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Kolla NJ, Bortolato M. The role of monoamine oxidase A in the neurobiology of aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior: A tale of mice and men. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101875. [PMID: 32574581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research has revealed that genetic factors shape the propensity for aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior. The best-documented gene implicated in aggression is MAOA (Monoamine oxidase A), which encodes the key enzyme for the degradation of serotonin and catecholamines. Congenital MAOA deficiency, as well as low-activity MAOA variants, has been associated with a higher risk for antisocial behavior (ASB) and violence, particularly in males with a history of child maltreatment. Indeed, the interplay between low MAOA genetic variants and early-life adversity is the best-documented gene × environment (G × E) interaction in the pathophysiology of aggression and ASB. Additional evidence indicates that low MAOA activity in the brain is strongly associated with a higher propensity for aggression; furthermore, MAOA inhibition may be one of the primary mechanisms whereby prenatal smoke exposure increases the risk of ASB. Complementary to these lines of evidence, mouse models of Maoa deficiency and G × E interactions exhibit striking similarities with clinical phenotypes, proving to be valuable tools to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying antisocial and aggressive behavior. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the knowledge on the involvement of MAOA in aggression, as defined by preclinical and clinical evidence. In particular, we show how the convergence of human and animal research is proving helpful to our understanding of how MAOA influences antisocial and violent behavior and how it may assist in the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies for aggressive manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada; Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
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Meyer J. Novel Phenotypes Detectable with PET in Mood Disorders: Elevated Monoamine Oxidase A and Translocator Protein Level. PET Clin 2018; 12:361-371. [PMID: 28576173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a result of high prevalence and high rates of treatment resistance, major depressive disorder has become the leading cause of death and disability in moderate-income to high-income nations. Poor targeting of phenotypes is a plausible reason for treatment resistance and PET imaging offers a unique role to identify phenotypes. Both increased monoamine oxidase A binding and greater translocator protein 18 kDa binding occur throughout the gray matter during major depressive episodes, including affect-modulating brain regions such as the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex, and are detectable with advanced radioligand technology for both of these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada.
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Dumas N, Moulin-Sallanon M, Fender P, Tournier BB, Ginovart N, Charnay Y, Millet P. In Vivo Quantification of 5-HT2A Brain Receptors in Mdr1a KO Rats with 123I-R91150 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Mol Imaging 2016; 14. [PMID: 26105563 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to identify suitable image quantification methods to image 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptors in vivo in Mdr1a knockout (KO) rats (i.e., P-glycoprotein KO) using 123I-R91150 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The 123I-R91150 binding parameters estimated with different reference tissue models (simplified reference tissue model [SRTM], Logan reference tissue model, and tissue ratio [TR] method) were compared to the estimates obtained with a comprehensive three-tissue/seven-parameter (3T/7k)-based model. The SRTM and Logan reference tissue model estimates of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) correlated well with the absolute receptor density measured with the 3T/7k gold standard (r > .89). Quantification of 5-HT2AR using the Logan reference tissue model required at least 90 minutes of scanning, whereas the SRTM required at least 110 minutes. The TR method estimates were also highly correlated to the 5-HT2AR density (r > .91) and only required a single 20-minute scan between 100 and 120 minutes postinjection. However, a systematic overestimation of the BPND values was observed. The Logan reference tissue method is more convenient than the SRTM for the quantification of 5-HT2AR in Mdr1a KO rats using 123I-R91150 SPECT. The TR method is an interesting and simple alternative, despite its bias, as it still provides a valid index of 5-HT2AR density.
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Lower Monoamine Oxidase-A Total Distribution Volume in Impulsive and Violent Male Offenders with Antisocial Personality Disorder and High Psychopathic Traits: An [(11)C] Harmine Positron Emission Tomography Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2596-603. [PMID: 26081301 PMCID: PMC4569949 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) often presents with highly impulsive, violent behavior, and pathological changes in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventral striatum (VS) are implicated. Several compelling reasons support a relationship between low monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), an enzyme that regulates neurotransmitters, and ASPD. These include MAO-A knockout models in rodents evidencing impulsive aggression and positron emission tomography (PET) studies of healthy subjects reporting associations between low brain MAO-A levels and greater impulsivity or aggression. However, a fundamental gap in the literature is that it is unknown whether brain MAO-A levels are low in more severe, clinical disorders of impulsivity, such as ASPD. To address this issue, we applied [(11)C] harmine PET to measure MAO-A total distribution volume (MAO-A VT), an index of MAO-A density, in 18 male ASPD participants and 18 age- and sex-matched controls. OFC and VS MAO-A VT were lower in ASPD compared with controls (multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA): F2,33=6.8, P=0.003; OFC and VS MAO-A VT each lower by 19%). Similar effects were observed in other brain regions: prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal putamen, thalamus, hippocampus, and midbrain (MANOVA: F7,28=2.7, P=0.029). In ASPD, VS MAO-A VT was consistently negatively correlated with self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity (r=-0.50 to -0.52, all P-values<0.05). This study is the first to demonstrate lower brain MAO-A levels in ASPD. Our results support an important extension of preclinical models of impulsive aggression into a human disorder marked by pathological aggression and impulsivity.
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Chiuccariello L, Cooke RG, Miler L, Levitan RD, Baker GB, Kish SJ, Kolla NJ, Rusjan PM, Houle S, Wilson AA, Meyer JH. Monoamine Oxidase-A Occupancy by Moclobemide and Phenelzine: Implications for the Development of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv078. [PMID: 26316187 PMCID: PMC4772270 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are being developed for major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's Disease. Newer MAOIs have minimal sensitivity to tyramine, but a key limitation for optimizing their development is that standards for in vivo monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) occupancy in humans are not well established. The objectives were to determine the dose-occupancy relationship of moclobemide and the occupancy of phenelzine at typical clinical dosing. METHODS Major depressive episode (MDE) subjects underwent [(11)C]harmine positron emission tomography scanning prior to and following 6 weeks of treatment with moclobemide or phenelzine. RESULTS Mean brain MAO-A occupancies were 74.23±8.32% for moclobemide at 300-600 mg daily (n = 11), 83.75±5.52% for moclobemide at 900-1200 mg daily (n = 9), and 86.82±6.89% for phenelzine at 45-60 mg daily (n = 4). The regional dose-occupancy relationship of moclobemide fit a hyperbolic function [F(x) = a(x/[b + x]); F(1,18) = 5.57 to 13.32, p = 0.002 to 0.03, mean 'a': 88.62±2.38%, mean 'b': 69.88±4.36 mg]. Multivariate analyses of variance showed significantly greater occupancy of phenelzine (45-60mg) and higher-dose moclobemide (900-1200 mg) compared to lower-dose moclobemide [300-600 mg; F(7,16) = 3.94, p = 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that for first-line MDE treatment, daily moclobemide doses of 300-600mg correspond to a MAO-A occupancy of 74%, whereas for treatment-resistant MDE, either phenelzine or higher doses of moclobemide correspond to a MAO-A occupancy of at least 84%. Therefore, novel MAO inhibitor development should aim for similar thresholds. The findings provide a rationale in treatment algorithm design to raise moclobemide doses to inhibit more MAO-A sites, but suggest switching from high-dose moclobemide to phenelzine is best justified by binding to additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chiuccariello
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Robert G Cooke
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Laura Miler
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Robert D Levitan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Glen B Baker
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Stephen J Kish
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Nathan J Kolla
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Sylvain Houle
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Alan A Wilson
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker).
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Imaging of monoamine oxidase-A in the human brain with [11C]befloxatone: quantification strategies and correlation with mRNA transcription maps. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 35:1254-61. [PMID: 25185897 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION [C]Befloxatone is a highly specific, reversible, and selective radioligand for brain PET imaging of monoamine oxidase-A and can be quantified by a two-tissue compartment model (2TCM) and an arterial input function. The aims of the present study were the following: (a) to assess whether in-vivo protein concentration, as measured by [C]befloxatone total distribution volume (VT), is correlated with post-mortem mRNA expression; (b) to replicate in a population of tobacco smokers the results of a recent study on healthy nonsmokers, which showed that spectral analysis (SA) provides a highly accurate estimation of [C]befloxatone-VT at the voxel level; and (c) to validate the use of an input function that would not require arterial sampling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy male nonsmokers (n=7) and smokers (n=8) were imaged with PET and [C]befloxatone. Binding was quantified at the regional and voxel level with the Logan plot, multilinear analysis (MA1), and SA. VT values were compared with the reference values obtained by 2TCM at the regional level. [C]Befloxatone binding was compared with mRNA transcription maps from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. A less-invasive input function was obtained with a population-based input function (PBIF) scaled with arterialized venous samples. RESULTS mRNA expression was highly correlated with in-vivo 2TCM-VT values both for nonsmokers (R=0.873; P<0.0001) and for smokers (R=0.851; P<0.0001). At the regional level, both Logan and MA1 showed a moderate negative bias (-5 to -10%) compared with the reference VT values. With the exception of a single outlying individual, SA showed little bias and variability (+4.4±3.5%). Although variability was higher than at the regional level, SA provided the most accurate VT estimations at the voxel level: all but one participant had an error of less than 20%. Parametric Logan and MA1 analyses gave highly biased or unusable results. PBIF provided good results in all participants in whom the arterialization of venous blood was successful (all errors of about 10% or less). CONCLUSION [C]Befloxatone binding is strongly correlated with the values of mRNA transcription measured in post-mortem brains. At the voxel level, SA is the best available choice for [C]befloxatone quantification, although a higher variability must be expected. When an arterial input function is not technically feasible, a PBIF scaled with arterialized venous samples may provide an acceptable alternative, provided an optimal arterialization can be achieved.
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Sacher J, Rekkas PV, Wilson AA, Houle S, Romano L, Hamidi J, Rusjan P, Fan I, Stewart DE, Meyer JH. Relationship of monoamine oxidase-A distribution volume to postpartum depression and postpartum crying. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:429-35. [PMID: 25074638 PMCID: PMC4443957 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) has a prevalence rate of 13% and a similarly high proportion of women report a subclinical state of one or more major depressive episode symptoms. The aim was to investigate whether monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) VT, an index of MAO-A density, is increased in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (PFC and ACC), during PPD or when a PPD spectrum symptom, greater predisposition to crying, is present. MAO-A is an enzyme that increases in density after estrogen decline, and has several functions including creating oxidative stress, influencing apoptosis and monoamine metabolism. Fifty-seven women were recruited including 15 first-onset, antidepressant naive, PPD subjects, 12 postpartum healthy who cry due to sad mood, 15 asymptomatic postpartum healthy women, and 15 healthy women not recently pregnant. Each underwent [(11)C]-harmine positron emission tomography scanning to measure MAO-A VT. Both PPD and greater predisposition to crying were associated with greater MAO-A VT in the PFC and ACC (multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), group effect, F21,135=1.856; p=0.019; mean combined region elevation 21% and 14% in PPD and crying groups, respectively, relative to postpartum asymptomatic). Greater MAO-A VT in the PFC and ACC represents a new biomarker in PPD, and the PPD symptom of predisposition to crying. Novel strategies for preventing PPD (and some PPD symptoms) may be possible by avoiding environmental conditions that elevate MAO-A level and enhancing conditions that normalize MAO-A level. These findings also argue for clinical trials in PPD with the newer, well-tolerated MAO-A inhibitor antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sacher
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Mood and Anxiety Disorders Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig and Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P Vivien Rekkas
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Mood and Anxiety Disorders Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan A Wilson
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie Romano
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Mood and Anxiety Disorders Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinous Hamidi
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Fan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Mood and Anxiety Disorders Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna E Stewart
- Women's Health Program and the Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Mood and Anxiety Disorders Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,CAMH Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8, Tel.: 416 535 8501 (ext 34007), Fax: 416 979 4656, E-mail:
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Kersemans K, Van Laeken N, De Vos F. Radiochemistry devoted to the production of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) ligands for brain imaging with positron emission tomography. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 56:78-88. [PMID: 24285313 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) belongs to a family of flavin-containing integral enzymes that are present in the outer mitochondrial membrane in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. These enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of various neurotransmitters, biogenic amines, and xenobiotics, thereby influencing their availability and physiological activity in brain and body. Over the past decades, many potential positron emission tomography tracers have been put forward to visualize MAO in the brain with varying success, and recent publications on the topic illustrate the continuing interest in the field. The present review gives an overview of the compounds that have been put forward as possible MAO tracers in the brain and focuses on the radiochemical procedures that have been developed to produce them up till now. Relevant radioligands are grouped by the main radiochemical strategies that have been employed to synthesize them, and some interesting details and findings that are crucial to the radiosyntheses are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kersemans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
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Monoamine oxidase A and B substrates: probing the pathway for drug development. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:697-717. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-discovery and -development efforts focused on the MAOs have increased at an accelerated rate over the past decade. Since the first crystal structure of human MAO-B was solved in 2002, over 40 additional structures have been reported and have helped define new, or confirm speculative, binding modes of inhibitors. The detailed mechanism of the MAO-catalyzed oxidation of amine substrates has not been fully elucidated, but its significance is central in the development of new mechanism-based inactivators. Novel fungal MAO-N variants derived from directed evolution strategies are enabling the production of new chiral amine products. Robust assays have been established for measuring MAO status in tissue and cells, while improved MAO radioligands are being deployed for PET imaging studies. This review will attempt to highlight the more recent and salient aspects of MAO research in drug discovery and development, with emphasis on substrates 'probing the pathway'.
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Vivash L, Gregoire MC, Bouilleret V, Berard A, Wimberley C, Binns D, Roselt P, Katsifis A, Myers DE, Hicks RJ, O'Brien TJ, Dedeurwaerdere S. In vivo measurement of hippocampal GABAA/cBZR density with [18F]-flumazenil PET for the study of disease progression in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86722. [PMID: 24466212 PMCID: PMC3897736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Imbalance of inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This study aimed to investigate whether [18F]-flumazenil ([18F]-FMZ) PET could be used to non-invasively characterise GABAA/central benzodiazepine receptor (GABAA/cBZR) density and affinity in vivo in the post-kainic acid status epilepticus (SE) model of TLE. Methods Dynamic [18F]-FMZ -PET scans using a multi-injection protocol were acquired in four male wistar rats for validation of the partial saturation model (PSM). SE was induced in eight male Wistar rats (10 weeks of age) by i.p. injection of kainic acid (7.5–25 mg/kg), while control rats (n = 7) received saline injections. Five weeks post-SE, an anatomic MRI scan was acquired and the following week an [18F]-FMZ PET scan (3.6–4.6 nmol). The PET data was co-registered to the MRI and regions of interest drawn on the MRI for selected structures. A PSM was used to derive receptor density and apparent affinity from the [18F]-FMZ PET data. Key Findings The PSM was found to adequately model [18F]-FMZ binding in vivo. There was a significant decrease in hippocampal receptor density in the SE group (p<0.01), accompanied by an increase in apparent affinity (p<0.05) compared to controls. No change in cortical receptor binding was observed. Hippocampal volume reduction and cell loss was only seen in a subset of animals. Histological assessment of hippocampal cell loss was significantly correlated with hippocampal volume measured by MRI (p<0.05), but did not correlate with [18F]-FMZ binding. Significance Alterations to hippocampal GABAA/cBZR density and affinity in the post-kainic acid SE model of TLE are detectable in vivo with [18F]-FMZ PET and a PSM. These changes are independent from hippocampal cell and volume loss. [18F]-FMZ PET is useful for investigating the role that changes GABAA/cBZR density and binding affinity play in the pathogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Vivash
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie-Claude Gregoire
- Department of LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Viviane Bouilleret
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexis Berard
- Department of LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona Wimberley
- Department of LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Binns
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Roselt
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Katsifis
- Department of LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Damian E. Myers
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Hicks
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Zanotti-Fregonara P, Leroy C, Roumenov D, Trichard C, Martinot JL, Bottlaender M. Kinetic analysis of [11C]befloxatone in the human brain, a selective radioligand to image monoamine oxidase A. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:78. [PMID: 24274579 PMCID: PMC4176482 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [11C]Befloxatone measures the density of the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in the brain. MAO-A is responsible for the degradation of different neurotransmitters and is implicated in several neurologic and psychiatric illnesses. This study sought to estimate the distribution volume (VT) values of [11C]befloxatone in humans using an arterial input function. METHODS Seven healthy volunteers were imaged with positron emission tomography (PET) after [11C]befloxatone injection. Kinetic analysis was performed using an arterial input function in association with compartmental modeling and with the Logan plot, multilinear analysis (MA1), and standard spectral analysis (SA) at both the regional and voxel level. Arterialized venous samples were drawn as an alternative and less invasive input function. RESULTS An unconstrained two-compartment model reliably quantified VT values in large brain regions. A constrained model did not significantly improve VT identifiability. Similar VT results were obtained using SA; however, the Logan plot and MA1 slightly underestimated VT values (about -10%). At the voxel level, SA showed a very small bias (+2%) compared to compartmental modeling, Logan severely underestimated VT values, and voxel-wise images obtained with MA1 were too noisy to be reliably quantified. Arterialized venous blood samples did not provide a satisfactory alternative input function as the Logan-VT regional values were not comparable to those obtained with arterial sampling in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Binding of [11C]befloxatone to MAO-A can be quantified using an arterial input function and a two-compartment model or, in parametric images, with SA.
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Abstract
Monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), a key brain enzyme which metabolizes monoamines, is implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-related illnesses, including major depressive disorder, addiction, and violent behavior. Chronic stressors and glucocorticoid-administration typically associate with elevated MAO-A levels/activity. However, the relationship of shorter stress or glucocorticoid exposures and MAO-A levels/activity is not well established. Our objectives are to assess effects of acute stress upon MAO-A V(T,) an index of MAO-A density, in human brain and acute glucocorticoid exposure upon MAO-A levels in human neuronal and glial cell lines. Twelve healthy, non-smoking participants aged 18-50 underwent [(11)C]harmine positron emission tomography to measure brain MAO-A V(T) on two different days: One under acute psychosocial stress (via Trier Social Stress and Montreal Imaging Stress Tasks) and one under a non-stress condition. MAO-A density (by Western blot) and activity (by [(14)C]-5-HT metabolism and liquid scintillation spectroscopy) were measured in human neuronal and glial cell lines after 4 h exposure to dexamethasone. We observed a significant reduction in whole-brain MAO-A binding as reflected by reductions in 10 of 11 brain regions. Acute dexamethasone exposure in neuronal and glial cells significantly decreased MAO-A activity and protein levels. We observed a highly consistent relationship between acute stressors and glucocorticoid administration and decreased MAO-A binding, activity and protein levels. Since MAO-A metabolizes monoamines, this phenomenon may explain why acute stressors benefit healthy animals even though chronic stress is associated with illness.
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13
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Dedeurwaerdere S, Callaghan PD, Pham T, Rahardjo GL, Amhaoul H, Berghofer P, Quinlivan M, Mattner F, Loc'h C, Katsifis A, Grégoire MC. PET imaging of brain inflammation during early epileptogenesis in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:60. [PMID: 23136853 PMCID: PMC3570346 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, inflammatory cascades have been suggested as a target for epilepsy therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging offers the unique possibility to evaluate brain inflammation longitudinally in a non-invasive translational manner. This study investigated brain inflammation during early epileptogenesis in the post-kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (KASE) model with post-mortem histology and in vivo with [18F]-PBR111 PET. METHODS Status epilepticus (SE) was induced (N = 13) by low-dose injections of KA, while controls (N = 9) received saline. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression and microglia activation were assessed with [125I]-CLINDE autoradiography and OX-42 immunohistochemistry, respectively, 7 days post-SE. In a subgroup of rats, [18F]-PBR111 PET imaging with metabolite-corrected input function was performed before post-mortem evaluation. [18F]-PBR111 volume of distribution (Vt) in volume of interests (VOIs) was quantified by means of kinetic modelling and a VOI/metabolite-corrected plasma activity ratio. RESULTS Animals with substantial SE showed huge overexpression of TSPO in vitro in relevant brain regions such as the hippocampus and amygdala (P < 0.001), while animals with mild symptoms displayed a smaller increase in TSPO in amygdala only (P < 0.001). TSPO expression was associated with OX-42 signal but without obvious cell loss. Similar in vivo [18F]-PBR111 increases in Vt and the simplified ratio were found in key regions such as the hippocampus (P < 0.05) and amygdala (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Both post-mortem and in vivo methods substantiate that the brain regions important in seizure generation display significant brain inflammation during epileptogenesis in the KASE model. This work enables future longitudinal investigation of the role of brain inflammation during epileptogenesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Antwerp, FGEN CDE T4.20, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- LifeSciences, ANSTO, Locked Bag, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Paul D Callaghan
- LifeSciences, ANSTO, Locked Bag, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Tien Pham
- LifeSciences, ANSTO, Locked Bag, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Gita L Rahardjo
- LifeSciences, ANSTO, Locked Bag, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Halima Amhaoul
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Antwerp, FGEN CDE T4.20, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Paula Berghofer
- LifeSciences, ANSTO, Locked Bag, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | | | - Filomena Mattner
- LifeSciences, ANSTO, Locked Bag, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Christian Loc'h
- LifeSciences, ANSTO, Locked Bag, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Andrew Katsifis
- Department of PET and Nuclear Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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14
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Shibatomi K, Narayama A, Abe Y, Iwasa S. Practical synthesis of 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonaldehyde: a versatile precursor for the enantioselective formation of trifluoromethylated stereogenic centers via organocatalytic 1,4-additions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7380-2. [PMID: 22714663 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32757k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The practical synthesis of 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonaldehyde (1) and its application to enantioselective 1,4-additions are described. The organocatalytic 1,4-addition of 1 with several nucleophiles such as heteroaromatics, alkylthiols and aldoximes afforded the corresponding products, each bearing a trifluoromethylated stereogenic center with high optical purity. A resulting product was converted into an MAO-A inhibitor, befloxatone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shibatomi
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan.
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Tournier N, Valette H, Peyronneau MA, Saba W, Goutal S, Kuhnast B, Dollé F, Scherrmann JM, Cisternino S, Bottlaender M. Transport of Selected PET Radiotracers by Human P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2): An In Vitro Screening. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:415-23. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.079608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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16
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Mabondzo A, Bottlaender M, Guyot AC, Tsaouin K, Deverre JR, Balimane PV. Validation of in vitro cell-based human blood-brain barrier model using clinical positron emission tomography radioligands to predict in vivo human brain penetration. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1805-15. [PMID: 20795735 DOI: 10.1021/mp1002366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated a novel in vitro cell-based human blood-brain barrier (BBB) model that could predict in vivo human brain penetration for compounds with different BBB permeabilities using the clinical positron emission tomography (PET) data. Comparison studies were also performed to demonstrate that the in vitro cell-based human BBB model resulted in better predictivity over the traditional permeability model in discovery organizations, Caco-2 cells. We evaluated the in vivo BBB permeability of [(18)F] and [(11)C]-compounds in humans by PET imaging. The in vivo plasma-brain exchange parameters used for comparison were determined in humans by PET using a kinetic analysis of the radiotracer binding. For each radiotracer, the parameters were determined by fitting the brain kinetics of the radiotracer using a two-tissue compartment model of the ligand-receptor interaction. Bidirectional transport studies with the same compounds as in in vivo studies were carried out using the in vitro cell-based human BBB model as well as Caco-2 cells. The in vitro cell-based human BBB model has important features of the BBB in vivo and is suitable for discriminating between CNS and non-CNS marketed drugs. A very good correlation (r(2) = 0.90; P < 0.001) was demonstrated between in vitro BBB permeability and in vivo permeability coefficient. In contrast, a poor correlation (r(2) = 0.17) was obtained between Caco-2 data and in vivo human brain penetration. This study highlights the potential of this in vitro cell-based human BBB model in drug discovery and shows that it can be an extremely effective screening tool for CNS programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloïse Mabondzo
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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17
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Quantitative PET imaging of radioligands with slow kinetics in human brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:1613-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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