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Phosphorylation Dynamics of JNK Signaling: Effects of Dual-Specificity Phosphatases (DUSPs) on the JNK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246157. [PMID: 31817617 PMCID: PMC6941053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation affects conformational change, interaction, catalytic activity, and subcellular localization of proteins. Because the post-modification of proteins regulates diverse cellular signaling pathways, the precise control of phosphorylation states is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Kinases function as phosphorylating enzymes, and phosphatases dephosphorylate their target substrates, typically in a much shorter time. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, is regulated by a cascade of kinases and in turn regulates other physiological processes, such as cell differentiation, apoptosis, neuronal functions, and embryonic development. However, the activation of the JNK pathway is also implicated in human pathologies such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the proper balance between activation and inactivation of the JNK pathway needs to be tightly regulated. Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) regulate the magnitude and duration of signal transduction of the JNK pathway by dephosphorylating their substrates. In this review, we will discuss the dynamics of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, the mechanism of JNK pathway regulation by DUSPs, and the new possibilities of targeting DUSPs in JNK-related diseases elucidated in recent studies.
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2
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Ouyang Y, Li D, Wang H, Wan Z, Luo Q, Zhong Y, Yin M, Qing Z, Li Z, Bao B, Chen Z, Yin X, Zhu L. MiR-21-5p/dual-specificity phosphatase 8 signalling mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of haem oxygenase-1 in aged intracerebral haemorrhage rats. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13022. [PMID: 31400088 PMCID: PMC6826124 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurological disorder caused by bleeding within the brain tissue. Inflammation has been implicated in ICH pathogenesis and is a potential therapeutic target for ICH. Haemin, an activator of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), rapidly increases HO-1 protein expression and activity and has been shown to distinctly affect anti-inflammatory functions after central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, less is known about the mechanisms that underlie the anti-inflammatory effects of haemin in aged rats post-ICH. Here, we performed microarray analysis to identify miRNAs that respond strongly to HO-1 regulation in ICH rats and found that miR-21-5p induced the most significant change. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, we focused on dual-specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8) from the predicted miR-21-5p targets. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-21-5p bound directly to DUSP8. MiR-21-5p upregulation in vitro downregulated DUSP8 expression. Importantly, intracerebroventricularly injecting antagomir for miR-21-5p (A-miR-21-5p), which was used to inhibit miR-21-5p in aged ICH rats, significantly reduced the neurological defects, repaired cognitive impairment, alleviated blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, inhibited neuronal apoptosis posthaemorrhage and accelerated haematoma absorption. In addition, serum miR-21-5p levels were notably elevated in patients relative to healthy individuals and were correlated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and clinical outcomes. In summary, A-miR-21-5p increased HO-1 expression in cerebral haematomas, thus eliciting the DUSP8-modulated perifocal neuroprotective effect of haemin. MiR-21-5p with haemin therapy may be a potential therapy post-ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Ouyang
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Center for Clinical Precision MedicineJiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Dongling Li
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Center for Clinical Precision MedicineJiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Han Wang
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Zhigang Wan
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Yuqin Zhong
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Min Yin
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Zhengfang Qing
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Bing Bao
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
- Center for Clinical Precision MedicineJiujiang UniversityJiujiangChina
| | - Ling‐Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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3
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Hawkins LJ, Hadj-Moussa H, Nguyen VC, Pamenter ME, Storey KB. Naked mole rats activate neuroprotective proteins during hypoxia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:571-576. [PMID: 31545006 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Naked mole rats are a long-lived animal model that age much like humans, but that can also withstand oxidative damage, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and severe hypoxic conditions, which is of particular interest to this study. The conditions of their underground burrows result in competition for oxygen consumption, yet despite this oxygen deprivation they emerge unscathed. To understand the mechanisms in place to facilitate neuronal preservation during hypoxia, we investigated the protein levels of well-known cell-stress factors. We found that under hypoxic conditions, nearly half of the proteins measured increased expression in brain, while only a few decreased. Under hypoxic conditions there appeared to be a HIF1α-centered response, where HIF1α and its interactors carbonic anhydrase 9, CITED2, p21/CIP1, and NFκB1, among others, were upregulated. Concurrently, a hypoxia-induced decrease of cytochrome c was consistent with decreased mitochondrial function and protection from apoptosis. The picture that emerges is one of neuroprotection, cell-cycle arrest, and the promotion of antiapoptotic functions, all of which are consistent with conserving energy and maintaining neural integrity under low oxygen levels. These results suggest how this species may be poised to face hypoxia and contribute to its remarkable ability to deal with myriad of other damaging factors and sets the stage for future work on the neuroprotective facilitators we identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Hawkins
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Vu C Nguyen
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Pvt, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew E Pamenter
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Pvt, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Ding T, Zhou Y, Long R, Chen C, Zhao J, Cui P, Guo M, Liang G, Xu L. DUSP8 phosphatase: structure, functions, expression regulation and the role in human diseases. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:70. [PMID: 31467668 PMCID: PMC6712826 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are a subset of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), many of which dephosphorylate the residues of phosphor-serine/threonine and phosphor-tyrosine on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and hence are also referred to as MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). Homologue of Vaccinia virus H1 phosphatase gene clone 5 (HVH-5), also known as DUSP8, is a unique member of the DUSPs family of phosphatases. Accumulating evidence has shown that DUSP8 plays an important role in phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction of MAPK signaling ranging from cell oxidative stress response, cell apoptosis and various human diseases. It is generally believed that DUSP8 exhibits significant dephosphorylation activity against JNK, however, with the deepening of research, plenty of new literature reports that DUSP8 also has effective dephosphorylation activity on p38 MAPK and ERKs, successfully affects the transduction of MAPKs pathway, indicating that DUSP8 presents a unknown diversity of DUSPs family on distinct corresponding dephosphorylated substrates in different biological events. Therefore, the in-depth study of DUSP8 not only throws a new light on the multi-biological function of DUSPs, but also is much valuable for the reveal of complex pathobiology of clinical diseases. In this review, we provide a detail overview of DUSP8 phosphatase structure, biological function and expression regulation, as well as its role in related clinical human diseases, which might be help for the understanding of biological function of DUSP8 and the development of prevention, diagnosis and therapeutics in related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ding
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China.,2Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Ya Zhou
- 3Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Runying Long
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China.,2Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Chao Chen
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Panpan Cui
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Guiyou Liang
- 4Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou China.,5Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China.,2Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
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Lin YT, Wu PH, Tsai YC, Hsu YL, Wang HY, Kuo MC, Kuo PL, Hwang SJ. Indoxyl Sulfate Induces Apoptosis Through Oxidative Stress and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway Inhibition in Human Astrocytes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020191. [PMID: 30764571 PMCID: PMC6406290 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins accumulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of cognitive impairment. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a well-known protein-bound uremic toxin that is correlated with several systemic diseases, but no studies on human brain cells are available. We investigated the effect of IS on primary human astrocytes through next-generation sequencing and cell experiment confirmation to explore the mechanism of IS-associated brain damage. Total RNAs extracted from IS-treated and control astrocytes were evaluated by performing functional and pathway enrichment analysis. The toxicities of IS in the astrocytes were investigated in terms of cell viability through flow cytometry; the signal pathway was then investigated through immunoblotting. IS stimulated the release of reactive oxygen species, increased nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 levels, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. IS triggered astrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), MAPK/ERK kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38. The decreased ERK phosphorylation was mediated by the upregulated dual-specificity phosphatase 1, 5, 8, and 16. In conclusion, IS can induce neurotoxicity in patients with CKD and the pathogenesis involves cell apoptosis through oxidative stress induction and MAPK pathway inhibition in human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Han Ying Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Chuan Kuo
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (P.-H.W.); (Y.-C.T.); (P.-L.K.)
| | - Shang-Jyh Hwang
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 7900); Fax: +886-7-3228721
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6
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Dammann K, Khare V, Coleman C, Berdel H, Gasche C. p-21 Activated Kinase as a Molecular Target for Chemoprevention in Diabetes. Geriatrics (Basel) 2018; 3:geriatrics3040073. [PMID: 31011108 PMCID: PMC6371191 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics3040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis: Anti-diabetic drugs modulate p-21 activated kinase (PAK) signaling. Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased cancer risk. PAK signaling is implicated in cellular homeostasis when regulated, and cancer when unrestrained. Recent reports provided a role for PAK signaling in glucose homeostasis, but the role of PAKs in the pathogenesis of T2DM is unknown. Here, we performed a mini-meta-analysis to explore if anti-diabetic drugs modify PAK signaling pathways, and provide insight regarding modulation of these pathways, to potentially reduce diabetes-associated cancer risk. Methods: PAK interacting partners in T2DM were identified using the online STRING database. Correlation studies were performed via systematic literature review to understand the effect of anti-diabetic drugs on PAK signaling. A mini-meta-analysis correlated multiple clinical studies and revealed the overall clinical response rate and percentage of adverse events in piogliazone (n = 53) and metformin (n = 91) treated patients with PAK-associated diseases. Results: A total of 30 PAK interacting partners were identified (10: reduced beta-cell mass; 10: beta-cell dysfunction; 10: obesity-insulin resistance), which were highly associated with Wnt, and G-protein signaling. The anti-diabetic drug metformin activated signaling pathways upstream; whereas pioglitazone inhibited pathways downstream of PAK. Overall, clinical response upon pioglitazone treatment was 53%. Seventy-nine percent of pioglitazone and 75% of metformin treated patients had adverse events. Pioglitazone reduced molecular-PAK biomarkers of proliferation (Ki67 and CyclinD1), and metformin had the opposite effect. Conclusions: PAK signaling in T2DM likely involves Wnt and G-protein signaling, which may be altered by the anti-diabetic drugs metformin and pioglitazone. Apart from the therapeutic limitations of adverse events, pioglitazone may be promising in chemoprevention. However long-term multi-centered studies, which initiate pioglitazone treatment early will be required to fully assess the full potential of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Dammann
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical University of the Americas, Devens, MA 01434, USA.
| | - Vineeta Khare
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Clyde Coleman
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Henrik Berdel
- Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Li X, He J, Li B, Gao M, Zeng Y, Lian J, Shi C, Huang Y, He F. The PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone sensitizes the BH3 mimetic (-)-gossypol to induce apoptosis in cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1213-1222. [PMID: 29856104 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The BH3 mimetic (-)-gossypol (-)-G has shown promising efficacy to kill several kinds of cancer cells or potentiate current chemotherapeutics. But it induces limited apoptosis in cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2. The nuclear receptor PPARγ and its agonist rosiglitazone can suppress various malignancies. More importantly, rosiglitazone is able to enhance the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy drugs such as carboplatin and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we for the first time demonstrated that rosiglitazone could sensitize (-)-G to induce apoptosis in cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2. Furthermore, we found that (-)-G increased the mRNA level and protein stability of Mcl-1, which weakened the pro-apoptotic effect of (-)-G. Rosiglitazone attenuated the (-)-G-induced Mcl-1 stability through decreasing JNK phosphorylation. Additionally, rosiglitazone upregulated dual-specificity phosphatase 16 (DUSP16), leading to a reduction of (-)-G-triggered JNK phosphorylation. Animal experiments showed that rosiglitazone could sensitize (-)-G to repress the growth of cancer cells with high level of Bcl-2 in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that the PPARγ agonists may enhance the therapeutic effect of BH3 mimetics in cancers with high level of Bcl-2 through regulating the DUSP16/JNK/Mcl-1 singling pathway. This study may provide novel insights into the cancer therapeutics based on the combination of PPARγ agonists and BH3 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao He
- Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chinese PLA 44 Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yijun Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiqin Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Chistyakov DV, Azbukina NV, Lopachev AV, Kulichenkova KN, Astakhova AA, Sergeeva MG. Rosiglitazone as a Modulator of TLR4 and TLR3 Signaling Pathways in Rat Primary Neurons and Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E113. [PMID: 29301276 PMCID: PMC5796062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An antidiabetic drug of the thiazolidinedione class, rosiglitazone (RG) demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties in various brain pathologies. The mechanism of RG action in brain cells is not fully known. To unravel mechanisms of RG modulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, we compare primary rat neuron and astrocyte cultures stimulated with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the TLR3 agonist poly I:C (PIC). Both TLR agonists induced tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) release in astrocytes, but not in neurons. Neurons and astrocytes released interleukin-10 (IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) in response to LPS and PIC. RG decreased TLR-stimulated TNFα release in astrocytes as well as potentiated IL-10 and PGE₂ release in both astrocytes and neurons. RG induced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) in neurons. The results reveal new role of RG as a modulator of resolution of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
- Laboratory of electrophysiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Nadezda V Azbukina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow 119234 Russia.
| | | | | | - Alina A Astakhova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Marina G Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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9
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Garg S, Deshmukh VR, Prasoon P. Possible modulation of PPAR-γ cascade against depression caused by neuropathic pain in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:593-600. [PMID: 28888088 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sciatic nerve ligation causes neuropathic pain with chronic constriction injury (CCI). However, there is no published report on the effect of pioglitazone as an antidepressant in the treatment of depression induced by neuropathic pain with CCI in rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone as an antidepressant by targeting oxidative stress by the peripheral neuropathic pain model using the CCI of the sciatic nerve. METHODS Behavioral studies were carried out to measure thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia as markers of neuropathic pain and force swim test for depression. These were followed by estimation of biochemical parameters which include lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rat brains as a measure of oxidative stress. We administered two intraperitoneal doses of pioglitazone (4.5 and 9.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to the treated group for 28 consecutive days from the day of injury and behavioral as well as biochemical evaluations were performed. RESULTS The results suggested that the administration of pioglitazone significantly countered the neuropathic pain induced depression as interpreted through elevated pain threshold of tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia followed by decreased immobility time in the 9.0 mg/kg dose group. CONCLUSIONS It may be concluded that the oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and depression as evidenced by the behavioral studies and the changes in the levels of lipid peroxidase, nitrite, catalase, and glutathione and SOD.
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10
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Transglutaminase 2 modulation of NF-κB signaling in astrocytes is independent of its ability to mediate astrocytic viability in ischemic injury. Brain Res 2017; 1668:1-11. [PMID: 28522262 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that can contribute to cell death and cell survival processes in a variety of disease contexts. Within the brain, TG2 has been shown to promote cell death in ischemic injury when expressed in astrocytes (Colak and Johnson, 2012). However, the specific functions and characteristics of astrocytic TG2 that mediate this effect are largely unknown. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the role of astrocytic TG2 in mediating cellular viability processes in the context of ischemic injury, with a specific focus on its contributions to intracellular signaling cascades. We show that, in response to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD), acute lentiviral-mediated knockdown of TG2, as well as inhibition with an irreversible TG2 inhibitor, enhances cell survival. We also show that TG2 depletion increases nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, whereas inhibition reduces NF-κB activity. Despite its clear contribution to NF-κB signaling, however, TG2 modulation of NF-κB signaling is not likely to be a major contributor to its ability to mediate astrocytic viability in this context. Overall, the results of this study provide insight into the role of TG2 in astrocytes and suggest possible avenues for future study of the relationship between astrocytic TG2 and ischemic injury.
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11
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Liu Q, Liu J, Wang P, Zhang Y, Li B, Yu Y, Dang H, Li H, Zhang X, Wang Z. Poly-dimensional network comparative analysis reveals the pure pharmacological mechanism of baicalin in the targeted network of mouse cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2017; 1666:70-79. [PMID: 28465229 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the pure pharmacological mechanisms of baicalin/baicalein (BA) in the targeted network of mouse cerebral ischemia using a poly-dimensional network comparative analysis. METHODS Eighty mice with induced focal cerebral ischemia were randomly divided into four groups: BA, Concha Margaritifera (CM), vehicle and sham group. A poly-dimensional comparative analysis of the expression levels of 374 stroke-related genes in each of the four groups was performed using MetaCore. RESULTS BA significantly reduced the ischemic infarct volume (P<0.05), whereas CM was ineffective. Two processes and 10 network nodes were shared between "BA vs CM" and vehicle, but there were no overlapping pathways. Two pathways, three processes and 12 network nodes overlapped in "BA vs CM" and BA. The pure pharmacological mechanism of BA resulted in targeting of pathways related to development, G-protein signaling, apoptosis, signal transduction and immunity. The biological processes affected by BA were primarily found to correlate with apoptotic, anti-apoptotic and neurophysiological processes. Three network nodes changed from up-regulation to down-regulation, while mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MAP2K6, also known as MEK6) changed from down-regulation to up-regulation in "BA vs CM" and vehicle. The changed nodes were all related to cell death and development. CONCLUSION The pure pharmacological mechanism of BA is related to immunity, apoptosis, development, cytoskeletal remodeling, transduction and neurophysiology, as ascertained using a poly-dimensional network comparative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Pengqian Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Haixia Dang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
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Peng B, Chen MM, Jiang ZL, Li X, Wang GH, Xu LH. Preventive effect of rosiglitazone on liver injury in a mouse model of decompression sickness. Diving Hyperb Med 2017; 47:17-23. [PMID: 28357820 DOI: 10.28920/dhm47.1.17-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Severe decompression sickness (DCS) is a multi-organ injury. This study investigated the preventive effects of rosiglitazone on liver injury following rapid decompression in mice and examined the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, vehicle group, and rosiglitazone (5 and 10 mg·kg⁻¹) groups, the latter three being exposed to a pressure of 911 kPa. Haematoxylin and eosin staining, plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase and blood cell counts were used to evaluate liver injury at 30 min after rapid decompression. The expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its phosphorylation were measured to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS A significant increase in plasma ALT, red blood cells and platelets, and a decrease in neutrophils were observed in the vehicle group. Furthermore, the expression of iNOS, E-selectin and the total level of NO in hepatic tissue, and soluble E-selectin in the plasma were significantly elevated in the vehicle group. Rosiglitazone pre-treatment prevented the increases in ALT (and AST), soluble E-selectin concentration, red blood cells and platelet counts. Moreover, rosiglitazone reduced over-expression of iNOS and the NO level, prevented the fall in neutrophil count and promoted the phosphorylation of iNOS in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with rosiglitazone ameliorated liver injury from severe DCS. This preventive effect may be partly mediated by stimulating endothelial NO production, improving endothelial function and limiting inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao-Miao Chen
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China,
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Hua Xu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
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Hsu LW, Shiao WC, Chang NC, Yu MC, Yen TL, Thomas PA, Jayakumar T, Sheu JR. The neuroprotective effects of Tao- Ren- Cheng- Qi Tang against embolic stroke in rats. Chin Med 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28168001 PMCID: PMC5286857 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-017-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combinations of the traditional Chinese and Western medicines have been used to treat numerous diseases throughout the world, and there is a growing body of evidence showing that some of the herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine elicit significant pharmacological effects. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of Tao-Ren-Cheng-Qi Tang (TRCQT) in combination with aspirin following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)—induced embolic stroke in rats. Methods A blood clot was embolized into the middle cerebral artery of rats to induce focal ischemic brain injury. After 24 h of MCAO occlusion, the rats were arbitrarily separated into five groups and subjected to different oral treatment processes with TRCQT and aspirin for 30 days before being evaluated in terms of their neurological behavior using a four-point system. The rats were sacrificed at 30 days after drug treatment and the infarct volumes were measured using a 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), activated caspase-3 and Bax were detected by western blot analysis. The apoptotic cells were identified by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. ROS generation was also measured by electron spin resonance spectrometry. Results Rats treated with TRCQT alone or in combination with aspirin showed a significantly reduced infarct volume (P < 0.001) and improved neurological outcome compared with those treated with distilled water. Rats treated with TRCQT alone (P = 0.021) or in combination with aspirin (P = 0.02) also showed significantly reduced MCAO-induced expression levels of TNF-α and pJNK (P < 0.001) in their ischemic regions. Rats treated with TRCQT alone or in combination with aspirin showed decreased apoptosis by a reduction in the number of TUNEL positive cells, which inhibited the expression of activated caspase-3 (P = 0.038) and Bax (P = 0.004; P = 0.003). TRCQT also led to a significant concentration-dependent reduction in the formation of hydroxyl radicals (P < 0.001). Conclusions TRCQT reduced brain infarct volume and improved neurological outcomes by reducing apoptosis, attenuating the expression of TNF-α and p-JNK, and reducing the formation of hydroxyl radicals in MCAO-induced embolic stroke of rats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13020-017-0128-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Shiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip Aloysius Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 001 India
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Boes K, Russmann V, Ongerth T, Licko T, Salvamoser JD, Siegl C, Potschka H. Expression regulation and targeting of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ following electrically-induced status epilepticus. Neurosci Lett 2015; 604:151-6. [PMID: 26259695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist rosiglitazone are of particular interest for disease-modifying and antiepileptogenic approaches. We studied the expression of PPARγ and the impact of rosiglitazone on the consequences of status epilepticus (SE) in a rat post-SE model. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a selective overexpression of PPARγ in the piriform cortex of rats with spontaneous seizures. Rosiglitazone administration initiated following SE failed to exert relevant effects on the development of spontaneous seizures and neuronal cell loss. Whereas spatial learning in the Morris water maze was delayed in SE animals with vehicle administration, the learning curve of rosiglitazone-treated SE rats showed no significant difference to that of controls. The study provides first evidence arguing against a robust antiepileptogenic effect. However, the findings in the spatial learning paradigm indicate disease-modifying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Boes
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Russmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Ongerth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Licko
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Josephine D Salvamoser
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Siegl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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The Effect of Pre-Condition Cerebella Fastigial Nucleus Electrical Stimulation within and beyond the Time Window of Thrombolytic on Ischemic Stroke in the Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128447. [PMID: 26016630 PMCID: PMC4446308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of neurogenic neuroprotection conferred by cerebellar fastigial nucleus stimulation (FNS) and the role of PPARγ- mediated inflammation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Methods After a continuous 1 hour fastigial nucleus electric stimulation, the male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were given middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 hours undergoing reperfusion with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), while the control group received without FNS. After 72h of reperfusion, the neurological deficits, infarct volume and brain edema were evaluated. The brain tissue in ischemic penumbra was determined the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity by a spectrophotometer and expression of PPARγ was measured by Rt-PCR and Western blotting. Results Our findings showed that FNS group had significantly reduced infarct volume and brain edema, and improved neurological deficits compared with the control group, especially in 6h and 9h reperfusion subgroups(p<0.05). The expression levels of PPARγ increased gradually and the peak may be before and after 9h reperfusion, the 3h, 6h, 9h, 12h and 15h reperfusion subgroups were higher than each control group(p<0.05). The MPO activity of 6h, 12h and 15h reperfusion subgroups were higher than each control group(p<0.05). Conclusions The neuroprotective effects of FNS have been shown to prolong the therapeutic window in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, which might be related to the PPARγ mediated-inflammation in penumbral region.
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16
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Kwan AL. Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Proinflammatory Cytokines through a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ-Dependent Mechanism and Experimental Vasospasm in a Rat Model. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:12-21. [PMID: 25896311 DOI: 10.1159/000381099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is downregulated in the cortex of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) animals. This study is to examine the effect of glycyrrhizin on the alternation of PPARs and proinflammatory cytokines in a rodent SAH model. CSF cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR. Basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested to examine PPARs (RT-PCR and Western blot), and a morphological examination was conducted. Deformed endothelium and tortuous elastic lamina were observed in the BAs of the SAH groups, but they were absent in the glycyrrhizin groups or the healthy controls. The PPAR-γ and -δ protein levels were reduced in the SAH groups (p < 0.01). Glycyrrhizin significantly increased the expressed PPAR-γ protein and mRNA (preconditioning) and PPAR-δ mRNA (both treatment and preconditioning), which corresponded to the reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels. The administration of a PPAR-γ inhibitor, BADGE, halted the reduction of IL-1β and TNF-α in the glycyrrhizin groups. Conclusively, glycyrrhizin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on SAH-induced vasospasm and attenuates the expression of PPARs, especially PPAR-γ, which corresponds to the severity of SAH-related inflammation. These findings also offer credit to the antivasospastic effect of glycyrrhizin and its vasculoprotective effect in animals subjected to SAH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Basilar Artery/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/cerebrospinal fluid
- Cytokines/genetics
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/pharmacology
- Glycyrrhizic Acid/therapeutic use
- Inflammation
- Infusion Pumps
- Male
- PPAR delta/biosynthesis
- PPAR delta/genetics
- PPAR gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- PPAR gamma/biosynthesis
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/physiology
- Phytotherapy
- Premedication
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Single-Blind Method
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/drug therapy
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/genetics
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/physiopathology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Luo Y, He Q, Kuang G, Jiang Q, Yang J. PPAR-alpha and PPAR-beta expression changes in the hippocampus of rats undergoing global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion due to PPAR-gamma status. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:21. [PMID: 24934302 PMCID: PMC4167308 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs, including alpha, beta and gamma subtypes) and their agonists have a protective role in treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the expression changes of PPAR-alpha, -beta, -gamma and NF-kappa B in the hippocampus of rats with global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (GCIRI) after treatment with agonists or antagonists of PPAR-gamma. Methods A rat GCIRI model was established by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and cervical vena retransfusion. GW9662 (5 μg), a selective PPAR- gamma antagonist, was intraventricularly injected at 0.5 h before GCIR; Rosiglitazone (0.8, 2.4 and 7.2 mg/kg), a selective PPAR- gamma agonist, was injected intraperitoneally at 1 h before GCIRI. The expression changes of PPAR-alpha, -beta and -gamma at mRNA and protein levels were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting. The changes of spatial learning and memory (SLM) functions were assessed by using a Morris water maze; the pathohistological changes of hippocampal neurons were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; the contents of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha, and the NF- kappa B expression were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical staining. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also detected. Results The SLM function and hippocampal neurons were significantly impaired after the occurrence of GCIRI. The MDA, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha content and expression of PPARs increased significantly, but the SOD activity and NF-kappa B expression were weakened in the hippocampus. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly protected rats from SLM function impairment and neuron death, and resulted in higher expressions of SOD activity and NF-kappa B, but lower contents of MDA and inflammatory factors. After treatment with rosiglitazone or GW9662, no significant change in PPAR-alpha or -beta expression was detected. Conclusions Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, plays a protective role in hippocampal neuron damage of GCIRI rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress response and inflammation. The activation or antagonism of PPAR-gamma did not affect the expression of PPAR-alpha or -beta, indicating that the three subtypes of PPARs act in independent pathways in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Rd, No 1, Chongqing 400016, P, R, China.
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Hann SS, Tang Q, Zheng F, Zhao S, Chen J, Wang Z. Repression of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 expression by ciglitazone via Egr-1 represents a new approach for inhibition of lung cancer cell growth. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:149. [PMID: 24925061 PMCID: PMC4061523 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) ligands have been shown to inhibit the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain incompletely elucidated. Methods Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by cell viability, MTT and caspase3/7 activity assays. Phosphorylation/protein expression and gene silence/overexpression of AMPKα, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), Egr-1 and PPARγ were performed by Western blot and siRNA/transfection assays. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Kit was used to measure the PPAR response elements (PPRE) reporter and PDK1 promoter activities, and ChIP assay was used to detect the Egr-1 protein binding to the DNA site in the PDK1 gene promoter. Results We found that ciglitazone, one synthetic PPARγ ligand, inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells through decreased expression of PDK1, which was not blocked by GW9662 (a specific PPARγ antagonist). Overexpression of PDK1 overcame the effect of ciglitazone on cell growth and caspase 3/7 activity. Ciglitazone increased the phosphorylation of AMPKα and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and the inhibitor of AMPK (compound C), but not JNK (SP600125), reversed the effect of ciglitazone on PDK1 protein expression. Ciglitazone reduced PDK1 gene promoter activity, which was not observed in cells exposed to compound C, but not silenced of PPARγ siRNA. Combination of ciglitazone and metformin further reduced PDK1 expression and promoter activity. Furthermore, we showed that ciglitazone induced the protein expression of Egr-1, which was not observed in cells silencing of AMPKα. Moreover, silencing of Egr-1 abrogated the effect of ciglitazone on PDK1 promoter activity and cell growth. On the contrary, overexpression of Egr-1 enhanced the effect of ciglitazone on PDK1 gene promoter activity. ChIP assays demonstrated that ciglitazone induced Egr-1 protein bind to the specific DNA site in the PDK1 gene promoter. Conclusion Collectively, our results demonstrate that ciglitazone inhibits PDK1 expression through AMPKα-mediated induction of Egr-1 and Egr-1 binding to the specific DNA site in the PDK1 gene promoter, which is independent of PPARγ. Activation of AMPKα by metformin enhances the effect of ciglitazone. In turn, this leads to inhibition of NSCLC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swei Sunny Hann
- University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510120.
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Ríos P, Nunes-Xavier CE, Tabernero L, Köhn M, Pulido R. Dual-specificity phosphatases as molecular targets for inhibition in human disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2251-73. [PMID: 24206177 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of cysteine-based protein tyrosine phosphatases, whose members exert a pivotal role in cell physiology by dephosphorylation of phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine residues from proteins, as well as other non-proteinaceous substrates. RECENT ADVANCES A picture is emerging in which a selected group of DUSP enzymes display overexpression or hyperactivity that is associated with human disease, especially human cancer, making feasible targeted therapy approaches based on their inhibition. A panoply of molecular and functional studies on DUSPs have been performed in the previous years, and drug-discovery efforts are ongoing to develop specific and efficient DUSP enzyme inhibitors. This review summarizes the current status on inhibitory compounds targeting DUSPs that belong to the MAP kinase phosphatases-, small-sized atypical-, and phosphatases of regenerating liver subfamilies, whose inhibition could be beneficial for the prevention or mitigation of human disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Achieving specificity, potency, and bioavailability are the major challenges in the discovery of DUSP inhibitors for the clinics. Clinical validation of compounds or alternative inhibitory strategies of DUSP inhibition has yet to come. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further work is required to understand the dual role of many DUSPs in human cancer, their function-structure properties, and to identify their physiologic substrates. This will help in the implementation of therapies based on DUSPs inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos
- 1 Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Heidelberg, Germany
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Axonal transport plays a crucial role in mediating the axon-protective effects of NmNAT. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:78-90. [PMID: 24787896 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in axonal transport are thought to contribute to the pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Expressing the slow Wallerian degeneration protein (Wld(S)) or related nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyltransferases (NmNATs) protects axons against damage from a broad range of insults, but the ability of these proteins to protect against inhibition of axonal transport has received little attention. We set out to determine whether these proteins can protect the axons of cultured hippocampal neurons from damage due to hydrogen peroxide or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and, in particular, whether they can reduce the damage that these agents cause to the axonal transport machinery. Exposure to these insults inhibited the axonal transport of both mitochondria and of the vesicles that carry axonal membrane proteins; this inhibition occurred hours before the first signs of axonal degeneration. Expressing a cytoplasmically targeted version of NmNAT1 (cytNmNAT1) protected the axons against both insults. It also reduced the inhibition of transport when cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and enhanced the recovery of transport following both insults. The protective effects of cytNmNAT1 depend on mitochondrial transport. When mitochondrial transport was inhibited, cytNmNAT1 was unable to protect axons against either insult. The protective effects of mitochondrially targeted NmNAT also were blocked by inhibiting mitochondrial transport. These results establish that NmNAT robustly protects the axonal transport system following exposure to OGD and reactive oxygen species and may offer similar protection in other disease models. Understanding how NmNAT protects the axonal transport system may lead to new strategies for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Dong HJ, Shang CZ, Peng DW, Xu J, Xu PX, Zhan L, Wang P. Curcumin attenuates ischemia-like injury induced IL-1β elevation in brain microvascular endothelial cells via inhibiting MAPK pathways and nuclear factor-κB activation. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1387-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Lee DH, Cho S. Dual-specificity Phosphatase 8 Promotes the Degradation of the Polyglutamine Protein Ataxin-1. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.1.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang Z, Liu Y, Zhu J, Wu H, Guo J. Involvement of the dual-specificity phosphatase M3/6 in c-Jun N-terminal kinase inactivation following cerebral ischemia in the rat hippocampus. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:802-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.803477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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