1 expression in the hippocampal CA1 subfield1-48 h following TGI, reaching the maximal level at 4 h. Despite lack of changes in the expression level of total Drp1 and phosphor-Drp1 at Ser637, TGI induced a time-dependent increase of Drp1 phosphorlation at Ser616 that peaked after 24 h. Notably, PINK1-siRNA increased p-Drp1(Ser616) protein level in hippocampal CA1 subfield 24 h after TGI. The PINK1 siRNA also aggravated the TGI-induced oxidative DNA damage with an increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content in hippocampal CA1 subfield. Furthermore, PINK1 siRNA also augmented TGI-induced apoptosis as evidenced by the increased numbers of TUNEL-positive staining and enhanced DNA fragmentation. These findings indicated that PINK1 is an endogenous protective mediator vital for neuronal survival under ischemic insult through regulating Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ying Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Zen Shaw
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan.
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Chen T, Li J, Chao D, Sandhu HK, Liao X, Zhao J, Wen G, Xia Y. δ-Opioid receptor activation reduces α-synuclein overexpression and oligomer formation induced by MPP(+) and/or hypoxia. Exp Neurol 2014; 255:127-36. [PMID: 24613828 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic brain injury is a potential cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) with ɑ-synuclein playing a critical role in the pathophysiology. Since δ-opioid receptor (DOR) is neuroprotective against hypoxic/ischemic insults, we sought to determine if DOR regulates ɑ-synuclein under hypoxia and/or MPP(+) stress. We found that in HEK293 cells 1) MPP(+) in normoxia enhanced ɑ-synuclein expression and the formation of ɑ-synuclein oligomers thereby causing cytotoxic injury; 2) hypoxia at 1% O2 for 48h or at 0.5% O2 for 24h also induced ɑ-synuclein overexpression and its oligomer formation with cell injury; 3) however, hypoxia at 1% O2 for 24h, though increasing ɑ-synuclein expression, did not cause ɑ-synuclein oligomer formation and cell injury; 4) UFP-512 mediated DOR activation markedly attenuated the hypoxic cell injury and ɑ-synuclein overexpression, which was largely attenuated by DOR antagonism with naltrindole or siRNA "knock-down" of the DOR; and 5) DOR activation enhanced CREB phosphorylation and prevented the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (△ψm). These findings suggest that DOR activation attenuates MPP(+) or severe hypoxia induced ɑ-synuclein expression/aggregation via a CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Jessica Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harleen K Sandhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Guoqiang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Tat-DJ-1 protects neurons from ischemic damage in the ventral horn of rabbit spinal cord via increasing antioxidant levels. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:187-93. [PMID: 24293249 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The DJ-1 gene is highly conserved in diverse species and DJ-1 is known as an anti-oxidative stress factor. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of DJ-1 against ischemic damage in the rabbit spinal cord. Tat-DJ-1 fusion proteins were constructed to facilitate the penetration of DJ-1 protein into the neurons. Tat-1-DJ-1 fusion protein was administered to the rabbit 30 min after ischemia/reperfusion, and transient spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the aorta at the subrenal region for 15 min. The administration of Tat-DJ-1 significantly improved the Tarlov score compared to that in the Tat (vehicle)-treated group at 24, 48 and 72 h after ischemia/reperfusion. At 72 h after ischemia/reperfusion, the number of cresyl violet-positive neurons was significantly increased in the Tat-DJ-1-treated group compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. Lipid peroxidation as judged from the malondialdehyde levels was significantly decreased in the Tat-DJ-1-treated group compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. In contrast, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were significantly increased in the Tat-DJ-1-treated group compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. This result suggests that DJ-1 protects neurons from ischemic damage in the ventral horn of the spinal cord via its antioxidant effects.
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Busch DJ, Morgan JR. Synuclein accumulation is associated with cell-specific neuronal death after spinal cord injury. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1751-71. [PMID: 22120153 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury axotomizes neurons and induces many of them to die, whereas others survive. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that lead to neuronal death after injury as a first step toward developing better strategies for increasing neuronal survival and functional recovery. However, the intrinsic molecular pathways that govern whether an injured neuron lives or dies remain surprisingly unclear. To address this question, we took advantage of the large size of giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the brain of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We report that axotomy of giant RS neurons induces a select subset of them to accumulate high levels of synuclein, a synaptic vesicle-associated protein whose abnormal accumulation is linked to Parkinson's disease. Injury-induced synuclein accumulation occurred only in neurons that were classified as "poor survivors" by both histological and Fluoro-Jade C staining. In contrast, post-injury synuclein immunofluorescence remained at control levels in neurons that were identified as "good survivors." Synuclein accumulation appeared in the form of aggregated intracellular inclusions. Cells that accumulated synuclein also exhibited more ubiquitin-containing inclusions, similar to what occurs during disease states. When synuclein levels and cell vitality were measured in the same neurons, it became clear that synuclein accumulation preceded and strongly correlated with subsequent neuronal death. Thus, synuclein accumulation is identified as a marker and potential risk factor for forthcoming neuronal death after axotomy, expanding its implications beyond the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Busch
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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20
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Morimoto N, Miyazaki K, Kurata T, Ikeda Y, Matsuura T, Kang D, Ide T, Abe K. Effect of mitochondrial transcription factor a overexpression on motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1200-8. [PMID: 22354563 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress is an important mechanism underlying motor neuron (MN) degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to oxidative damage and has little potential for repair, although mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) plays essential roles in maintaining mitochondrial DNA by reducing oxidative stress, promoting mtDNA transcription, and regulating mtDNA copy number. To analyze a possible therapeutic effect of TFAM on ALS pathology, double transgenic mice overexpressing G93A mutant SOD1 (G93ASOD1) and human TFAM (hTFAM) were newly generated in the present study. Rotarod scores were better in G93ASOD1/hTFAM double-Tg mice than G93ASOD1 single-Tg mice at an early symptomatic stage, 15 and 16 weeks of age, with a 10% extension of the onset age in double-Tg mice. The number of surviving MNs was 30% greater in double-Tg mice with end-stage disease, at 19 weeks, with remarkable reductions in the amount of the oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG and the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3 and with preserved COX1 expression. Double-immunofluorescence study showed that hTFAM was expressed specifically in MNs and microglia in the spinal cords of double-Tg mice. The present study suggests that overexpression of TFAM has a potential to reduce oxidative stress in MN and delay onset of the disease in ALS model mice. © 2012 Wiley Priodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Morimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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21
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Erratum and Addendum to “Expression of PINK1 in the brain, eye and ear of mouse during embryonic development” [J. Chem. Neuroanat. 41 (2) (2011) 73–85]. J Chem Neuroanat 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kitamura Y, Watanabe S, Taguchi M, Takagi K, Kawata T, Takahashi-Niki K, Yasui H, Maita H, Iguchi-Ariga SM, Ariga H. Neuroprotective effect of a new DJ-1-binding compound against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and stroke model rats. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:48. [PMID: 21740546 PMCID: PMC3141555 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) and cerebral ischemia are chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases, respectively, and onsets of these diseases are thought to be induced at least by oxidative stress. PD is caused by decreased dopamine levels in the substantia nigra and striatum, and cerebral ischemia occurs as a result of local reduction or arrest of blood supply. Although a precursor of dopamine and inhibitors of dopamine degradation have been used for PD therapy and an anti-oxidant have been used for cerebral ischemia therapy, cell death progresses during treatment. Reagents that prevent oxidative stress-induced cell death are therefore necessary for fundamental therapies for PD and cerebral ischemia. DJ-1, a causative gene product of a familial form of PD, PARK7, plays roles in transcriptional regulation and anti-oxidative stress, and loss of its function is thought to result in the onset of PD. Superfluous oxidation of cysteine at amino acid 106 (C106) of DJ-1 renders DJ-1 inactive, and such oxidized DJ-1 has been observed in patients with the sporadic form of PD. Results In this study, a compound, comp-23, that binds to DJ-1 was isolated by virtual screening. Comp-23 prevented oxidative stress-induced death of SH-SY5Y cells and primary neuronal cells of the ventral mesencephalon but not that of DJ-1-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells, indicating that the effect of the compound is specific to DJ-1. Comp-23 inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxidative stress and prevented excess oxidation of DJ-1. Furthermore, comp-23 prevented dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra and restored movement abnormality in 6-hydroxyldopamine-injected and rotenone-treated PD model rats and mice. Comp-23 also reduced infarct size of cerebral ischemia in rats that had been induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Protective activity of comp-23 seemed to be stronger than that of previously identified compound B. Conclusions The results indicate that comp-23 exerts a neuroprotective effect by reducing ROS-mediated neuronal injury, suggesting that comp-23 becomes a lead compound for PD and ischemic neurodegeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Saeed U, Ray A, Valli RK, Kumar AMR, Ravindranath V. DJ-1 loss by glutaredoxin but not glutathione depletion triggers Daxx translocation and cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:127-44. [PMID: 20014998 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic causes are implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative movement disorder. DJ-1, a putative gene recessively linked to early onset PD, functions as an antioxidant, transcriptional co-activator, and molecular chaperone. We examined DJ-1 status following global perturbation of protein thiol homeostasis by depleting cellular antioxidant glutathione or downregulating glutaredoxin 1, a thiol disulfide oxidoreductase, wherein both paradigms generate oxidative stress. While these perturbations did not affect expression of DJ-1 mRNA, downregulation of glutaredoxin 1 but not glutathione depletion caused loss of DJ-1 protein, translocation of Daxx (a death-associated protein) from nucleus, and cell death. Overexpression of wild-type DJ-1, but not the cysteine mutants, prevented Daxx translocation and cytotoxicity. Protease inhibitors prevented constitutive DJ-1 loss. Residual DJ-1 was present in reduced state, indicating that DJ-1 when oxidized was degraded through proteolysis. Thus, loss of DJ-1 occurring through its oxidative modification and subsequent proteolysis mediated through dysregulation of thiol disulfide oxidoreductase may contribute to pathogenesis of sporadic PD, thus providing a link between environmental challenges and constitutive levels of this vital protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saeed
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences, National Brain Research Centre , Nainwal Mode, Manesar, India
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Morimoto N, Nagai M, Miyazaki K, Ohta Y, Kurata T, Takehisa Y, Ikeda Y, Matsuura T, Asanuma M, Abe K. Induction of parkinsonism-related proteins in the spinal motor neurons of transgenic mouse carrying a mutant SOD1 gene. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1804-11. [PMID: 20127819 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive and fatal disease caused by selective death of motor neurons, and a number of these patients carry mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene involved in ameliorating oxidative stress. Recent studies indicate that oxidative stress and disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis is a common mechanism for motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the loss of midbrain dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the present study investigated the presence and alterations of familial Parkinson's disease-related proteins, PINK1 and DJ-1, in spinal motor neurons of G93ASOD1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Following onset of disease, PINK1 and DJ-1 protein expression increased in the spinal motor neurons. The activated form of p53 also increased and translocated to the nuclei of spinal motor neurons, followed by increased expression of p53-activated gene 608 (PAG608). This is the first report demonstrating that increased expression of PAG608 correlates with activation of phosphorylated p53 in spinal motor neurons of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model. These results provide further evidence of the profound correlations between spinal motor neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Morimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is well documented in presymptomatic brain tissue with Parkinson's disease (PD). Identification of the autosomal recessive variant PARK6 caused by loss-of-function mutations in the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 provides an opportunity to dissect pathogenesis. Although PARK6 shows clinical differences to PD, the induction of alpha-synuclein "Lewy" pathology by PINK1-deficiency proves that mitochondrial pathomechanisms are relevant for old-age PD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is induced by PINK1 deficiency even in peripheral tissues unaffected by disease, consistent with the ubiquitous expression of PINK1. It remains unclear whether this dysfunction is due to PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of proteins inside or outside mitochondria. Although PINK1 deficiency affects the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance, cell stress is required in mammals to alter mitochondrial dynamics and provoke apoptosis. Clearance of damaged mitochondria depends on pathways including PINK1 and Parkin and is critical for postmitotic neurons with high energy demand and cumulative stress, providing a mechanistic concept for the tissue specificity of disease.
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