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Qi Y, Nelson TS, Prasoon P, Norris C, Taylor BK. Contribution of µ Opioid Receptor-expressing Dorsal Horn Interneurons to Neuropathic Pain-like Behavior in Mice. Anesthesiology 2023; 139:840-857. [PMID: 37566700 PMCID: PMC10840648 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intersectional genetics have yielded tremendous advances in our understanding of molecularly identified subpopulations and circuits within the dorsal horn in neuropathic pain. The authors tested the hypothesis that spinal µ opioid receptor-expressing neurons (Oprm1-expressing neurons) contribute to behavioral hypersensitivity and neuronal sensitization in the spared nerve injury model in mice. METHODS The authors coupled the use of Oprm1Cre transgenic reporter mice with whole cell patch clamp electrophysiology in lumbar spinal cord slices to evaluate the neuronal activity of Oprm1-expressing neurons in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. The authors used a chemogenetic approach to activate or inhibit Oprm1-expressing neurons, followed by the assessment of behavioral signs of neuropathic pain. RESULTS The authors reveal that spared nerve injury yielded a robust neuroplasticity of Oprm1-expressing neurons. Spared nerve injury reduced Oprm1 gene expression in the dorsal horn as well as the responsiveness of Oprm1-expressing neurons to the selective µ agonist (D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol)-enkephalin (DAMGO). Spared nerve injury sensitized Oprm1-expressing neurons, as reflected by an increase in their intrinsic excitability (rheobase, sham 38.62 ± 25.87 pA [n = 29]; spared nerve injury, 18.33 ± 10.29 pA [n = 29], P = 0.0026) and spontaneous synaptic activity (spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current frequency in delayed firing neurons: sham, 0.81 ± 0.67 Hz [n = 14]; spared nerve injury, 1.74 ± 1.68 Hz [n = 10], P = 0.0466), and light brush-induced coexpression of the immediate early gene product, Fos in laminae I to II (%Fos/tdTomato+: sham, 0.42 ± 0.57% [n = 3]; spared nerve injury, 28.26 ± 1.92% [n = 3], P = 0.0001). Chemogenetic activation of Oprm1-expressing neurons produced mechanical hypersensitivity in uninjured mice (saline, 2.91 ± 1.08 g [n = 6]; clozapine N-oxide, 0.65 ± 0.34 g [n = 6], P = 0.0006), while chemogenetic inhibition reduced behavioral signs of mechanical hypersensitivity (saline, 0.38 ± 0.37 g [n = 6]; clozapine N-oxide, 1.05 ± 0.42 g [n = 6], P = 0.0052) and cold hypersensitivity (saline, 6.89 ± 0.88 s [n = 5] vs. clozapine N-oxide, 2.31 ± 0.52 s [n = 5], P = 0.0017). CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that nerve injury sensitizes pronociceptive µ opioid receptor-expressing neurons in mouse dorsal horn. Nonopioid strategies to inhibit these interneurons might yield new treatments for neuropathic pain. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tyler S. Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Norris
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley K. Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Nelson TS, Allen HN, Basu P, Prasoon P, Nguyen E, Arokiaraj CM, Santos DF, Seal RP, Ross SE, Todd AJ, Taylor BK. Alleviation of neuropathic pain with neuropeptide Y requires spinal Npy1r interneurons that coexpress Grp. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169554. [PMID: 37824208 PMCID: PMC10721324 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y targets the Y1 receptor (Y1) in the spinal dorsal horn (DH) to produce endogenous and exogenous analgesia. DH interneurons that express Y1 (Y1-INs; encoded by Npy1r) are necessary and sufficient for neuropathic hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury. However, as Y1-INs are heterogenous in composition in terms of morphology, neurophysiological characteristics, and gene expression, we hypothesized that a more precisely defined subpopulation mediates neuropathic hypersensitivity. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that Y1-INs segregate into 3 largely nonoverlapping subpopulations defined by the coexpression of Npy1r with gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp/Npy1r), neuropeptide FF (Npff/Npy1r), and cholecystokinin (Cck/Npy1r) in the superficial DH of mice, nonhuman primates, and humans. Next, we analyzed the functional significance of Grp/Npy1r, Npff/Npy1r, and Cck/Npy1r INs to neuropathic pain using a mouse model of peripheral nerve injury. We found that chemogenetic inhibition of Npff/Npy1r-INs did not change the behavioral signs of neuropathic pain. Further, inhibition of Y1-INs with an intrathecal Y1 agonist, [Leu31, Pro34]-NPY, reduced neuropathic hypersensitivity in mice with conditional deletion of Npy1r from CCK-INs and NPFF-INs but not from GRP-INs. We conclude that Grp/Npy1r-INs are conserved in higher order mammalian species and represent a promising and precise pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S. Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse
- Center for Neuroscience
| | - Heather N. Allen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
| | - Paramita Basu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
| | - Eileen Nguyen
- Center for Neuroscience
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Arokiaraj
- Center for Neuroscience
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diogo F.S. Santos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
| | - Rebecca P. Seal
- Center for Neuroscience
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah E. Ross
- Center for Neuroscience
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew J. Todd
- Spinal Cord Group, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley K. Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
- Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse
- Center for Neuroscience
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nelson TS, Santos DFS, Prasoon P, Gralinski M, Allen HN, Taylor BK. Endogenous μ-opioid-Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor synergy silences chronic postoperative pain in mice. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad261. [PMID: 37649580 PMCID: PMC10465188 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injury creates a delicate balance between latent pain sensitization (LS) and compensatory endogenous analgesia. Inhibitory G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) interactions that oppose LS, including μ-opioid receptor (MOR) or neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor (Y1R) activity, persist in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) for months, even after the resolution of normal pain thresholds. Here, we demonstrate that following recovery from surgical incision, a potent endogenous analgesic synergy between MOR and Y1R activity persists within DH interneurons to reduce the intensity and duration of latent postoperative hypersensitivity and ongoing pain. Failure of such endogenous GPCR signaling to maintain LS in remission may underlie the transition from acute to chronic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Diogo F S Santos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Margaret Gralinski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Heather N Allen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Roman K, Prasoon P, Acharya S, Taylor BK. Peripheral Mast Cells And Parabrachial Mechanisms Mediate Endometriosis-Associated Chronic Pelvic Pain. The Journal of Pain 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Kumar A, Asghar A, Singh HN, Faiq MA, Kumar S, Narayan RK, Kumar G, Dwivedi P, Sahni C, Jha RK, Kulandhasamy M, Prasoon P, Sesham K, Kant K, Pandey SN. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Genomic Sequences and Their Epidemiological Correlates Regarding the End of the Pandemic: In Silico Analysis. JMIR Bioinform Biotech 2023; 4:e42700. [PMID: 36688013 PMCID: PMC9843602 DOI: 10.2196/42700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529 worried health policy makers worldwide due to a large number of mutations in its genomic sequence, especially in the spike protein region. The World Health Organization (WHO) designated this variant as a global variant of concern (VOC), which was named "Omicron." Following Omicron's emergence, a surge of new COVID-19 cases was reported globally, primarily in South Africa. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand whether Omicron had an epidemiological advantage over existing variants. METHODS We performed an in silico analysis of the complete genomic sequences of Omicron available on the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database to analyze the functional impact of the mutations present in this variant on virus-host interactions in terms of viral transmissibility, virulence/lethality, and immune escape. In addition, we performed a correlation analysis of the relative proportion of the genomic sequences of specific SARS-CoV-2 variants (in the period from October 1 to November 29, 2021) with matched epidemiological data (new COVID-19 cases and deaths) from South Africa. RESULTS Compared with the current list of global VOCs/variants of interest (VOIs), as per the WHO, Omicron bears more sequence variation, specifically in the spike protein and host receptor-binding motif (RBM). Omicron showed the closest nucleotide and protein sequence homology with the Alpha variant for the complete sequence and the RBM. The mutations were found to be primarily condensed in the spike region (n=28-48) of the virus. Further mutational analysis showed enrichment for the mutations decreasing binding affinity to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and receptor-binding domain protein expression, and for increasing the propensity of immune escape. An inverse correlation of Omicron with the Delta variant was noted (r=-0.99, P<.001; 95% CI -0.99 to -0.97) in the sequences reported from South Africa postemergence of the new variant, subsequently showing a decrease. There was a steep rise in new COVID-19 cases in parallel with the increase in the proportion of Omicron isolates since the report of the first case (74%-100%). By contrast, the incidence of new deaths did not increase (r=-0.04, P>.05; 95% CI -0.52 to 0.58). CONCLUSIONS In silico analysis of viral genomic sequences suggests that the Omicron variant has more remarkable immune-escape ability than existing VOCs/VOIs, including Delta, but reduced virulence/lethality than other reported variants. The higher power for immune escape for Omicron was a likely reason for the resurgence in COVID-19 cases and its rapid rise as the globally dominant strain. Being more infectious but less lethal than the existing variants, Omicron could have plausibly led to widespread unnoticed new, repeated, and vaccine breakthrough infections, raising the population-level immunity barrier against the emergence of new lethal variants. The Omicron variant could have thus paved the way for the end of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Anatomy All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna Patna India
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
| | - Adil Asghar
- Department of Anatomy All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna Patna India
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
| | - Himanshu N Singh
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Department of Systems Biology Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York, NY United States
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- New York University Langone Health Center Robert I Grossman School of Medicine New York University New York, NY United States
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Center for Proteomics and Drug Discovery Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University, Maharashtra Mumbai India
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Dr BC Roy Multi-speciality Medical Research Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Gopichand Kumar
- Department of Anatomy All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna Patna India
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
| | - Prakhar Dwivedi
- Department of Anatomy All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna Patna India
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
| | - Chetan Sahni
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Rakesh K Jha
- Department of Anatomy All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna Patna India
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Department of Biochemistry Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Kishore Sesham
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Department of Anatomy All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Mangalagiri Mangalagiri India
| | - Kamla Kant
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Department of Microbiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Bathinda Bathinda India
| | - Sada N Pandey
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network New Delhi India
- Department of Zoology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
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Nelson TS, Sinha GP, Santos DFS, Jukkola P, Prasoon P, Winter MK, McCarson KE, Smith BN, Taylor BK. Spinal neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor-expressing neurons are a pharmacotherapeutic target for the alleviation of neuropathic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204515119. [PMID: 36343228 PMCID: PMC9674229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204515119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury sensitizes a complex network of spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) neurons to produce allodynia and neuropathic pain. The identification of a druggable target within this network has remained elusive, but a promising candidate is the neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor-expressing interneuron (Y1-IN) population. We report that spared nerve injury (SNI) enhanced the excitability of Y1-INs and elicited allodynia (mechanical and cold hypersensitivity) and affective pain. Similarly, chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of Y1-INs in uninjured mice elicited behavioral signs of spontaneous, allodynic, and affective pain. SNI-induced allodynia was reduced by chemogenetic inhibition of Y1-INs, or intrathecal administration of a Y1-selective agonist. Conditional deletion of Npy1r in DH neurons, but not peripheral afferent neurons prevented the anti-hyperalgesic effects of the intrathecal Y1 agonist. We conclude that spinal Y1-INs are necessary and sufficient for the behavioral symptoms of neuropathic pain and represent a promising target for future pharmacotherapeutic development of Y1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S. Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ghanshyam P. Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Diogo F. S. Santos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Peter Jukkola
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Michelle K. Winter
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Ken E. McCarson
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Bret N. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Bradley K. Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Cooper AH, Hedden NS, Prasoon P, Qi Y, Taylor BK. Postsurgical Latent Pain Sensitization Is Driven by Descending Serotonergic Facilitation and Masked by µ-Opioid Receptor Constitutive Activity in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5870-5881. [PMID: 35701159 PMCID: PMC9337598 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2038-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following tissue injury, latent sensitization (LS) of nociceptive signaling can persist indefinitely, kept in remission by compensatory µ-opioid receptor constitutive activity (MORCA) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. To demonstrate LS, we conducted plantar incision in mice and then waited 3-4 weeks for hypersensitivity to resolve. At this time (remission), systemic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist/inverse agonist naltrexone reinstated mechanical and heat hypersensitivity. We first tested the hypothesis that LS extends to serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) that convey pronociceptive input to the spinal cord. We report that in male and female mice, hypersensitivity was accompanied by increased Fos expression in serotonergic neurons of the RVM, abolished on chemogenetic inhibition of RVM 5-HT neurons, and blocked by intrathecal injection of the 5-HT3R antagonist ondansetron; the 5-HT2AR antagonist MDL-11 939 had no effect. Second, to test for MORCA, we microinjected the MOR inverse agonist d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP) and/or neutral opioid receptor antagonist 6β-naltrexol. Intra-RVM CTAP produced mechanical hypersensitivity at both hindpaws; 6β-naltrexol had no effect by itself, but blocked CTAP-induced hypersensitivity. This indicates that MORCA, rather than an opioid ligand-dependent mechanism, maintains LS in remission. We conclude that incision establishes LS in descending RVM 5-HT neurons that drives pronociceptive 5-HT3R signaling in the dorsal horn, and this LS is tonically opposed by MORCA in the RVM. The 5-HT3 receptor is a promising therapeutic target for the development of drugs to prevent the transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Surgery leads to latent pain sensitization and a compensatory state of endogenous pain control that is maintained long after tissue healing. Here, we show that either chemogenetic inhibition of serotonergic neuron activity in the RVM or pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT3 receptor signaling at the spinal cord blocks behavioral signs of postsurgical latent sensitization. We conclude that MORCA in the RVM opposes descending serotonergic facilitation of LS and that the 5-HT3 receptor is a promising therapeutic target for the development of drugs to prevent the transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Cooper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Naomi S Hedden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Yanmei Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Cooper AH, Hedden NS, Corder G, Lamerand SR, Donahue RR, Morales-Medina JC, Selan L, Prasoon P, Taylor BK. Endogenous µ-opioid receptor activity in the lateral and capsular subdivisions of the right central nucleus of the amygdala prevents chronic postoperative pain. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:48-65. [PMID: 33957003 PMCID: PMC8571119 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injury induces a long-lasting latent sensitization (LS) of spinal nociceptive signaling that is kept in remission by an opposing µ-opioid receptor (MOR) constitutive activity. To test the hypothesis that supraspinal sites become engaged, we induced hindpaw inflammation, waited 3 weeks for mechanical hypersensitivity to resolve, and then injected the opioid receptor inhibitors naltrexone, CTOP or β-funaltrexamine subcutaneously, and/or into the cerebral ventricles. Intracerebroventricular injection of each inhibitor reinstated hypersensitivity and produced somatic signs of withdrawal, indicative of LS and endogenous opioid dependence, respectively. In naïve or sham controls, systemic naloxone (3 mg/kg) produced conditioned place aversion, and systemic naltrexone (3 mg/kg) increased Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). In LS animals tested 3 weeks after plantar incision, systemic naltrexone reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity and produced an even greater increase in Fos than in sham controls, particularly in the capsular subdivision of the right CeA. One third of Fos+ profiles co-expressed protein kinase C delta (PKCδ), and 35% of PKCδ neurons co-expressed tdTomato+ in Oprm1Cre ::tdTomato transgenic mice. CeA microinjection of naltrexone (1 µg) reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity only in male mice and did not produce signs of somatic withdrawal. Intra-CeA injection of the MOR-selective inhibitor CTAP (300 ng) reinstated hypersensitivity in both male and female mice. We conclude that MORs in the capsular subdivision of the right CeA prevent the transition from acute to chronic postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Cooper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Naomi S. Hedden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gregory Corder
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sydney R. Lamerand
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Center for Neurosciences at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Renee R. Donahue
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Lindsay Selan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bradley K. Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Corresponding author: Bradley K. Taylor, 200 Lothrop Street, BSTW1455, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Pain Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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Kumar A, Narayan RK, Prasoon P, Kumari C, Kaur G, Kumar S, Kulandhasamy M, Sesham K, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Pandey SN, Singh HN, Kant K, Shekhawat PS, Raza K, Kumar S. Mecanismos del COVID-19 en el cuerpo humano: Lo que sabemos hasta ahora. Kompass Neumol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9059041 DOI: 10.1159/000521507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ravi K. Narayan
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de las Islas Andamán y Nicobar, Port Blair, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Centro de Investigación del Dolor de Pittsburgh, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Estados Unidos
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Posgrado de Educación e Investigación Médica (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjot Kaur
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Escuela de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Shoolini, Solan, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, Estados Unidos
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Colegio Médico Maulana Azad (MAMC), Nueva Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Sesham
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de la India (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Vijayawada, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Centro de Ciencias Cognitivas y del Cerebro, Instituto Indio de Tecnología Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Muneeb A. Faiq
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Universidad de Nueva York (NYU) Langone Health Center, Escuela de Medicina Robert I. Grossman de la NYU, Nueva York, New York, Estados Unidos
| | - Sada N. Pandey
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad Hindú de Banaras (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Himanshu N. Singh
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Médico Irving de la Universidad de Columbia, Nueva York, New York, Estados Unidos
| | - Kamla Kant
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de la India (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
| | - Prakash S. Shekhawat
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Hematología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas, Jaipur, India
| | - Khursheed Raza
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de la India (AIIMS), Deoghar, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Centro de Proteómica y Desarrollo de Fármacos, Instituto de Biotecnología Amity, Universidad Amity, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Kumar A, Parashar R, Kumar S, Faiq MA, Kumari C, Kulandhasamy M, Narayan RK, Jha RK, Singh HN, Prasoon P, Pandey SN, Kant K. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants can potentially break set epidemiological barriers in COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1300-1314. [PMID: 34811761 PMCID: PMC9011477 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Young age, female sex, absence of comorbidities, and prior infection or vaccination are known epidemiological barriers for contracting the new infection and/or increased disease severity. Demographic trends from the recent coronavirus disease 2019 waves, which are believed to be driven by newer severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants, indicate that the aforementioned epidemiological barriers are being breached and a larger number of younger and healthy individuals are developing severe disease. The new SARS‐CoV‐2 variants have key mutations that can induce significant changes in the virus‐host interactions. Recent studies report that, some of these mutations, singly or in a group, enhance key mechanisms, such as binding of the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the host‐cells, increase the glycosylation of spike protein at the antigenic sites, and enhance the proteolytic cleavage of the spike protein, thus leading to improved host‐cell entry and the replication of the virus. The putative changes in the virus–host interactions imparted by the mutations in the RBD sequence can potentially be the reason behind the breach of the observed epidemiological barriers. Susceptibility for contracting SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and the disease outcomes are known to be influenced by host‐cell expressions of ACE2 and other proteases. The new variants can act more efficiently, and even with the lesser availability of the viral entry‐receptor and the associated proteases, can have more efficient host‐cell entry and greater replication resulting in high viral loads and prolonged viral shedding, widespread tissue‐injury, and severe inflammation leading to increased transmissibility and lethality. Furthermore, the accumulating evidence shows that multiple new variants have reduced neutralization by both, natural and vaccine‐acquired antibodies, indicating that repeated and vaccine breakthrough infections may arise as serious health concerns in the ongoing pandemic. Emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants:
Harbor key mutations altering the virus‐host interactions. Show more efficient host‐cell entry and greater replication resulting in higher viral loads, prolonged viral shedding, and greater tissue injury. Show reduced neutralization by natural and vaccine acquired antibodies. Causing symptomatic illness in increasing number of young, women, and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Rakesh Parashar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,India Health Lead, Oxford Policy Management Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Centre for Proteomics and Drug Discovery, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Rakesh K Jha
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Himanshu N Singh
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sada N Pandey
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Kamla Kant
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
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11
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Kumar A, Narayan RK, Prasoon P, Kumari C, Kaur G, Kumar S, Kulandhasamy M, Sesham K, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Pandey SN, Singh HN, Kant K, Shekhawat PS, Raza K, Kumar S. COVID-19 Mechanisms in the Human Body-What We Know So Far. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693938. [PMID: 34790191 PMCID: PMC8592035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one and a half years have elapsed since the commencement of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the world is struggling to contain it. Being caused by a previously unknown virus, in the initial period, there had been an extreme paucity of knowledge about the disease mechanisms, which hampered preventive and therapeutic measures against COVID-19. In an endeavor to understand the pathogenic mechanisms, extensive experimental studies have been conducted across the globe involving cell culture-based experiments, human tissue organoids, and animal models, targeted to various aspects of the disease, viz., viral properties, tissue tropism and organ-specific pathogenesis, involvement of physiological systems, and the human immune response against the infection. The vastly accumulated scientific knowledge on all aspects of COVID-19 has currently changed the scenario from great despair to hope. Even though spectacular progress has been made in all of these aspects, multiple knowledge gaps are remaining that need to be addressed in future studies. Moreover, multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have emerged across the globe since the onset of the first COVID-19 wave, with seemingly greater transmissibility/virulence and immune escape capabilities than the wild-type strain. In this review, we narrate the progress made since the commencement of the pandemic regarding the knowledge on COVID-19 mechanisms in the human body, including virus-host interactions, pulmonary and other systemic manifestations, immunological dysregulations, complications, host-specific vulnerability, and long-term health consequences in the survivors. Additionally, we provide a brief review of the current evidence explaining molecular mechanisms imparting greater transmissibility and virulence and immune escape capabilities to the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ravi K. Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjot Kaur
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Sesham
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Vijayawada, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Muneeb A. Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sada N. Pandey
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Himanshu N. Singh
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kamla Kant
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
| | - Prakash S. Shekhawat
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Clinical Hematology, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
| | - Khursheed Raza
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Deoghar, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Center for Proteomics and Drug Discovery, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Sinha GP, Prasoon P, Smith BN, Taylor BK. Fast A-type currents shape a rapidly adapting form of delayed short latency firing of excitatory superficial dorsal horn neurons that express the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor. J Physiol 2021; 599:2723-2750. [PMID: 33768539 DOI: 10.1113/jp281033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord contribute to chronic pain. For the first time, we characterized the firing patterns of Y1-expressing neurons in Y1eGFP reporter mice. Under hyperpolarized conditions, most Y1eGFP neurons exhibited fast A-type potassium currents and delayed, short-latency firing (DSLF). Y1eGFP DSLF neurons were almost always rapidly adapting and often exhibited rebound spiking, characteristics of spinal pain neurons under the control of T-type calcium channels. These results will inspire future studies to determine whether tissue or nerve injury downregulates the channels that underlie A-currents, thus unmasking membrane hyperexcitability in Y1-expressing dorsal horn neurons, leading to persistent pain. ABSTRACT Neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence indicates that neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor-expressing interneurons (Y1-INs) in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) are predominantly excitatory and contribute to chronic pain. Using an adult ex vivo spinal cord slice preparation from Y1eGFP reporter mice, we characterized firing patterns in response to steady state depolarizing current injection of GFP-positive cells in lamina II, the great majority of which expressed Y1 mRNA (88%). Randomly sampled (RS) and Y1eGFP neurons exhibited five firing patterns: tonic, initial burst, phasic, delayed short-latency <180 ms (DSLF) and delayed long-latency >180 ms (DLLF). When studied at resting membrane potential, most RS neurons exhibited delayed firing, while most Y1eGFP neurons exhibited phasic firing. A preconditioning membrane hyperpolarization produced only subtle changes in the firing patterns of RS neurons, but dramatically shifted Y1eGFP neurons to DSLF (46%) and DLLF (24%). In contrast to RS DSLF neurons, which rarely exhibited spike frequency adaptation, Y1eGFP DSLF neurons were almost always rapidly adapting, a characteristic of nociceptive-responsive SDH neurons. Rebound spiking was more prevalent in Y1eGFP neurons (6% RS vs. 32% Y1eGFP), indicating enrichment of T-type calcium currents. Y1eGFP DSLF neurons exhibited fast A-type potassium currents that are known to delay or limit action potential firing and exhibited smaller current density as compared to RS DSLF neurons. Our results will inspire future studies to determine whether tissue or nerve injury downregulates channels that contribute to A-currents, thus potentially unmasking T-type calcium channel activity and membrane hyperexcitability in Y1-INs, leading to persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam P Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Kumar A, Prasoon P, Kumari C, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Narayan RK, Kulandhasamy M, Kant K. SARS-CoV-2-specific virulence factors in COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 93:1343-1350. [PMID: 33085084 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The paucity of knowledge about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific virulence factors has greatly hampered the therapeutic management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recently, a cluster of studies appeared, which presented empirical evidence for SARS-CoV-2-specific virulence factors that can explain key elements of COVID-19 pathology. These studies unravel multiple structural and nonstructural specifics of SARS-CoV-2, such as a unique FURIN cleavage site, papain-like protease (SCoV2-PLpro), ORF3b and nonstructural proteins, and dynamic conformational changes in the structure of spike protein during host cell fusion, which give it an edge in infectivity and virulence over previous coronaviruses causing pandemics. Investigators provided robust evidence that SARS-CoV-2-specific virulence factors may have an impact on viral infectivity and transmissibility and disease severity as well as the development of immunity against the infection, including response to the vaccines. In this article, we are presenting a summarized account of the newly reported studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- National Brain Research Center, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi, India
| | - Kamla Kant
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
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14
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Kumar A, Kumar S, Narayan RK, Kumari C, Pareek V, Prasoon P. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Entry Factors in Immune System Components of Healthy Individuals and Its Relevance for COVID-19 Immunopathology. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:352-357. [PMID: 33481684 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense immunological dysregulation including immune cell lesions has been characteristically observed in severe cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), for which molecular mechanisms are not properly understood. A study of physiological expressions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) host cell entry-related factors in immune system components may help explain molecular mechanisms involved in COVID-19 immunopathology. We analyzed transcriptomic and proteomic expression metadata for SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry receptor ACE2 and entry associated proteases (TMPRSS2, CTSL, and FURIN) in silico across immune system components including the blood lineage cells. ACE2 was not detected in any of the studied immune cell components; however, varying transcriptomic and proteomic expressions were observed for TMPRSS2, CTSL, and FURIN. Nondetectable expressions of SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry receptor ACE2 in immune system components or blood lineage cells indicate it does not mediate immune cell lesions in COVID-19. Alternative mechanisms need to be explored for COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna, (AIIMS-P), Patna, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Centre for Proteomics and Drug Discovery, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna, (AIIMS-P), Patna, India
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,National Brain Research Center, Manesar, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Kumar A, Faiq MA, Pareek V, Raza K, Narayan RK, Prasoon P, Kumar P, Kulandhasamy M, Kumari C, Kant K, Singh HN, Qadri R, Pandey SN, Kumar S. Relevance of SARS-CoV-2 related factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions in gastrointestinal tissue with pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 patients. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110271. [PMID: 33254575 PMCID: PMC7487155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by a new strain of coronavirus called SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive sense single strand RNA virus. In humans, it binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with the help a structural protein on its surface called the S-spike. Further, cleavage of the viral spike protein (S) by the proteases like transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) or Cathepsin L (CTSL) is essential to effectuate host cell membrane fusion and virus infectivity. COVID-19 poses intriguing issues with imperative relevance to clinicians. The pathogenesis of GI symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 are of particular relevance because they cannot be sufficiently explained from the existing knowledge of the viral diseases. Tissue specific variations of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry related receptors expression in healthy individuals can help in understanding the pathophysiological basis the aforementioned collection of symptoms. ACE2 mediated dysregulation of sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1 or SLC5A1) in the intestinal epithelium also links it to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus which can be a possible reason for the associated mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. High expression of ACE2 in mucosal cells of the intestine and GB make these organs potential sites for the virus entry and replication. Continued replication of the virus at these ACE2 enriched sites may be a basis for the disease recurrence reported in some, thought to be cured, patients. Based on the human tissue specific distribution of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and other supportive evidence from the literature, we hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry receptor-ACE2 based mechanism in GI tissue may be involved in COVID-19 (i) in the pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, (ii) in increased diabetic complications, (iii) in disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India.
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; National Brain Research Center, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Khursheed Raza
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi, India
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamla Kant
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
| | - Himanshu N Singh
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; TAGC-INSERM, U1090, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Rizwana Qadri
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sada N Pandey
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Kumar A, Prasoon P, Sekhawat PS, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Kumari C, Narayan RK, Kulandhasamy M, Kant K. Pathogenesis guided therapeutic management of COVID-19: an immunological perspective. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:54-71. [PMID: 33111578 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1840566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of standardized therapeutic approaches is arguably the significant contributor to the high burden of mortality observed in the ongoing pandemic of the Coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19). Evidence is accumulating on SARS-CoV-2 specific immune cell dysregulation and consequent tissue injury in COVID-19. Currently, no definite drugs or vaccines are available against the disease; however initial results of the ongoing clinical trials have raised some hope. In this article, taking insights from the emerging empirical evidence about host-virus interactions, we deliberate upon plausible pathogenic mechanisms and suitable therapeutic approaches for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prakash S Sekhawat
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Hematology, Nil RatanSircar Medical College and Hospital (NRSMCH), Kolkata, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,National Brain Research Center, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,NYU Robert I Grossman School of Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi, India
| | - Kamla Kant
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
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Kumar A, Pareek V, Prasoon P, Faiq MA, Kumar P, Kumari C, Narayan RK. Possible routes of SARS-CoV-2 invasion in brain: In context of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2376-2383. [PMID: 32869376 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Manifestation of neurological symptoms in certain patients of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has warranted for their virus-induced etiogenesis. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, belongs to the genus of betacoronaviruses which also includes SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV; causative agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, respectively. Studies demonstrating the neural invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in vivo are still scarce, although such characteristics of certain other betacoronaviruses are well demonstrated in the literature. Based on the recent evidence for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry receptors in specific components of the human nervous and vascular tissue, a neural (olfactory and/or vagal), and a hematogenous-crossing the blood-brain barrier, routes have been proposed. The neurological symptoms in COVID-19 may also arise as a consequence of the "cytokine storm" (characteristically present in severe disease) induced neuroinflammation, or co-morbidities. There is also a possibility that, there may be multiple routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain, or multiple mechanisms can be involved in the pathogenesis of the neurological symptoms. In this review article, we have discussed the possible routes of SARS-CoV-2 brain entry based on the emerging evidence for this virus, and that available for other betacoronaviruses in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,National Brain Research Center, Manesar, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravi K Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
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Kumar A, Kumar P, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Narayan RK, Raza K, Prasoon P, Sharma VK. Neurotrophin mediated HPA axis dysregulation in stress induced genesis of psychiatric disorders: Orchestration by epigenetic modifications. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 102:101688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kumar R, Gautam M, Prasoon P, Gupta S, Ray SB. Comparison of the peripheral antinociceptive effect of somatostatin with bupivacaine and morphine in the rodent postoperative pain model. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2019; 35:955-965. [PMID: 29762151 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Infiltration of surgical wound with local anaesthetics attenuate postoperative pain. However, side effects can also occur. Somatostatin (SST) and its analogues like octreotide reportedly reduce peripheral sensitisation. The current study evaluates peripherally mediated antinociceptive effect of SST in a rat model of postoperative pain. This was compared with bupivacaine and morphine under identical experimental conditions. DESIGN Randomised vehicle-controlled blind study. SETTING Pain research laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi from February 2014 to July 2017. EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECT Rodent hind paw incision model. INTERVENTIONS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to incision and one of the following drugs administered into the open wound once by a micropipette: SST (10, 30 or 100 μg), bupivacaine (3, 10, 30, 50 or 100 μg) or morphine (100 μg). Antinociceptive effect of SST was further evaluated for its reversibility, site of action, effect on spinal c-fos expression and blood glucose level. The site of action of morphine was also investigated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Nociception was estimated by nonevoked (guarding behaviour) and evoked (mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia) pain behaviours between 2 h and days 4 to 7. RESULTS Nociception was maximum 2 h after incision. SST (10 to 100 μg) significantly attenuated guarding behaviour between 2 h and day 2. A delayed inhibitory effect was observed on allodynia. Bupivacaine (10 to 100 μg doses) similarly decreased guarding score up to day 2 though evoked pain behaviours were relatively unaffected. In contrast, morphine produced a potent but transient inhibitory effect on guarding score at 2 h, which was mediated by both peripheral and central opioid receptors. The antinociceptive effect of SST was peripherally mediated by type 2 receptors and was associated with decreased c-fos staining. Blood glucose level was unaltered. CONCLUSION Guarding behaviour, which likely represents pain-at-rest following surgery, was attenuated by both bupivacaine and SST to comparable extents. This novel peripherally mediated antinociceptive effect of SST needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- From the Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (RK, MG, PP, SG, SBR)
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Gupta S, Gautam M, Prasoon P, Kumar R, Ray SB, Kaler Jhajhria S. Involvement of Neuropeptide Y in Post-Incisional Nociception in Rats. Ann Neurosci 2018; 25:268-276. [PMID: 31000967 PMCID: PMC6470383 DOI: 10.1159/000495130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is abundantly distributed in the mammalian nervous system. Its role in nociception arising from inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions has been elucidated. However, its involvement in post-incisional nociception, particularly at the spinal cord level, is relatively unknown. PURPOSE Management of postoperative pain is suboptimal. Evaluation of changes at the spinal level could facilitate better understanding of neural mechanisms underlying this type of pain. METHODS Rats were subjected to hind paw incision and spatiotemporal pattern of NPY expression in the dorsal horn was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Next, rats were implanted with intrathecal catheters using previously standardized procedure. NPY was injected into the intrathecal space by an indwelling catheter and behavioral assessment of nociception was performed. RESULTS Higher expression of NPY was observed in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. After incision, specific changes were observed like an abrupt decrease at 3 h after incision, which could be correlated with the intense nociception at this time. In contrast to morphine administration, which attenuated all 3 behavioral parameters of nociception, NPY decreased guarding behavior and thermal hyperalgesia during the acute phase. CONCLUSIONS NPY is extensively expressed in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord and exhibit marked changes after incision. Nociception is also decreased after its administration. Hence, it is likely involved in post-incisional nociception. This information could have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Saroj Kaler Jhajhria
- Departments of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Ray S, Gautam M, Prasoon P. Postoperative pain in rats and its alleviation with neuropeptide Y. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Garg S, Prasoon P, Deshmukh VR, Goyal R. Corrigendum to: Possible modulation of PPAR-γ cascade against depression caused by neuropathic pain in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:225. [PMID: 29500921 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanky Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 1028, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Rohit Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212, India
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Garg S, Deshmukh VR, Prasoon P. Possible modulation of PPAR-γ cascade against depression caused by neuropathic pain in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:593-600. [PMID: 28888088 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sciatic nerve ligation causes neuropathic pain with chronic constriction injury (CCI). However, there is no published report on the effect of pioglitazone as an antidepressant in the treatment of depression induced by neuropathic pain with CCI in rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone as an antidepressant by targeting oxidative stress by the peripheral neuropathic pain model using the CCI of the sciatic nerve. METHODS Behavioral studies were carried out to measure thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia as markers of neuropathic pain and force swim test for depression. These were followed by estimation of biochemical parameters which include lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rat brains as a measure of oxidative stress. We administered two intraperitoneal doses of pioglitazone (4.5 and 9.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to the treated group for 28 consecutive days from the day of injury and behavioral as well as biochemical evaluations were performed. RESULTS The results suggested that the administration of pioglitazone significantly countered the neuropathic pain induced depression as interpreted through elevated pain threshold of tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia followed by decreased immobility time in the 9.0 mg/kg dose group. CONCLUSIONS It may be concluded that the oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and depression as evidenced by the behavioral studies and the changes in the levels of lipid peroxidase, nitrite, catalase, and glutathione and SOD.
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Kumar A, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Kumar P, Raza K, Prasoon P, Dantham S, Mochan S. Regulatory role of NGFs in neurocognitive functions. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:649-673. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNerve growth factors (NGFs), especially the prototype NGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have a diverse array of functions in the central nervous system through their peculiar set of receptors and intricate signaling. They are implicated not only in the development of the nervous system but also in regulation of neurocognitive functions like learning, memory, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. Evidence even suggests their role in continued neurogenesis and experience-dependent neural network remodeling in adult brain. They have also been associated extensively with brain disorders characterized by neurocognitive dysfunction. In the present article, we aimed to make an exhaustive review of literature to get a comprehensive view on the role of NGFs in neurocognitive functions in health and disease. Starting with historical perspective, distribution in adult brain, implied molecular mechanisms, and developmental basis, this article further provides a detailed account of NGFs’ role in specified neurocognitive functions. Furthermore, it discusses plausible NGF-based homeostatic and adaptation mechanisms operating in the pathogenesis of neurocognitive disorders and has presents a survey of such disorders. Finally, it elaborates on current evidence and future possibilities in therapeutic applications of NGFs with an emphasis on recent research updates in drug delivery mechanisms. Conclusive remarks of the article make a strong case for plausible role of NGFs in comprehensive regulation of the neurocognitive functions and pathogenesis of related disorders and advocate that future research should be directed to explore use of NGF-based mechanisms in the prevention of implicated diseases as well as to target these molecules pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Karaikal, Puducherry 609602, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Computational Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Division, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana 122051, India
| | - Muneeb A. Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Khursheed Raza
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Subrahamanyam Dantham
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sankat Mochan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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Kumar R, Prasoon P, Gautam M, Ray SB. Comparative antinociceptive effect of arachidonylcyclopropylamide, a cannabinoid 1 receptor agonist & lignocaine, a local anaesthetic agent, following direct intrawound administration in rats. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:730-740. [PMID: 28361827 PMCID: PMC5393085 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1402_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Treatment of inflammatory pain with opioids is accompanied by unpleasant and, at times, life-threatening side effects. Cannabis produces antinociception as well as psychotropic effects. It was hypothesized that peripheral cannabinoid receptors outside the central nervous system could be selectively activated for relief of pain. This study was undertaken to measure the antinociceptive effect of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1r) agonist arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) in a rat model of inflammatory pain after intrawound administration and the effects were compared with lignocaine. Methods: Wounds were produced under controlled conditions by an incision in the right hind paw in rats. ACPA (10, 30 or 100 μg/10 μl) was administered directly into the wound. Antinociception was evaluated by guarding, allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. This was compared to lignocaine (30 μg/10 μl). Reversal of ACPA (30 μg)-mediated antinociceptive effect was attempted by intrawound AM251 (100 μg), a CB1r antagonist. Antinociception was also evaluated after contralateral administration of ACPA (30 μg). Primary afferent nociceptive input to the spinal cord was investigated by c-Fos expression after ACPA treatment (100 μg). Results: ACPA, but not lignocaine, inhibited guarding behaviour, which was locally mediated. Conversely, lignocaine, but not ACPA, inhibited thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. ACPA-mediated inhibitory effect was reversible and dose dependent. It was associated with a decreased c-Fos expression. Locomotor activity was unaffected following ACPA (100 μg) treatment. Interpretation & conclusions: Lignocaine attenuated evoked pain behaviour whereas ACPA decreased guarding score. This difference was likely due to blockade of sodium ion channels and the activation of peripheral CB1r, respectively. Central side effects were absent after ACPA treatment. Further studies need to be done to assess the effect of ACPA treatment in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Gautam
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Basu Ray
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Deshmukh VR, Prasoon P, Ray SB. Expression of gap junctions bearing connexin-43 subunits and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the rat dorsal root ganglia following hind paw incision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20164568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons mediate the transmission of sensation from the periphery. DRG neurons are pseudounipolar in nature and enveloped by the satellite glial cells (SC). Satellite glial cells have been reported to influence neuronal excitability via gap junctions. Postoperative pain causes induction of various neurotransmitters such as connexin-43 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), in the satellite cells surrounding neuronal cell bodiesObjective: To study the expression of connexin-43 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein after hind paw incision.Methods: Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) were used. Rats were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (n=6) and Group II (n=6) for immunohistochemical study with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and connexin-43 (Cx-43) respectively. In this study, rats were subjected to noxious stimuli on the right hind paw under general anesthesia. Dorsal root ganglia of both sides (L4 spinal nerves) were isolated after transcardiac fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. The ganglia from the non-incised side were taken as the control group.Results: Unipolar neurons in the DRG were surrounded by satellite cells. The satellite cells were positive for GFAP, which showed increased expression on the surgical side after noxious stimuli. Cx-43 immunostaining also showed an increased expression in the periphery of neuronal cell bodies of surgical side representing the location of gap junctions and hyperexcitability of neurons.Conclusions: Small to medium sized neurons carry pain sensation from the periphery to the central nervous system. Increased gap junctions were noted in small neurons and satellite cells after surgery. Gap junctions might contribute to increased excitability of small neurons in postoperative pain.
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Prasoon P, Gupta S, Kumar R, Gautam M, Kaler S, Ray SB. Role of fosaprepitant, a neurokinin Type 1 receptor antagonist, in morphine-induced antinociception in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 48:394-398. [PMID: 27756950 PMCID: PMC4980927 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.186198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Opioids such as morphine form the cornerstone in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, opioids also produce serious side effects such as tolerance. Fosaprepitant is a substance P (SP) receptor antagonist, which is used for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. SP is an important neuropeptide mediating transmission of pain at the spinal level. Thus, it was hypothesized that combining morphine with fosaprepitant would increase the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of fosaprepitant on morphine-induced antinociception in rats and to investigate its mechanism of action. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with morphine (10 mg/kg twice daily) and/or fosaprepitant (30 mg/kg once daily) for 7 days. Pain threshold was assessed by the hot plate test. Expression of SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal cords of these rats was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Morphine administration resulted in an antinociceptive effect compared to the control group (day 1 and to a lesser extent on day 4). The decreased antinociception despite continued morphine treatment indicated development of tolerance. Co-administration of fosaprepitant attenuated tolerance to morphine (days 1 and 3) and increased the antinociceptive effect compared to control group (days 1-4). Expression of SP was increased in the morphine + fosaprepitant group. CONCLUSIONS The results show that fosaprepitant attenuates the development of tolerance to morphine and thereby, increases the antinociceptive effect. This is likely linked to decreased release of SP from presynaptic terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Gautam
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saroj Kaler
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Basu Ray
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Prasoon P, Kumar R, Gautam M, Sebastian EK, Reeta KH, Ray SB. Role of somatostatin and somatostatin receptor type 2 in postincisional nociception in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 49:47-54. [PMID: 25599867 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) and the somatostatin receptor type 2 (sstr2) are expressed in the superficial part (Laminae I-III) of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Since the neurons in these laminae also receive nociceptive sensation from the periphery, it was hypothesized that both SST and sstr2 could be involved in the modulation of nociceptive transmission. To the best of knowledge, there are no studies on the involvement of SST and sstr2 in hind paw incision model in rats, which mimics postoperative pain in humans. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to hind paw incision under isoflurane anaesthesia and the resulting mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated for 5 days. In another set of animals, the spinal cord was isolated at specified time intervals after incision and examined for SST and sstr2 expression using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting procedures. Finally, nociceptive parameters were again evaluated in incised rats, which had received SST (400 µg/kg i.p. three times per day). Blood glucose level and locomotor activity were determined after SST treatment. Both allodynia and hyperalgesia were highest immediately after incision. Spinal SST expression increased at 2 h. A further increase was noted on day 3. Expression of sstr2 increased initially but decreased at day 1. These changes could be due to exocytosis of SST and internalization of the ligand-receptor complex. SST injection significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia but not thermal hyperalgesia. Significant change in blood glucose level or locomotor activity was absent. SST appears to contribute to postincisional pain. This finding could be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Gautam
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ebin K Sebastian
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - K H Reeta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Basu Ray
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Gautam M, Prasoon P, Kumar R, Singh A, Shrimal P, Ray SB. Direct intrawound administration of dimethylsulphoxide relieves acute pain in rats. Int Wound J 2014; 13:252-6. [PMID: 24750992 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds associated with injuries such as burns can produce moderate to severe pain. Besides causing distress to the patient, unrelieved pain could delay healing owing to stress-related problems. Thus, pain needs to be treated as early as possible after injury. It was hypothesised that local treatment of wounds with appropriate analgesic drugs could attenuate pain. HOE 140, a bradykinin receptor antagonist, reduced acute inflammatory pain in rats after intrawound administration. In this study, the analgesic effect of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was investigated in a similar hind-paw incision model in rats. An extremely small quantity (10 µl) of 100% DMSO was administered into the incision site just before closure of the wound. It persistently attenuated guarding behaviour in rats over a period of 3 days without affecting thermal hyperalgesia or allodynia. Accumulated evidence indicates that guarding is equivalent to pain at rest in humans. The possible mechanisms of the analgesic effect could be inhibition of C group of peripheral nerve fibres or even free radical scavenging. Healing of the wound was found to be normal at the end of the study period. In conclusion, DMSO could be useful in the treatment of acute pain resulting from tissue injuries such as burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gautam
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prawal Shrimal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata B Ray
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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