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Frazier HN, Braun DJ, Bailey CS, Coleman MJ, Davis VA, Dundon SR, McLouth CJ, Muzyk HC, Powell DK, Rogers CB, Roy SM, Van Eldik LJ. A small molecule p38α MAPK inhibitor, MW150, attenuates behavioral deficits and neuronal dysfunction in a mouse model of mixed amyloid and vascular pathologies. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 40:100826. [PMID: 39161874 PMCID: PMC11331815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of p38 alpha mitogen activated protein kinase (p38α) has shown great promise as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in preclinical tests. However, previous preclinical studies were performed in "pure" models of AD pathology. A vast majority of AD patients have comorbid dementia-contributing pathologies, particularly some form of vascular damage. The present study therefore aimed to test the potential of p38α inhibition to address dysfunction in the context of comorbid amyloid and vascular pathologies. Methods An amyloid overexpressing mouse strain (5xFAD) was placed on an 8-week long diet to induce the hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) model of small vessel disease. Mice were treated with the brain-penetrant small molecule p38α inhibitor MW150 for the duration of the HHcy diet, and subsequently underwent behavioral, neuroimaging, electrophysiological, or biochemical/immunohistochemical analyses. Results MW150 successfully reduced behavioral impairment in the Morris Water Maze, corresponding with attenuation of synaptic loss, reduction in tau phosphorylation, and a partial normalization of electrophysiological parameters. No effect of MW150 was observed on the amyloid, vascular, or neuroinflammatory endpoints measured. Conclusions This study provides proof-of-principle that the inhibition of p38α is able to provide benefit even in the context of mixed pathological contributions to cognitive impairment. Interestingly, the benefit was mediated primarily via rescue of neuronal function without any direct effects on the primary pathologies. These data suggest a potential use for p38 inhibitors in the preservation of cognition across contexts, and in particular AD, either alone or as an adjunct to other AD therapies (i.e. anti-amyloid approaches). Future studies to delineate the precise neuronal pathways implicated in the benefit may help define other specific comorbid conditions amenable to this type of approach or suggest future refinement in pharmacological targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaree N. Frazier
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - David J. Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Caleb S. Bailey
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Meggie J. Coleman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Verda A. Davis
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Stephen R. Dundon
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging & Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | - Hana C. Muzyk
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - David K. Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging & Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Colin B. Rogers
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Saktimayee M. Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Carey A, Parodi‐Rullan R, Vazquez‐Torres R, Canepa E, Fossati S. Homocysteine potentiates amyloid β -induced death receptor 4- and 5-mediated cerebral endothelial cell apoptosis, blood brain barrier dysfunction and angiogenic impairment. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14106. [PMID: 38358083 PMCID: PMC11113365 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction has been implicated as a major contributor to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology, with cerebral endothelial cell (cEC) stress promoting ischemia, cerebral-blood flow impairments and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recent evidence suggests that cardiovascular (CV)/cerebrovascular risk factors, including hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy), exacerbate AD pathology and risk. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms for this interaction remain unclear. Our lab has demonstrated that amyloid beta 40 (Aβ40) species, and particularly Aβ40-E22Q (AβQ22; vasculotropic Dutch mutant), promote death receptor 4 and 5 (DR4/DR5)-mediated apoptosis in human cECs, barrier permeability, and angiogenic impairment. Previous studies show that Hhcy also induces EC dysfunction, but it remains unknown whether Aβ and homocysteine function through common molecular mechanisms. We tested the hypotheses that Hhcy exacerbates Aβ-induced cEC DR4/5-mediated apoptosis, barrier dysfunction, and angiogenesis defects. This study was the first to demonstrate that Hhcy specifically potentiates AβQ22-mediated activation of the DR4/5-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway in cECs, including DR4/5 expression, caspase 8/9/3 activation, cytochrome-c release and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, we revealed that Hhcy intensifies the deregulation of the same cEC junction proteins mediated by Aβ, precipitating BBB permeability. Furthermore, Hhcy and AβQ22, impairing VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling and VEGFR2 endosomal trafficking, additively decrease cEC angiogenic capabilities. Overall, these results show that the presence of the CV risk factor Hhcy exacerbates Aβ-induced cEC apoptosis, barrier dysfunction, and angiogenic impairment. This study reveals specific mechanisms through which amyloidosis and Hhcy jointly operate to produce brain EC dysfunction and death, highlighting new potential molecular targets against vascular pathology in comorbid AD/CAA and Hhcy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Carey
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rebecca Parodi‐Rullan
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rafael Vazquez‐Torres
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elisa Canepa
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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3
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Alrouji M, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Ashour NA, Jabir MS, Negm WA, Batiha GES. Metformin role in Parkinson's disease: a double-sword effect. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:975-991. [PMID: 37266747 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease developed due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. There is no single effective treatment in the management of PD. Therefore, repurposing effective and approved drugs like metformin could be an effective strategy for managing PD. However, the mechanistic role of metformin in PD neuropathology was not fully elucidated. Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent used as a first-line therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and has the ability to reduce insulin resistance (IR). Metformin may have a beneficial effect on PD neuropathology. The neuroprotective effect of metformin is mainly mediated by activating adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK), which reduces mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and α-synuclein aggregation. As well, metformin mitigates brain IR a hallmark of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, metformin may harm PD neuropathology by inducing hyperhomocysteinemia and deficiency of folate and B12. Therefore, this review aimed to find the potential role of metformin regarding its protective and detrimental effects on the pathogenesis of PD. The mechanistic role of metformin in PD neuropathology was not fully elucidated. Most studies regarding metformin and its effectiveness in PD neuropathology were observed in preclinical studies, which are not fully translated into clinical settings. In addition, metformin effect on PD neuropathology was previously clarified in T2DM, potentially linked to an increasing PD risk. These limitations hinder the conclusion concerning the therapeutic efficacy of metformin and its beneficial and detrimental role in PD. Therefore, as metformin does not cause hypoglycemia and is a safe drug, it should be evaluated in non-diabetic patients concerning PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nada A Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Mersa Matruh, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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4
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Sirichoat A, Dornlakorn O, Saenno R, Aranarochana A, Sritawan N, Pannangrong W, Wigmore P, Welbat JU. Caffeic acid protects against l-methionine induced reduction in neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in a rat model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26919. [PMID: 38455532 PMCID: PMC10918208 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
l-methionine (L-met) is a substantial non-polar amino acid for normal development. L-met is converted to homocysteine that leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and subsequent excessive homocysteine in serum resulting in stimulating oxidative stress and vascular dementia. Several studies have found that hyperhomocysteine causes neuronal cell damage, which leads to memory impairment. Caffeic acid is a substrate in phenolic compound discovered in plant biosynthesis. Caffeic acid contains biological antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. The neuroprotective reaction of caffeic acid can protect against the brain disruption from hydrogen peroxide produced by oxidative stress. It also enhances GSH and superoxide dismutase activities, which protect against neuron cell loss caused by oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Hence, we investigated the protective role of caffeic acid in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment induced by L-met in rats. Six groups of Sprague Dawley rats were assigned including control, L-met (1.7 g/kg/day), caffeic acid (20, 40 mg/kg), and L-met + caffeic acid (20, 40 mg/kg) groups. Spatial and recognition memories were subsequently examined using novel object location (NOL) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. Moreover, the immunofluorescence technique was performed to detect Ki-67/RECA-1, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/NeuN and p21 markers to represent hippocampal neurogenesis changes. The results revealed decreases in vasculature related cell proliferation and neuronal cell survival. By contrast, cell cycle arrest was increased in the L-met group. These results showed the association of the spatial and recognition memory impairments. However, the deterioration can be restored by co-administration with caffeic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiwat Sirichoat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Oabnithi Dornlakorn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Rasa Saenno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusara Aranarochana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nataya Sritawan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanassanun Pannangrong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Peter Wigmore
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jariya Umka Welbat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Neurogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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5
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Ungvari A, Gulej R, Csik B, Mukli P, Negri S, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A, Benyo Z, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z. The Role of Methionine-Rich Diet in Unhealthy Cerebrovascular and Brain Aging: Mechanisms and Implications for Cognitive Impairment. Nutrients 2023; 15:4662. [PMID: 37960316 PMCID: PMC10650229 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As aging societies in the western world face a growing prevalence of vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD), understanding their underlying causes and associated risk factors becomes increasingly critical. A salient concern in the western dietary context is the high consumption of methionine-rich foods such as red meat. The present review delves into the impact of this methionine-heavy diet and the resultant hyperhomocysteinemia on accelerated cerebrovascular and brain aging, emphasizing their potential roles in cognitive impairment. Through a comprehensive exploration of existing evidence, a link between high methionine intake and hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and accelerated epigenetic aging is drawn. Moreover, the microvascular determinants of cognitive deterioration, including endothelial dysfunction, reduced cerebral blood flow, microvascular rarefaction, impaired neurovascular coupling, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, are explored. The mechanisms by which excessive methionine consumption and hyperhomocysteinemia might drive cerebromicrovascular and brain aging processes are elucidated. By presenting an intricate understanding of the relationships among methionine-rich diets, hyperhomocysteinemia, cerebrovascular and brain aging, and cognitive impairment, avenues for future research and potential therapeutic interventions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ungvari
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boglarka Csik
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Department of Public Health, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Mukli
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Department of Public Health, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sharon Negri
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Department of Public Health, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Department of Public Health, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zoltan Benyo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
- Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Department of Translational Medicine, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.G.); (B.C.); (P.M.); (S.N.); (S.T.); (A.Y.); (A.C.); (Z.U.)
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Department of Public Health, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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6
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Hannawi Y. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: a Review of the Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01195-9. [PMID: 37864643 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) refers to the age-dependent pathological processes involving the brain small vessels and leading to vascular cognitive impairment, intracerebral hemorrhage, and acute lacunar ischemic stroke. Despite the significant public health burden of cSVD, disease-specific therapeutics remain unavailable due to the incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent advances in neuroimaging acquisition and processing capabilities as well as findings from cSVD animal models have revealed critical roles of several age-dependent processes in cSVD pathogenesis including arterial stiffness, vascular oxidative stress, low-grade systemic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and increased salt intake. These factors interact to cause a state of endothelial cell dysfunction impairing cerebral blood flow regulation and breaking the blood brain barrier. Neuroinflammation follows resulting in neuronal injury and cSVD clinical manifestations. Impairment of the cerebral waste clearance through the glymphatic system is another potential process that has been recently highlighted contributing to the cognitive decline. This review details these mechanisms and attempts to explain their complex interactions. In addition, the relevant knowledge gaps in cSVD mechanistic understanding are identified and a systematic approach to future translational and early phase clinical research is proposed in order to reveal new cSVD mechanisms and develop disease-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Hannawi
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Ave, Graves Hall 3172C, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Guo G, Yang J, Guo W, Deng H, Yu H, Bai S, Li G, Tang Y, Zhang P, Xu Y, Pan C, Tang Z. Homocysteine impedes neurite outgrowth recovery after intracerebral haemorrhage by downregulating pCAMK2A. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2023; 8:335-348. [PMID: 36854487 PMCID: PMC10512087 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is independently associated with poorer long-term prognosis in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH); however, the effect and mechanisms of HHcy on ICH are still unclear. Here, we evaluated neurite outgrowth and neurological functional recovery using simulated models of ICH with HHcy in vitro and in vivo. We found that the neurite outgrowth velocity and motor functional recovery in the ICH plus HHcy group were significantly slower than that in the control group, indicating that homocysteine (Hcy) significantly impedes the neurite outgrowth recovery after ICH. Furthermore, phosphoproteomic data and signalome analysis of perihematomal brain tissues suggested that calmodulin-dependent protein kinases 2 (CAMK2A) kinase substrate pairs were significantly downregulated in ICH with HHcy compared with autologous blood injection only, both western blot and immunofluorescence staining confirmed this finding. Additionally, upregulation of pCAMK2A significantly increased neurite outgrowth recovery in ICH with HHcy. Collectively, we clarify the mechanism of HHcy-hindered neurite outgrowth recovery, and pCAMK2A may serve as a therapeutic strategy for promoting neurological recovery after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingfei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenliang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haihan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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8
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Rajeev V, Chai YL, Poh L, Selvaraji S, Fann DY, Jo DG, De Silva TM, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV, Chen CP, Lai MKP. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: a critical feature in unravelling the etiology of vascular cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:93. [PMID: 37309012 PMCID: PMC10259064 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) describes a wide spectrum of cognitive deficits related to cerebrovascular diseases. Although the loss of blood flow to cortical regions critically involved in cognitive processes must feature as the main driver of VCI, the underlying mechanisms and interactions with related disease processes remain to be fully elucidated. Recent clinical studies of cerebral blood flow measurements have supported the role of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) as a major driver of the vascular pathology and clinical manifestations of VCI. Here we review the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as neuropathological changes of CCH. Potential interventional strategies for VCI are also reviewed. A deeper understanding of how CCH can lead to accumulation of VCI-associated pathology could potentially pave the way for early detection and development of disease-modifying therapies, thus allowing preventive interventions instead of symptomatic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vismitha Rajeev
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y Fann
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - T Michael De Silva
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Sompol P, Gollihue JL, Weiss BE, Lin RL, Case SL, Kraner SD, Weekman EM, Gant JC, Rogers CB, Niedowicz DM, Sudduth TL, Powell DK, Lin AL, Nelson PT, Thibault O, Wilcock DM, Norris CM. Targeting Astrocyte Signaling Alleviates Cerebrovascular and Synaptic Function Deficits in a Diet-Based Mouse Model of Small Cerebral Vessel Disease. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1797-1813. [PMID: 36746627 PMCID: PMC10010459 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1333-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the indispensable role that astrocytes play in the neurovascular unit, few studies have investigated the functional impact of astrocyte signaling in cognitive decline and dementia related to vascular pathology. Diet-mediated induction of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) recapitulates numerous features of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Here, we used astrocyte targeting approaches to evaluate astrocyte Ca2+ dysregulation and the impact of aberrant astrocyte signaling on cerebrovascular dysfunction and synapse impairment in male and female HHcy diet mice. Two-photon imaging conducted in fully awake mice revealed activity-dependent Ca2+ dysregulation in barrel cortex astrocytes under HHcy. Stimulation of contralateral whiskers elicited larger Ca2+ transients in individual astrocytes of HHcy diet mice compared with control diet mice. However, evoked Ca2+ signaling across astrocyte networks was impaired in HHcy mice. HHcy also was associated with increased activation of the Ca2+/calcineurin-dependent transcription factor NFAT4, which has been linked previously to the reactive astrocyte phenotype and synapse dysfunction in amyloid and brain injury models. Targeting the NFAT inhibitor VIVIT to astrocytes, using adeno-associated virus vectors, led to reduced GFAP promoter activity in HHcy diet mice and improved functional hyperemia in arterioles and capillaries. VIVIT expression in astrocytes also preserved CA1 synaptic function and improved spontaneous alternation performance on the Y maze. Together, the results demonstrate that aberrant astrocyte signaling can impair the major functional properties of the neurovascular unit (i.e., cerebral vessel regulation and synaptic regulation) and may therefore represent a promising drug target for treating VCID and possibly Alzheimer's disease and other related dementias.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The impact of reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated Ca2+ responses and signaling in barrel cortex astrocytes of mice fed with a B-vitamin deficient diet that induces hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), cerebral vessel disease, and cognitive decline. Multiphoton imaging in awake mice with HHcy revealed augmented Ca2+ responses in individual astrocytes, but impaired signaling across astrocyte networks. Stimulation-evoked arteriole dilation and elevated red blood cell velocity in capillaries were also impaired in cortex of awake HHcy mice. Astrocyte-specific inhibition of the Ca2+-dependent transcription factor, NFAT, normalized cerebrovascular function in HHcy mice, improved synaptic properties in brain slices, and stabilized cognition. Results suggest that astrocytes are a mechanism and possible therapeutic target for vascular-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | | | - Blaine E Weiss
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | - Ruei-Lung Lin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | - Sami L Case
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | | | | | - John C Gant
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
- Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
| | | | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging
- Departments of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences
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10
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Carey A, Fossati S. Hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia as modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and dementia: New evidence, potential therapeutic strategies, and biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:671-695. [PMID: 36401868 PMCID: PMC9931659 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent evidence on how mid-life hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and blood pressure variability, as well as late-life hypotension, exacerbate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia risk. Intriguingly, HHcy also increases the risk for hypertension, revealing the importance of understanding the relationship between comorbid cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension-induced dementia presents more evidently in women, highlighting the relevance of sex differences in the impact of cardiovascular risk. We summarize each major antihypertensive drug class's effects on cognitive impairment and AD pathology, revealing how carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, diuretics modulating cerebral blood flow, have recently gained preclinical evidence as promising treatment against AD. We also report novel vascular biomarkers for AD and dementia risk, highlighting those associated with hypertension and HHcy. Importantly, we propose that future studies should consider hypertension and HHcy as potential contributors to cognitive impairment, and that uncovering the underlying molecular mechanisms and biomarkers would aid in the identification of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Carey
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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11
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Reagan AM, Christensen KE, Graham LC, Bedwell AA, Eldridge K, Speedy R, Figueiredo LL, Persohn SC, Bottiglieri T, Nho K, Sasner M, Territo PR, Rozen R, Howell GR. The 677C > T variant in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase causes morphological and functional cerebrovascular deficits in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:2333-2350. [PMID: 36050860 PMCID: PMC9670012 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221122644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) particularly Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) are increasing; however, mechanisms driving cerebrovascular decline are poorly understood. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a critical enzyme in the folate and methionine cycles. Variants in MTHFR, notably 677 C > T, are associated with dementias, but no mouse model existed to identify mechanisms by which MTHFR677C > T increases risk. Therefore, MODEL-AD created a novel knock-in (KI) strain carrying the Mthfr677C > T allele on the C57BL/6J background (Mthfr677C > T) to characterize morphology and function perturbed by the variant. Consistent with human clinical data, Mthfr677C > T mice have reduced enzyme activity in the liver and elevated plasma homocysteine levels. MTHFR enzyme activity is also reduced in the Mthfr677C > T brain. Mice showed reduced tissue perfusion in numerous brain regions by PET/CT as well as significantly reduced vascular density, pericyte number and increased GFAP-expressing astrocytes in frontal cortex. Electron microscopy revealed cerebrovascular damage including endothelial and pericyte apoptosis, reduced luminal size, and increased astrocyte and microglial presence in the microenvironment. Collectively, these data support a mechanism by which variations in MTHFR perturb cerebrovascular health laying the foundation to incorporate our new Mthfr677C > T mouse model in studies examining genetic susceptibility for cerebrovascular dysfunction in ADRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E Christensen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University,
Research Institute of the Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Amanda A Bedwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kierra Eldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachael Speedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lucas L Figueiredo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Scott C Persohn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor
Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Paul R Territo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rima Rozen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University,
Research Institute of the Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School
of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering,
University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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12
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Tian Z, Ji X, Liu J. Neuroinflammation in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Current Evidence, Advances, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116224. [PMID: 35682903 PMCID: PMC9181710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a major heterogeneous brain disease caused by multiple factors, and it is the second most common type of dementia in the world. It is caused by long-term chronic low perfusion in the whole brain or local brain area, and it eventually develops into severe cognitive dysfunction syndrome. Because of the disease’s ambiguous classification and diagnostic criteria, there is no clear treatment strategy for VCID, and the association between cerebrovascular pathology and cognitive impairment is controversial. Neuroinflammation is an immunological cascade reaction mediated by glial cells in the central nervous system where innate immunity resides. Inflammatory reactions could be triggered by various damaging events, including hypoxia, ischemia, and infection. Long-term chronic hypoperfusion-induced ischemia and hypoxia can overactivate neuroinflammation, causing apoptosis, blood–brain barrier damage and other pathological changes, triggering or aggravating the occurrence and development of VCID. In this review, we will explore the mechanisms of neuroinflammation induced by ischemia and hypoxia caused by chronic hypoperfusion and emphasize the important role of neuroinflammation in the development of VCID from the perspective of immune cells, immune mediators and immune signaling pathways, so as to provide valuable ideas for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Tian
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Xunming Ji
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-13520729063 (J.L.)
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-13520729063 (J.L.)
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13
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Seaks CE, Weekman EM, Sudduth TL, Xie K, Wasek B, Fardo DW, Johnson LA, Bottiglieri T, Wilcock DM. Apolipoprotein E ε4/4 genotype limits response to dietary induction of hyperhomocysteinemia and resulting inflammatory signaling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:771-787. [PMID: 35023380 PMCID: PMC9254035 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211069006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are the second leading cause of dementia behind Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a lipid transporting lipoprotein found within the brain and periphery. The APOE ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease and is a risk factor for VCID. Our lab has previously utilized a dietary model of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) to induce VCID pathology and cognitive deficits in mice. This diet induces perivascular inflammation through cumulative oxidative damage leading to glial mediated inflammation and blood brain barrier breakdown. Here, we examine the impact of ApoE ε4 compared to ε3 alleles on the progression of VCID pathology and inflammation in our dietary model of HHcy. We report a significant resistance to HHcy induction in ε4 mice, accompanied by a number of related differences related to homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and methylation cycle, or 1-C, metabolites. There were also significant differences in inflammatory profiles between ε3 and ε4 mice, as well as significant reduction in Serpina3n, a serine protease inhibitor associated with ApoE ε4, expression in ε4 HHcy mice relative to ε4 controls. Finally, we find evidence of pervasive sex differences within both genotypes in response to HHcy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Seaks
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
USA
| | - Erica M Weekman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
USA
| | | | - Kevin Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY, USA
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor
Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor
Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
USA
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14
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Reagan AM, Onos KD, Heuer SE, Sasner M, Howell GR. Improving mouse models for the study of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:79-113. [PMID: 35461569 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease whose risk is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Although a number of pathological hallmarks have been extensively studied over the last several decades, a complete picture of disease initiation and progression remains unclear. We now understand that numerous cell types and systems are involved in AD pathogenesis, and that this cellular profile may present differently for each individual, making the creation of relevant mouse models challenging. However, with increasingly diverse data made available by genome-wide association studies, we can identify and examine new genes and pathways involved in genetic risk for AD, many of which involve vascular health and inflammation. When developing mouse models, it is critical to assess (1) an aging timeline that represents onset and progression in humans, (2) genetic variants and context, (3) environmental factors present in human populations that result in both neuropathological and functional changes-themes that we address in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah E Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States; Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States; Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.
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15
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Therapeutic treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug candidate MW151 may partially reduce memory impairment and normalizes hippocampal metabolic markers in a mouse model of comorbid amyloid and vascular pathology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262474. [PMID: 35081152 PMCID: PMC8791470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, but therapeutic options are lacking. Despite long being able to effectively treat the ill-effects of pathology present in various rodent models of AD, translation of these strategies to the clinic has so far been disappointing. One potential contributor to this situation is the fact that the vast majority of AD patients have other dementia-contributing comorbid pathologies, the most common of which are vascular in nature. This situation is modeled relatively infrequently in basic AD research, and almost never in preclinical studies. As part of our efforts to develop small molecule, anti-inflammatory therapeutics for neurological injury and disease, we have recently been exploring potentially promising treatments in preclinical multi-morbidity contexts. In the present study, we generated a mouse model of mixed amyloid and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) pathology in which to test the efficacy of one of our anti-inflammatory compounds, MW151. HHcy can cause cerebrovascular damage and is an independent risk factor for both AD dementia and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. We found that MW151 was able to partially rescue hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and learning deficits in this comorbidity context, and further, that the benefit is associated with a normalization of hippocampal metabolites detectable via magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These findings provide evidence that MW151 in particular, and potentially anti-inflammatory treatment more generally, may be beneficial in AD patients with comorbid vascular pathology.
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16
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Vaccaro JA, Naser SA. The Role of Methyl Donors of the Methionine Cycle in Gastrointestinal Infection and Inflammation. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 10:healthcare10010061. [PMID: 35052225 PMCID: PMC8775811 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin deficiency is well known to contribute to disease development in both humans and other animals. Nonetheless, truly understanding the role of vitamins in human biology requires more than identifying their deficiencies. Discerning the mechanisms by which vitamins participate in health is necessary to assess risk factors, diagnostics, and treatment options for deficiency in a clinical setting. For researchers, the absence of a vitamin may be used as a tool to understand the importance of the metabolic pathways in which it participates. This review aims to explore the current understanding of the complex relationship between the methyl donating vitamins folate and cobalamin (B12), the universal methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), and inflammatory processes in human disease. First, it outlines the process of single-carbon metabolism in the generation of first methionine and subsequently SAM. Following this, established relationships between folate, B12, and SAM in varying bodily tissues are discussed, with special attention given to their effects on gut inflammation.
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17
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Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Impaired Folate-Mediated One-Carbon Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease and Long COVID. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 58:16. [PMID: 35056324 PMCID: PMC8779539 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Impaired folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) is associated with many pathologies and developmental abnormalities. FOCM is a metabolic network of interdependent biosynthetic pathways that is known to be compartmentalized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus. Currently, the biochemical mechanisms and causal metabolic pathways responsible for the initiation and/or progression of folate-associated pathologies have yet to be fully established. This review specifically examines the role of impaired FOCM in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and the emerging Long COVID/post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Importantly, elevated homocysteine may be considered a biomarker for impaired FOCM, which is known to result in increased oxidative-redox stress. Therefore, the incorporation of hyperhomocysteinemia will be discussed in relation to impaired FOCM in each of the previously listed clinical diseases. This review is intended to fill gaps in knowledge associated with these clinical diseases and impaired FOCM. Additionally, some of the therapeutics will be discussed at this early time point in studying impaired FOCM in each of the above clinical disease states. It is hoped that this review will allow the reader to better understand the role of FOCM in the development and treatment of clinical disease states that may be associated with impaired FOCM and how to restore a more normal functional role for FOCM through improved nutrition and/or restoring the essential water-soluble B vitamins through oral supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R. Hayden
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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18
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Xu Y, Jiang C, Wu J, Liu P, Deng X, Zhang Y, Peng B, Zhu Y. Ketogenic diet ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:580-592. [PMID: 34889516 PMCID: PMC8928920 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that causes dementia and affects millions of people worldwide. Although it has devastating outcomes for patients and tremendous economic costs to society, there is currently no effective treatment available. Aims The high‐fat, low‐carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) is an established treatment for refractory epilepsy with a proven efficacy. Although the considerable interest has emerged in recent years for applying KD in AD patients, only few interventional studies in animals and humans have addressed the effects of KD on cognitive impairments, and the results were inconclusive. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of KD on cognitive functions and AD pathology in 5XFAD mice—a validated animal model of AD. Results Four months of a ketogenic diet improved spatial learning, spatial memory and working memory in 5XFAD mice. The improvement in cognitive functions was associated with a restored number of neurons and synapses in both the hippocampus and the cortex. Ketogenic diet treatment also reduced amyloid plaque deposition and microglial activation, resulting in reduced neuroinflammation. The positive effect of ketogenic diet on cognitive functions depended on the starting time and the duration of the diet. A shorter period (2 months) of ketogenic diet treatment had a weaker effect. Ketogenic diet initiated at late stage of AD (9 months of age) displayed no effect on cognitive improvement. Conclusions These findings indicate positive effects of ketogenic diet on both cognitive function and histopathology in Alzheimer's disease, which could be due to reduced microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Our findings provide new insights and therapeutic interventions for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peidong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
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19
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Chen Y, Chang J, Wei J, Feng M, Wang R. Assessing the Evolution of Intracranial Hematomas by using Animal Models: A Review of the Progress and the Challenges. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2205-2214. [PMID: 34417943 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke has become the second leading cause of death in people aged higher than 60 years, with cancer being the first. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal type of stroke. Using imaging techniques to evaluate the evolution of intracranial hematomas in patients with hemorrhagic stroke is worthy of ongoing research. The difficulty in obtaining ultra-early imaging data and conducting intensive dynamic radiographic imaging in actual clinical settings has led to the application of experimental animal models to assess the evolution of intracranial hematomas. Herein, we review the current knowledge on primary intracerebral hemorrhage mechanisms, focus on the progress of animal studies related to hematoma development and secondary brain injury, introduce preclinical therapies, and summarize related challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianbo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Junji Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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20
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Rabaglino MB, Wakabayashi M, Pearson JT, Jensen LJ. Effect of age on the vascular proteome in middle cerebral arteries and mesenteric resistance arteries in mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 200:111594. [PMID: 34756926 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with hypertension and brain blood flow dysregulation, which are major risk factors for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Structural remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, or hypercontractility of resistance vessels may cause increased total peripheral resistance and hypertension. Recent studies showed that G protein- and RhoA/Rho-kinase pathways are involved in increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and arterial tone in middle-aged mice. We aimed to characterize the age-dependent changes in the vascular proteome in normal laboratory mice using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analyses on middle cerebral arteries and mesenteric resistance arteries from young (3 months) vs. middle-aged (14 months) mice. In total, 31 proteins were significantly affected by age whereas 172 proteins were differentially expressed by vessel type. Hierarchical clustering revealed that 207 proteins were significantly changed or clustered by age. Vitamin B6 pathway, Biosynthesis of antibiotics, Regulation of actin cytoskeleton and Endocytosis were the top enriched KEGG pathways by age. Several proteins in the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway changed in a manner consistent with hypertension and dysregulation of cerebral perfusion. Although aging had a less profound effect than vessel type on the resistance artery proteome, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, including the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway, is an important target for age-dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belen Rabaglino
- Dept. of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Danish Technical University, Denmark
| | - Masaki Wakabayashi
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - James Todd Pearson
- Dept. of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Lars Jørn Jensen
- Dept. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Nieraad H, Pannwitz N, de Bruin N, Geisslinger G, Till U. Hyperhomocysteinemia: Metabolic Role and Animal Studies with a Focus on Cognitive Performance and Decline-A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1546. [PMID: 34680179 PMCID: PMC8533891 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the one-carbon metabolism are often indicated by altered levels of the endogenous amino acid homocysteine (HCys), which is additionally discussed to causally contribute to diverse pathologies. In the first part of the present review, we profoundly and critically discuss the metabolic role and pathomechanisms of HCys, as well as its potential impact on different human disorders. The use of adequate animal models can aid in unravelling the complex pathological processes underlying the role of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCys). Therefore, in the second part, we systematically searched PubMed/Medline for animal studies regarding HHCys and focused on the potential impact on cognitive performance and decline. The majority of reviewed studies reported a significant effect of HHCys on the investigated behavioral outcomes. Despite of persistent controversial discussions about equivocal findings, especially in clinical studies, the present evaluation of preclinical evidence indicates a causal link between HHCys and cognition-related- especially dementia-like disorders, and points out the further urge for large-scale, well-designed clinical studies in order to elucidate the normalization of HCys levels as a potential preventative or therapeutic approach in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Nieraad
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Nina Pannwitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.P.); (N.d.B.); (G.G.)
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Till
- Former Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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22
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Karahalil B, Miser Salihoğlu E, Elkama A, Orhan G, Saygın E, Yardim Akaydin S. Individual susceptibility has a major impact on strong association between oxidative stress, defence systems and Parkinson's disease. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:158-170. [PMID: 34582115 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which causes Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress products, antioxidant and their balance have important roles in the development of oxidative stress-based PD. The impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defence systems can be altered by genetic polymorphisms, and thus the risk of PD may also be affected. We aimed to investigate the possible association of individual susceptibility with the development of oxidative stress-based PD. For this purpose, we measured serum levels of folic acid, homocysteine, Vitamin B6 and B12 that play roles in folate-dependent one-carbon pathway, oxidant or antioxidant enzymes (NADPH oxidase, MnSOD, GPX), 8-OHdG and repair enzymes (OGG1, XRCC1 and MTH1) by ELISA, and analysed related gene polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. XRCC1, ROS, NADPH and folic acid levels were found to be statistically higher in patients than controls. XRCC1, MnSOD and GPX activities were increased. We observed higher levels of 8-OHdG in patients with MnSOD and XRCC1 mutant genotypes and higher XRCC1 levels in patients with NOX p22 fox mutant genotypes rather than controls. We suggest that routinely clinical validation of major oxidative stress-related biomarkers will be a good approach to manage detrimental effects of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensu Karahalil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Miser Salihoğlu
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Elkama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gürdal Orhan
- Ministry of Health, Neurology Clinic, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evrim Saygın
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Price BR, Johnson LA, Norris CM. Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101335. [PMID: 33812051 PMCID: PMC8168445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is a hallmark of neuroinflammation that arises with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nearly every other neurodegenerative condition. While astrocytes certainly contribute to classic inflammatory processes (e.g. cytokine release, waste clearance, and tissue repair), newly emerging technologies for measuring and targeting cell specific activities in the brain have uncovered essential roles for astrocytes in synapse function, brain metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and sleep/wake patterns. In this review, we use a holistic approach to incorporate, and expand upon, classic neuroinflammatory concepts to consider how astrocyte dysfunction/reactivity modulates multiple pathological and clinical hallmarks of AD. Our ever-evolving understanding of astrocyte signaling in neurodegeneration is not only revealing new drug targets and treatments for dementia but is suggesting we reimagine AD pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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24
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Chu M, Teng J, Guo L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Gao J, Liu L. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia induces blood-brain barrier dysfunction but not neuroinflammation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of wild-type mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:847-856. [PMID: 34161158 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the potential effects of mild hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation. Seven-week-old male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed normal mouse chow (the control group) or a methionine-enriched diet (the HHcy group) for 14 weeks. Mice in the HHcy group exhibited a slight increase in serum Hcy levels (13.56 ± 0.61 μmol/L). Activation of the ERK signaling pathway, up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and degradation of tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin-5) were observed in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice with mild HHcy. However, microglia were not activated and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were not changed in either the cerebral cortex or hippocampus of mice with mild HHcy. Moreover, the signaling activity of STAT3 also did not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings demonstrate that the BBB is highly vulnerable to homocysteine insult. Even a slight increase in serum homocysteine levels up-regulates MMP-9 expression and disrupts the BBB integrity. Meanwhile, microglia activation or the STAT3 pathway might not contribute to the effects of mild HHcy on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jijun Teng
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
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25
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Kovalska M, Baranovicova E, Kalenska D, Tomascova A, Adamkov M, Kovalska L, Lehotsky J. Methionine Diet Evoked Hyperhomocysteinemia Causes Hippocampal Alterations, Metabolomics Plasma Changes and Behavioral Pattern in Wild Type Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4961. [PMID: 34066973 PMCID: PMC8124831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
L-methionine, an essential amino acid, plays a critical role in cell physiology. High intake and/or dysregulation in methionine (Met) metabolism results in accumulation of its intermediate(s) or breakdown products in plasma, including homocysteine (Hcy). High level of Hcy in plasma, hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy), is considered to be an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, stroke and dementias. To evoke a mild hHcy in adult male Wistar rats we used an enriched Met diet at a dose of 2 g/kg of animal weight/day in duration of 4 weeks. The study contributes to the exploration of the impact of Met enriched diet inducing mild hHcy on nervous tissue by detecting the histo-morphological, metabolomic and behavioural alterations. We found an altered plasma metabolomic profile, modified spatial and learning memory acquisition as well as remarkable histo-morphological changes such as a decrease in neurons' vitality, alterations in the morphology of neurons in the selective vulnerable hippocampal CA 1 area of animals treated with Met enriched diet. Results of these approaches suggest that the mild hHcy alters plasma metabolome and behavioural and histo-morphological patterns in rats, likely due to the potential Met induced changes in "methylation index" of hippocampal brain area, which eventually aggravates the noxious effect of high methionine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kovalska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Baranovicova
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dagmar Kalenska
- Department of Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Anna Tomascova
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marian Adamkov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Libusa Kovalska
- Clinic of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Lehotsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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26
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Homocysteine Level and Risk of Hemorrhage in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8862299. [PMID: 33859768 PMCID: PMC8026282 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8862299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with hemorrhage and clarify the relation of homocysteine (Hcy) with brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs). Method We retrospectively reviewed bAVM patients from Beijing Tiantan Hospital between January 2019 and December 2019. Clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed in enrolled patients with bAVMs. Potential predictors associated with hemorrhage were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 143 bAVM patients were identified in the study, including 69 unruptured and 74 ruptured cases. Patients with hemorrhage were less likely to have hyperhomocysteinemia (P = 0.023). Logistic regression analysis showed that increased maximum diameter of bAVM lesions (odds ratio (OR) 0.634, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.479-0.839; P = 0.001) and serum Hcy level (OR 0.956, 95% CI 0.920-0.993; P = 0.021) were associated with lower risk of hemorrhage in bAVMs. Conclusion The present study provided evidence regarding the association between serum Hcy and hemorrhage in patients with bAVMs. Higher Hcy level was correlated with a lower risk of rupture. Detection of factors for subsequent hemorrhage is necessary to develop therapeutic strategies for bAVMs preferably.
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27
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Muscaritoli M. The Impact of Nutrients on Mental Health and Well-Being: Insights From the Literature. Front Nutr 2021; 8:656290. [PMID: 33763446 PMCID: PMC7982519 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.656290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A good nutritional status is important for maintaining normal body function and preventing or mitigating the dysfunction induced by internal or external factors. Nutritional deficiencies often result in impaired function, and, conversely, intakes at recommended levels can resume or further enhance body functions. An increasing number of studies are revealing that diet and nutrition are critical not only for physiology and body composition, but also have significant effects on mood and mental well-being. In particular, Western dietary habits have been the object of several research studies focusing on the relationship between nutrition and mental health. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the relationship between the intake of specific micro- and macronutrients, including eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, alpha-tocopherol, magnesium and folic acid, and mental health, with particular reference to their beneficial effect on stress, sleep disorders, anxiety, mild cognitive impairment, as well as on neuropsychiatric disorders, all significantly affecting the quality of life of an increasing number of people. Overall data support a positive role for the nutrients mentioned above in the preservation of normal brain function and mental well-being, also through the control of neuroinflammation, and encourage their integration in a well-balanced and varied diet, accompanied by a healthy lifestyle. This strategy is of particular importance when considering the global human aging and that the brain suffers significantly from the life-long impact of stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Muscaritoli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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28
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Puy L, Pasi M, Rodrigues M, van Veluw SJ, Tsivgoulis G, Shoamanesh A, Cordonnier C. Cerebral microbleeds: from depiction to interpretation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:jnnp-2020-323951. [PMID: 33563804 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are defined as hypointense foci visible on T2*-weighted and susceptible-weighted MRI sequences. CMBs are increasingly recognised with the widespread use of MRI in healthy individuals as well as in the context of cerebrovascular disease or dementia. They can also be encountered in major critical medical conditions such as in patients requiring extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation. The advent of MRI-guided postmortem neuropathological examinations confirmed that, in the context of cerebrovascular disease, the vast majority of CMBs correspond to recent or old microhaemorrhages. Detection of CMBs is highly influenced by MRI parameters, in particular field strength, postprocessing methods used to enhance T2* contrast and three dimensional sequences. Despite recent progress, harmonising imaging parameters across research studies remains necessary to improve cross-study comparisons. CMBs are helpful markers to identify the nature and the severity of the underlying chronic small vessel disease. In daily clinical practice, presence and numbers of CMBs often trigger uncertainty for clinicians especially when antithrombotic treatments and acute reperfusion therapies are discussed. In the present review, we discuss those clinical dilemmas and address the value of CMBs as diagnostic and prognostic markers for future vascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Puy
- Department of Neurology, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marco Pasi
- Department of Neurology, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mark Rodrigues
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- Neurology Department, Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Ashkan Shoamanesh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Department of Neurology, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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29
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Blevins BL, Vinters HV, Love S, Wilcock DM, Grinberg LT, Schneider JA, Kalaria RN, Katsumata Y, Gold BT, Wang DJJ, Ma SJ, Shade LMP, Fardo DW, Hartz AMS, Jicha GA, Nelson KB, Magaki SD, Schmitt FA, Teylan MA, Ighodaro ET, Phe P, Abner EL, Cykowski MD, Van Eldik LJ, Nelson PT. Brain arteriolosclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:1-24. [PMID: 33098484 PMCID: PMC8503820 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain arteriolosclerosis (B-ASC), characterized by pathologic arteriolar wall thickening, is a common finding at autopsy in aged persons and is associated with cognitive impairment. Hypertension and diabetes are widely recognized as risk factors for B-ASC. Recent research indicates other and more complex risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms. Here, we describe aspects of the unique architecture of brain arterioles, histomorphologic features of B-ASC, relevant neuroimaging findings, epidemiology and association with aging, established genetic risk factors, and the co-occurrence of B-ASC with other neuropathologic conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). There may also be complex physiologic interactions between metabolic syndrome (e.g., hypertension and inflammation) and brain arteriolar pathology. Although there is no universally applied diagnostic methodology, several classification schemes and neuroimaging techniques are used to diagnose and categorize cerebral small vessel disease pathologies that include B-ASC, microinfarcts, microbleeds, lacunar infarcts, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In clinical-pathologic studies that factored in comorbid diseases, B-ASC was independently associated with impairments of global cognition, episodic memory, working memory, and perceptual speed, and has been linked to autonomic dysfunction and motor symptoms including parkinsonism. We conclude by discussing critical knowledge gaps related to B-ASC and suggest that there are probably subcategories of B-ASC that differ in pathogenesis. Observed in over 80% of autopsied individuals beyond 80 years of age, B-ASC is a complex and under-studied contributor to neurologic disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney L Blevins
- Department of Neuroscience, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen SOM at UCLA and Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Seth Love
- University of Bristol and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- LIM-22, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rajesh N Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Biostatistics, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Brian T Gold
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Samantha J Ma
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lincoln M P Shade
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Biostatistics, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Biostatistics, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neurology, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | | | - Shino D Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen SOM at UCLA and Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1732, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neurology, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Merilee A Teylan
- Department of Epidemiology, University Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | | | - Panhavuth Phe
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Epidemiology, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Matthew D Cykowski
- Departments of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, University Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Rm 311 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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30
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Fan X, Zhang L, Li H, Chen G, Qi G, Ma X, Jin Y. Role of homocysteine in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2332-2338. [PMID: 33085841 PMCID: PMC7664283 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is an essential intermediate product of biochemical reactions that is present in various tissues of the human body. Homocysteine may be associated with the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Plasma homocysteine levels in patients with Parkinson's disease are elevated compared to those of healthy individuals. High homocysteine drives PD development and progression while aggregating the clinical symptoms of PD patients. The relationship between PD and homocysteine involves multiple pathways, including nerve cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. This is crucial for explaining how high homocysteine drives the PD procession. Elevated homocysteine level during PD development and progression offers a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Fan
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesTaizhou UniversityTaizhouChina
- Department of NeurologyTaizhou Second People’s HospitalTaizhouChina
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of NeurologyTaizhou Second People’s HospitalTaizhouChina
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of NeurologyTaizhou Second People’s HospitalTaizhouChina
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesTaizhou UniversityTaizhouChina
| | - Gangqiao Qi
- Department of Sleep Medicine CenterTaizhou Second People’s HospitalTaizhouChina
| | - Xueqiang Ma
- Department of Respiratory MedicineMunicipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou UniversityTaizhouChina
| | - Yuelei Jin
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesTaizhou UniversityTaizhouChina
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Nieraad H, de Bruin N, Arne O, Hofmann MCJ, Schmidt M, Saito T, Saido TC, Gurke R, Schmidt D, Till U, Parnham MJ, Geisslinger G. Impact of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Different Dietary Interventions on Cognitive Performance in a Knock-in Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113248. [PMID: 33114054 PMCID: PMC7690745 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia is considered a possible contributor to the complex pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For years, researchers in this field have discussed the apparent detrimental effects of the endogenous amino acid homocysteine in the brain. In this study, the roles of hyperhomocysteinemia driven by vitamin B deficiency, as well as potentially beneficial dietary interventions, were investigated in the novel AppNL-G-F knock-in mouse model for AD, simulating an early stage of the disease. METHODS Urine and serum samples were analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method and the impact of different experimental diets on cognitive performance was studied in a comprehensive behavioral test battery. Finally, we analyzed brain samples immunohistochemically in order to assess amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition. RESULTS Behavioral testing data indicated subtle cognitive deficits in AppNL-G-F compared to C57BL/6J wild type mice. Elevation of homocysteine and homocysteic acid, as well as counteracting dietary interventions, mostly did not result in significant effects on learning and memory performance, nor in a modified Aβ plaque deposition in 35-week-old AppNL-G-F mice. CONCLUSION Despite prominent Aβ plaque deposition, the AppNL-G-F model merely displays a very mild AD-like phenotype at the investigated age. Older AppNL-G-F mice should be tested in order to further investigate potential effects of hyperhomocysteinemia and dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Nieraad
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Olga Arne
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Martine C. J. Hofmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Mike Schmidt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (T.S.); (T.C.S.)
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (T.S.); (T.C.S.)
| | - Robert Gurke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmidt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Uwe Till
- Former Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Michael J. Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.d.B.); (O.A.); (M.C.J.H.); (M.S.); (R.G.); (D.S.); (M.J.P.); (G.G.)
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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32
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Braun DJ, Dimayuga E, Morganti JM, Van Eldik LJ. Microglial-associated responses to comorbid amyloid pathology and hyperhomocysteinemia in an aged knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:274. [PMID: 32943069 PMCID: PMC7499995 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated blood homocysteine levels, termed hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is a prevalent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in elderly populations. While dietary supplementation of B-vitamins is a generally effective method to lower homocysteine levels, there is little if any benefit to cognition. In the context of amyloid pathology, dietary-induced HHcy is known to enhance amyloid deposition and certain inflammatory responses. Little is known, however, about whether there is a more specific effect on microglia resulting from combined amyloid and HHcy pathologies. METHODS The present study used a knock-in mouse model of amyloidosis, aged to 12 months, given 8 weeks of B-vitamin deficiency-induced HHcy to better understand how microglia are affected in this comorbidity context. RESULTS We found that HHcy-inducing diet increased amyloid plaque burden, altered the neuroinflammatory milieu, and upregulated the expression of multiple damage-associated and "homeostatic" microglial genes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate complex effects of comorbid pathologies on microglial function that are not driven solely by increased amyloid burden. Given the highly dynamic nature of microglia, their central role in AD pathology, and the frequent occurrence of various comorbidities in AD patients, it is increasingly important to understand how microglia respond to mixed pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Edgardo Dimayuga
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Josh M Morganti
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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33
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Gan S, Yu Y, Wu J, Tang X, Zheng Y, Wang M, Zhu S. Preoperative assessment of cognitive function and risk assessment of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with orthopedics: a cross-sectional study. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:189. [PMID: 32738902 PMCID: PMC7395982 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preexisting cognitive impairment is emerging as a predictor of poor postoperative outcomes in seniors. Nevertheless, cognitive impairment in a large proportion of geriatric patients has not been well identified and diagnosed. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Mini-mental state examination scale was used to assess the cognitive function of elderly patients aged ≥65 years undergoing orthopedic surgery preoperatively. The baseline, living habits and laboratory examination results of two groups were compared, and a multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of preoperative cognitive impairment. Results A total of 374 elderly patients with orthopedic surgery indications met the inclusion criteria, and 28.61% of them had preoperative cognitive impairment. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 1.089, P < 0.001), subjective sleep disorders (OR = 1.996, P = 0.021), atherosclerosis (OR = 2.367, P = 0.017), and high cholesterol level (OR = 1.373, P = 0.028) were independent risk factors for preoperative cognitive impairment, while high education level performed as a protective factor (compared with the illiterate group, primary school group: OR = 0.413, P = 0.009; middle school or above group: OR = 0.120, P < 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of preoperative cognitive dysfunction in geriatric elective orthopedic surgical patients was high. Our study identified venerable age, low level of education, subjective sleep disorders, atherosclerosis, and high cholesterol level as risk factors for preoperative cognitive impairment in these patients. Understanding these risk factors contributes to assisting in prevention and directed interventions for the high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiateng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingcang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Sex Differences in Cognitive Impairment Induced by Cerebral Microhemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:316-330. [PMID: 32440818 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that cerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs) could be involved in cognitive decline. However, little is known about the sex-dependency of this effect. Using a multimodal approach combining behavioral tests, in vivo imaging, biochemistry, and molecular biology, we studied the cortical and hippocampal impact of a CMH in male and female mice (C57BL/6J) 6 weeks post-induction using a collagenase-induced model. Our work shows for the first time that a single cortical CMH exerts sex-specific effects on cognition. It notably induced visuospatial memory impairment in males only. This sex difference might be explained by cortical changes secondary to the lesion. In fact, the CMH induced an upregulation of ERα mRNA only in the female cortex. Besides, in male mice, we observed an impairment of pathways associated to neuronal, glial, or vascular functions: decrease in the P-GSK3β/GSK3β ratio, in BDNF and VEGF levels, and in microvascular water mobility. The CMH also exerted spatial remote effects in the hippocampus by increasing the number of astrocytes in both sexes, increasing the mean area occupied by each astrocyte in males, and decreasing hippocampal BDNF in females suggesting a cortical-hippocampal network impairment. This work demonstrates that a CMH could directly affect cognition in a sex-specific manner and highlights the need to study both sexes in preclinical models.
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35
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Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Homocysteine Disrupts Balance between MMP-9 and Its Tissue Inhibitor in Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1771. [PMID: 32150828 PMCID: PMC7084335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High homocysteine is routinely observed in diabetic patients, and this non-protein amino acid is considered as an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Homocysteine biosynthesis from methionine forms S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), which is a major methyl donor critical in DNA methylation. Hyperhomocysteinemia is implicated in increased oxidative stress and activation of MMP-9, and in diabetic retinopathy, the activation of MMP-9 facilitates capillary cell apoptosis. Our aim was to investigate the mechanism by which homocysteine activates MMP-9 in diabetic retinopathy. Human retinal endothelial cells, incubated with/without 100 μM homocysteine, were analyzed for MMP-9 and its tissue inhibitor Timp1 expressions and interactions, and ROS levels. Timp1 and MMP-9 promoters were analyzed for methylated and hydroxymethylated cytosine levels (5mC and 5hmC respectively) by the DNA capture method, and DNA- methylating (Dnmt1) and hydroxymethylating enzymes (Tet2) binding by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The results were confirmed in retinal microvessels from diabetic rats receiving homocysteine. Homocysteine supplementation exacerbated hyperglycaemia-induced MMP-9 and ROS levels and decreased Timp1 and its interactions with MMP-9. Homocysteine also aggravated Dnmts and Tets activation, increased 5mC at Timp1 promoter and 5hmC at MMP-9 promoter, and suppressed Timp1 transcription and activated MMP-9 transcription. Similar results were obtained from retinal microvessels from diabetic rats receiving homocysteine. Thus, hyperhomocysteinemia in diabetes activates MMP-9 functionally by reducing Timp1-MMP-9 interactions and transcriptionally by altering DNA methylation-hydroxymethylation of its promoter. The regulation of homocysteine could prevent/slow down the development of retinopathy and prevent their vision loss in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renu A. Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
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36
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Moretti R, Caruso P. Small Vessel Disease-Related Dementia: An Invalid Neurovascular Coupling? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1095. [PMID: 32046035 PMCID: PMC7036993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The arteriosclerosis-dependent alteration of brain perfusion is one of the major determinants in small vessel disease, since small vessels have a pivotal role in the brain's autoregulation. Nevertheless, as far as we know, endothelium distress can potentiate the flow dysregulation and lead to subcortical vascular dementia that is related to small vessel disease (SVD), also being defined as subcortical vascular dementia (sVAD), as well as microglia activation, chronic hypoxia and hypoperfusion, vessel-tone dysregulation, altered astrocytes, and pericytes functioning blood-brain barrier disruption. The molecular basis of this pathology remains controversial. The apparent consequence (or a first event, too) is the macroscopic alteration of the neurovascular coupling. Here, we examined the possible mechanisms that lead a healthy aging process towards subcortical dementia. We remarked that SVD and white matter abnormalities related to age could be accelerated and potentiated by different vascular risk factors. Vascular function changes can be heavily influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors, which are, to the best of our knowledge, mostly unknown. Metabolic demands, active neurovascular coupling, correct glymphatic process, and adequate oxidative and inflammatory responses could be bulwarks in defense of the correct aging process; their impairments lead to a potentially catastrophic and non-reversible condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
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37
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Weekman EM, Sudduth TL, Price BR, Woolums AE, Hawthorne D, Seaks CE, Wilcock DM. Time course of neuropathological events in hyperhomocysteinemic amyloid depositing mice reveals early neuroinflammatory changes that precede amyloid changes and cerebrovascular events. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:284. [PMID: 31888650 PMCID: PMC6937663 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are the second leading cause of dementia behind only Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, VCID is commonly found as a co-morbidity with sporadic AD. We have previously established a mouse model of VCID by inducing hyperhomocysteinemia in both wild-type and amyloid depositing mice. While we have shown the time course of neuropathological events in the wild-type mice with hyperhomocysteinemia, the effect of amyloid deposition on this time course remains unknown; therefore, in this study, we determined the time course of neuropathological changes in our mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia-induced VCID in amyloid depositing mice. METHODS APP/PS1 mice were placed on either a diet deficient in folate and vitamins B6 and B12 and enriched in methionine to induce hyperhomocysteinemia or a control diet for 2, 6, 10, 14, or 18 weeks. Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis were used to determine neuroinflammatory changes. Microhemorrhages and amyloid deposition were analyzed using histology and, finally, behavior was assessed using the 2-day radial arm water maze. RESULTS Neuroinflammation, specifically a pro-inflammatory phenotype, was the first pathological change to occur. Specifically, we see a significant increase in gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and interleukin 12a by 6 weeks. This was followed by cognitive deficits starting at 10 weeks. Finally, there is a significant increase in the number of microhemorrhages at 14 weeks on diet as well as redistribution of amyloid from the parenchyma to the vasculature. CONCLUSIONS The time course of these pathologies points to neuroinflammation as the initial, key player in homocysteine-induced VCID co-morbid with amyloid deposition and provides a possible therapeutic target and time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Weekman
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tiffany L Sudduth
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Brittani R Price
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Abigail E Woolums
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Danielle Hawthorne
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Charles E Seaks
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Salissou MTM, Mahaman YAR, Zhu F, Huang F, Wang Y, Xu Z, Ke D, Wang Q, Liu R, Wang JZ, Zhang B, Wang X. Methanolic extract of Tamarix Gallica attenuates hyperhomocysteinemia induced AD-like pathology and cognitive impairments in rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3229-3248. [PMID: 30425189 PMCID: PMC6286848 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although few drugs are available today for the management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and many plants and their extracts are extensively employed in animals’ studies and AD patients, yet no drug or plant extract is able to reverse AD symptoms adequately. In the present study, Tamarix gallica (TG), a naturally occurring plant known for its strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic properties, was evaluated on homocysteine (Hcy) induced AD-like pathology and cognitive impairments in rats. We found that TG attenuated Hcy-induced oxidative stress and memory deficits. TG also improved neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation by upregulating synaptic proteins such as PSD95 and synapsin 1 and downregulating inflammatory markers including CD68 and GFAP with concomitant decrease in proinflammatory mediators interlukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). TG attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD-related sites through decreasing some kinases and increasing phosphatase activities. Moreover, TG rescued amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology through downregulating BACE1. Our data for the first time provide evidence that TG attenuates Hcy-induced AD-like pathological changes and cognitive impairments, making TG a promising candidate for the treatment of AD-associated pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maibouge Tanko Mahamane Salissou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuman Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhendong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
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Wyse ATS, Sanches EF, Dos Santos TM, Siebert C, Kolling J, Netto CA. Chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia induces anxiety-like symptoms, aversive memory deficits and hippocampus atrophy in adult rats: New insights into physiopathological mechanisms. Brain Res 2019; 1728:146592. [PMID: 31816318 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, increased homocysteine levels have been implicated as a risk factor for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. We have developed an experimental model of chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in order to observe metabolic impairments in the brain of adult rodents. Besides its known effects on brain metabolism, the present study sought to investigate whether chronic mild HHcy could induce learning/memory impairments associated with biochemical and histological damage to the hippocampus. Adult male Wistar rats received daily subcutaneous injections of homocysteine (0.03 μmol/g of body weight) twice a day, from the 30th to the 60th day of life or saline solution (Controls). After injections, anxiety-like and memory tests were performed. Following behavioral analyses, brains were sliced and hippocampal volumes assessed and homogenized for redox state assessment, antioxidant activity, mitochondrial functioning (chain respiratory enzymes and ATP levels) and DNA damage analyses. Behavioral analyses showed that chronic mild HHcy may induce anxiety-like behavior and impair long-term aversive memory (24 h) that was evaluated by inhibitory avoidance task. Mild HHcy decreased locomotor and/or exploratory activities in elevated plus maze test and caused hippocampal atrophy. Decrease in cytochrome c oxidase, DNA damage and redox state changes were also observed in hippocampus of adult rats subjected to mild HHcy. Our findings show that chronic mild HHcy alters biochemical and histological parameters in the hippocampus, leading to behavioral impairments. These findings might be considered in future studies aiming to search for alternative strategies for treating the behavioral impairments in patients with mild elevations in homocysteine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T S Wyse
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - E F Sanches
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - T M Dos Santos
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C Siebert
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J Kolling
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Yao KX, Lyu H, Liao MH, Yang L, Gao YP, Liu QB, Wang CK, Lu YM, Jiang GJ, Han F, Wang P. Effect of low-dose Levamlodipine Besylate in the treatment of vascular dementia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18248. [PMID: 31796756 PMCID: PMC6890753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a complex disorder caused by reduced blood flow in the brain. However, there is no effective pharmacological treatment option available until now. Here, we reported that low-dose levamlodipine besylate could reverse the cognitive impairment in VaD mice model of right unilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (rUCCAO). Oral administration of levamlodipine besylate (0.1 mg/kg) could reduce the latency to find the hidden platform in the MWM test as compared to the vehicle group. Furthermore, vehicle-treated mice revealed reduced phospho-CaMKII (Thr286) levels in the hippocampus, which can be partially restored by levamlodipine besylate (0.1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) treatment. No significant outcome on microglia and astrocytes were observed following levamlodipine besylate treatment. This data reveal novel findings of the therapeutic potential of low-dose levamlodipine besylate that could considerably enhance the cognitive function in VaD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xin Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Lyu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei-Hua Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin-Ping Gao
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi-Bing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Jun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Feng Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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Moretti R, Peinkhofer C. B Vitamins and Fatty Acids: What Do They Share with Small Vessel Disease-Related Dementia? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5797. [PMID: 31752183 PMCID: PMC6888477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been written on vitamin supplementation, fatty acid, and dementia, but results are still under debate, and no definite conclusion has yet been drawn. Nevertheless, a significant amount of lab evidence confirms that vitamins of the B group are tightly related to gene control for endothelium protection, act as antioxidants, play a co-enzymatic role in the most critical biochemical reactions inside the brain, and cooperate with many other elements, such as choline, for the synthesis of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine, through S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) methyl donation. B-vitamins have anti-inflammatory properties and act in protective roles against neurodegenerative mechanisms, for example, through modulation of the glutamate currents and a reduction of the calcium currents. In addition, they also have extraordinary antioxidant properties. However, laboratory data are far from clinical practice. Many studies have tried to apply these results in everyday clinical activity, but results have been discouraging and far from a possible resolution of the associated mysteries, like those represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD) or small vessel disease dementia. Above all, two significant problems emerge from the research: No consensus exists on general diagnostic criteria-MCI or AD? Which diagnostic criteria should be applied for small vessel disease-related dementia? In addition, no general schema exists for determining a possible correct time of implementation to have effective results. Here we present an up-to-date review of the literature on such topics, shedding some light on the possible interaction of vitamins and phosphatidylcholine, and their role in brain metabolism and catabolism. Further studies should take into account all of these questions, with well-designed and world-homogeneous trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
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Associations of C-reactive protein and homocysteine concentrations with the impairment of intrinsic capacity domains over a 5-year follow-up among community-dwelling older adults at risk of cognitive decline (MAPT Study). Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Borbély É, Payrits M, Hunyady Á, Mező G, Pintér E. Important regulatory function of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptors in age-related learning and memory alterations of mice. GeroScience 2019; 41:643-654. [PMID: 31327098 PMCID: PMC6885083 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) receptor has been demonstrated not only in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia but also in different brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cortex). However, data concerning their role in neurodegenerative and age-related diseases of the CNS is still indistinct. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential role of TRPA1 in a mouse model of senile dementia. For the investigation of changes during aging, we used male young (3-4-month-old) and old (18-month-old) wild-type (TRPA1+/+;WT) and TRPA1 receptor gene-deleted (TRPA1-/-) mice. Novel object recognition (NOR) test as well as Y maze (YM), radial arm maze (RAM), and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were used to assess the decline of memory and learning skills. In the behavioral studies, significant memory loss was detected in aged TRPA1+/+ mice with the NOR and RAM, but there was no difference measured by YM and MWM tests regarding the age and gene. TRPA1-/- showed significantly reduced memory loss, which could be seen as higher discrimination index in the NOR and less exploration time in the RAM. Furthermore, young TRPA1-/- animals showed significantly less reference memory error in the RAM and notably higher mobility in NOR, RAM, and YM compared with the age-matched WTs. Our present work has provided the first evidence that TRPA1 receptors mediate deteriorating effects in the old age memory decline. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could open new perspectives in the pharmacotherapy of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12., Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Maja Payrits
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12., Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hunyady
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12., Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gréta Mező
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12., Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12., Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
- Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
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Bergeron S, Chen Y, Auger F, Deguil J, Durieux N, Skrobala E, Barus R, Potey C, Cordonnier C, Pasquier F, Ravasi L, Bordet R, Gautier S. Role of cortical microbleeds in cognitive impairment: In vivo behavioral and imaging characterization of a novel murine model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1015-1025. [PMID: 29333917 PMCID: PMC6547192 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17752765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) could contribute to cognitive impairment in the general population and in patients with dementia. We designed a study to (i) develop a murine model of CMBs, (ii) assess whether CMBs affect cognition in this model and (iii) assess whether this model is sensitive to pharmacological modulation. Male C57Bl6/J mice were stereotactically administered collagenase to induce cortical lesion analysed by MRI at 24 h. CMB-mice were assessed at six weeks post-lesion for cognitive performances (Barnes maze and Touchscreen automated paired-associated learning (PAL) task) and for cerebral metabolism (in vivo PET/CT with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)). CMB-model sensitivity to pharmacological modulation was assessed by administering atorvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) over the follow-up period. CMB mice were compared to naïve littermates. Collagenase at 0.8 µU/µl appeared suitable to induce reproducible and reliable CMBs. At six weeks, a decline in learning, spatial and visuospatial memory was significantly observed in CMB-mice. Brain metabolism was impaired in all cortex, striatum and the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. A significant improvement in cognition performances was depicted under atorvastatin. In this novel murine model of CMBs, we validated that CMBs lowered cognitive performances and affected regional metabolism. We also proved that this CMB-model is sensitive to pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bergeron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Yaohua Chen
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Florent Auger
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, In Vivo
Imaging Core Facility, Lille, France
| | - Julie Deguil
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Durieux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, In Vivo
Imaging Core Facility, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Skrobala
- Univ. Lille Labex DISTALZ, CHU Lille,
Biostatistics Platform, and memory clinic, Lille, France
| | - Romain Barus
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Camille Potey
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Laura Ravasi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, In Vivo
Imaging Core Facility, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Gautier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille,
Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, France
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Abstract
In the treatment of brain diseases, most potent drugs that have been developed exhibit poor therapeutic outcomes resulting from the inability of a therapeutic amount of the drug to reach the brain. These drugs do not exhibit targeted drug delivery mechanisms, resulting in a high concentration of the drugs in vital organs leading to drug toxicity. Chitosan (CS) is a natural-based polymer. It has unique properties such as good biodegradability, biocompatibility, mucoadhesive properties, and it has been approved for biomedical applications. It has been used to develop nanocarriers for brain targeting via intranasal administration. Nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, in situ gels, nanoemulsions, and liposomes have been developed. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that these nanocarriers exhibited enhanced drug uptake to the brain with reduced side effects resulting from the prolonged contact time of the nanocarriers with the nasal mucosa, the surface charge of the nanocarriers, the nano size of the nanocarriers, and their capability to stretch the tight junctions within the nasal mucosa. The aforementioned unique properties make chitosan a potential material for the development of nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to the brain. This review will focus on chitosan-based carriers for brain targeting.
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46
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Braun DJ, Bachstetter AD, Sudduth TL, Wilcock DM, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Genetic knockout of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK210) prevents cerebral microhemorrhages and attenuates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. GeroScience 2019; 41:671-679. [PMID: 31104189 PMCID: PMC6885026 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical in maintenance of brain homeostasis, and loss of its functional integrity is a key feature across a broad range of neurological insults. This includes both acute injuries such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, as well as more chronic pathologies associated with aging, such as vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). A specific form of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK210) is a major regulator of barrier integrity in general, including the BBB. Studies have demonstrated the potential of MLCK210 as a therapeutic target for peripheral disorders involving tissue barrier dysfunction, but less is known about its potential as a target for chronic neurologic disorders. We report here that genetic knockout (KO) of MLCK210 protects against cerebral microhemorrhages and neuroinflammation induced by chronic dietary hyperhomocysteinemia. Overall, the results are consistent with an accumulating body of evidence supporting MLCK210 as a potential therapeutic target for tissue barrier dysfunction and specifically implicate it in BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation in a model of VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tiffany L Sudduth
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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47
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White matter lesions, cerebral inflammation and cognitive function in a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res 2019; 1711:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kalani A, Chaturvedi P, Kalani K, Kamat PK, Chaturvedi P. A high methionine, low folate and vitamin B 6/B 12 containing diet can be associated with memory loss by epigenetic silencing of netrin-1. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1247-1254. [PMID: 30804256 PMCID: PMC6425846 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory-epigenetics which is the loss of memory due to epigenetic modifications can be due to the silencing of genes involved in cognitive functions and this is the basis of the current study. We hypothesize that a diet containing high methionine and low vitamins can lead to memory impairment by increasing global DNA methylation and therefore, silencing the netrin-1 gene, which encodes the glycoprotein involved in neurogenesis, axonal guidance and maintenance of the synaptic plasticity. Wild type (C57BL/6J) mice were fed with a diet containing excess methionine (1.2%), low-folate (0.08 mg/kg), vitamin B6 (0.01 mg/kg), and B12 (10.4 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Mice were examined weekly for the long-term memory function, using a passive avoidance test, which determined loss of fear-motivated long-term memory starting from the fourth week of diet. Similarly, an increase in brain %5-methyl cytosine was observed starting from the 4th week of diet in mice. Mice fed with a high methionine, low folate and vitamins containing diet showed a decrease in netrin-1 protein expression and an increase in netrin-1 gene promotor methylation, as determined by methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The increase in methylation of netrin-1 gene was validated by high-resolution melting and sequencing analysis. Furthermore, the association of netrin-1 with memory was established by administering netrin that considerably restored long-term fear motivated memory. Taken together, these results suggest that a diet rich in methionine and lacking in folate and vitamin B6/B12 can induce defects in learning and memory. Furthermore, the data indicates that decrease in netrin-1 expression due to hyper-methylation of its gene can be associated with memory loss. The animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, University of Louisville, USA (No. A3586-01) on February 2, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Komal Kalani
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India; Pharmacology Department and Toxicology, Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Pradip K Kamat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Poonam Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Braun DJ, Abner E, Bakshi V, Goulding DS, Grau EM, Lin AL, Norris CM, Sudduth TL, Webster SJ, Wilcock DM, Van Eldik LJ. Blood Flow Deficits and Cerebrovascular Changes in a Dietary Model of Hyperhomocysteinemia. ASN Neuro 2019; 11:1759091419865788. [PMID: 31362539 PMCID: PMC6668175 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419865788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated homocysteine in the blood, or hyperhomocysteinemia, is a recognized risk factor for multiple causes of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease. While reduction of homocysteine levels can generally be accomplished in a straightforward manner, the evidence regarding the cognitive benefits of this approach is less clear. To identify adjunct therapeutic targets that might more effectively restore cognition, the present series of experiments characterizes early and later cerebrovascular changes in a model of hyperhomocysteinemia. Sex-balanced groups of adult C57BL/6J mice were administered a diet deficient in vitamins B6, B12, and B9 (folate) and supplemented with excess methionine. They were subsequently assessed for changes in cerebral blood flow, memory, blood–brain barrier permeability, and selected vascular-associated genes. Blood flow deficits and barrier permeability changes occurred alongside changes in memory and in genes associated with metabolism, endothelial nitric oxide signaling, barrier integrity, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Significant sexually dimorphic responses to the diet were also detected. Taken together, these data deepen our understanding of a major contributor to dementia burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Erin Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Vikas Bakshi
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Grau
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Christopher M. Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Sudduth
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Scott J. Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
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50
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Zeng P, Shi Y, Wang XM, Lin L, Du YJ, Tang N, Wang Q, Fang YY, Wang JZ, Zhou XW, Lu Y, Tian Q. Emodin Rescued Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease-Like Features in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:57-70. [PMID: 30407508 PMCID: PMC6313134 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Lowering homocysteine levels with folic acid treatment with or without vitamin B12 has shown few clinical benefits on cognition. METHODS To verify the effect of emodin, a naturally active compound from Rheum officinale, on hyperhomocysteinemia-induced dementia, rats were treated with homocysteine injection (HCY, 400 μg/kg/d, 2 weeks) via vena caudalis. Afterwards, HCY rats with cognitive deficits were administered intragastric emodin at different concentrations for 2 weeks: 0 (HCY-E0), 20 (HCY-E20), 40 (HCY-E40), and 80 mg/kg/d (HCY-E80). RESULTS β-Amyloid overproduction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and losses of neuron and synaptic proteins were detected in the hippocampi of HCY-E0 rats with cognitive deficits. HCY-E40 and HCY-E80 rats had better behavioral performance. Although it did not reduce the plasma homocysteine level, emodin (especially 80 mg/kg/d) reduced the levels of β-amyloid and tau phosphorylation, decreased the levels of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1, and improved the activity of protein phosphatase 2A. In the hippocampi of HCY-E40 and HCY-E80 rats, the neuron numbers, levels of synaptic proteins, and phosphorylation of the cAMP responsive element-binding protein at Ser133 were increased. In addition, depressed microglial activation and reduced levels of 5-lipoxygenase, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α were also observed. Lastly, hyperhomocysteinemia-induced microangiopathic alterations, oxidative stress, and elevated DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3β were rescued by emodin. CONCLUSIONS Emodin represents a novel potential candidate agent for hyperhomocysteinemia-induced dementia and Alzheimer's disease-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Lin
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Jun Du
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Yan Fang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Correspondence: Dr Youming Lu and Dr Qing Tian, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China (, )
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Correspondence: Dr Youming Lu and Dr Qing Tian, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China (, )
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