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Mayor-Nunez D, Ji Z, Sun X, Teves L, Garman JD, Tymianski M. Plasmin-resistant PSD-95 inhibitors resolve effect-modifying drug-drug interactions between alteplase and nerinetide in acute stroke. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/588/eabb1498. [PMID: 33827973 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection for acute ischemic stroke is achievable with the eicosapeptide nerinetide, an inhibitor of the protein-protein interactions of the synaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95. However, nerinetide is subject to proteolytic cleavage if administered after alteplase, a standard-of-care thrombolytic agent that nullifies nerinetide's beneficial effects. Here, we showed, on the basis of pharmacokinetic data consistent between rats, primates, and humans, that in a rat model of embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO), nerinetide maintained its effectiveness when administered before alteplase. Because of its short plasma half-life, it can be followed by alteplase within minutes without reducing its neuroprotective effectiveness. In addition, the problem of protease sensitivity is solved by substituting cleavage-prone amino acids from their l- to their d-enantiomeric form. Treatment of rats subjected to eMCAO with such an agent, termed d-Tat-l-2B9c, eliminated protease sensitivity and maintained neuroprotective effectiveness. Our data suggest that both the clinical-stage PSD-95 inhibitor nerinetide and protease-resistant agents such as d-Tat-l-2B9c may be practically integrated into existing stroke care workflows and standards of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mayor-Nunez
- NoNO Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5V 1E7, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Zhanxin Ji
- NoNO Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5V 1E7, Canada
| | - Xiujun Sun
- NoNO Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5V 1E7, Canada
| | - Lucy Teves
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | | | - Michael Tymianski
- NoNO Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5V 1E7, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
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2
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Trotman-Lucas M, Gibson CL. A review of experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia focusing on the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. F1000Res 2021; 10:242. [PMID: 34046164 PMCID: PMC8127011 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51752.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, but current pharmacological therapies are limited in their utility and effectiveness.
In vitro and
in vivo models of ischemic stroke have been developed which allow us to further elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of injury and investigate potential drug targets.
In vitro models permit mechanistic investigation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of injury but are reductionist and do not mimic the complexity of clinical stroke.
In vivo models of ischemic stroke directly replicate the reduction in blood flow and the resulting impact on nervous tissue. The most frequently used
in vivo model of ischemic stroke is the intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (iMCAO) model, which has been fundamental in revealing various aspects of stroke pathology. However, the iMCAO model produces lesion volumes with large standard deviations even though rigid surgical and data collection protocols are followed. There is a need to refine the MCAO model to reduce variability in the standard outcome measure of lesion volume. The typical approach to produce vessel occlusion is to induce an obstruction at the origin of the middle cerebral artery and reperfusion is reliant on the Circle of Willis (CoW). However, in rodents the CoW is anatomically highly variable which could account for variations in lesion volume. Thus, we developed a refined approach whereby reliance on the CoW for reperfusion was removed. This approach improved reperfusion to the ischemic hemisphere, reduced variability in lesion volume by 30%, and reduced group sizes required to determine an effective treatment response by almost 40%. This refinement involves a methodological adaptation of the original surgical approach which we have shared with the scientific community via publication of a visualised methods article and providing hands-on training to other experimental stroke researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire L Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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3
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Bourrienne MC, Loyau S, Benichi S, Gay J, Solo-Nomenjanahary M, Journé C, Di Meglio L, Freiherr von Seckendorff A, Desilles JP, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Ajzenberg N, Mazighi M. A Novel Mouse Model for Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:1055-1066. [PMID: 33675011 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon cause of stroke resulting in parenchymal injuries associated with heterogeneous clinical symptoms and prognosis. Therefore, an experimental animal model is required to further study underlying mechanisms involved in CVST. This study is aimed at developing a novel murine model suitable and relevant for evaluating injury patterns during CVST and studying its clinical aspects. CVST was achieved in C57BL/6J mice by autologous clot injection into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) combined with bilateral ligation of external jugular veins. Clot was prepared ex vivo using thrombin before injection. On days 1 and 7 after CVST, SSS occlusion and associated-parenchymal lesions were monitored using different modalities: in vivo real-time intravital microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and immuno-histology. In addition, mice were subjected to a neurological sensory-motor evaluation. Thrombin-induced clot provided fibrin- and erythrocyte-rich thrombi that lead to reproducible SSS occlusion at day 1 after CVST induction. On day 7 post-CVST, venous occlusion monitoring (MRI, intravital microscopy) showed that initial injected-thrombus size did not significantly change demonstrating no early spontaneous recanalization. Microscopic histological analysis revealed that SSS occlusion resulted in brain edema, extensive fibrin-rich venular thrombotic occlusion, and ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions. Mice with CVST showed a significant lower neurological score on post-operative days 1 and 7, compared to the sham-operated group. We established a novel clinically CVST-relevant model with a persistent and reproducible SSS occlusion responsible for symptomatic ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions. This method provides a reliable model to study CVST physiopathology and evaluation of therapeutic new regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Bourrienne
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Loyau
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Sandro Benichi
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, AP-HP, Necker Children Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Gay
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | | | - Clément Journé
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodalités (FRIM), Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat, INSERM UMS34, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Lucas Di Meglio
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Desilles
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Ajzenberg
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, 75877, Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Mikaël Mazighi
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM UMR 1148, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.,Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
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4
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Azeem MU, Nagy M, Miller MM, Ghasemi M, Mikati A, Silver B, Moonis M, Henninger N. Prevalence of a Multiple Territory Stroke Pattern After Intravenous Thrombolysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104700. [PMID: 32093987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that the presence of a multiple territory stroke pattern (MTSP) on brain imaging may aid identification of patients with covert atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is uncertain whether this association holds true among patients treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) because clot fragmentation may affect MTSP prevalence. METHODS/DESIGN Retrospective analysis of 149 acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous rtPA who underwent brain MRI. Presence of multiple acute infarctions on brain MRI that involved more than one vascular territory was considered to denote MTSP. Stroke etiology was categorized as nonembolic, cardioembolic (CES), and embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). RESULTS In the entire cohort, subjects with CES and ESUS had significantly more often an MTSP than subjects with other determined stroke mechanism (P= .007). Although numerically relatively more patients had an MTSP as compared to a non-MTSP among subjects with CES (52% versus 33.9%) and ESUS (44% versus 34.7%), this difference did not reach significance after Bonferroni-adjustment for multiple comparisons (P> .05, each). There was no difference in the prevalence of an MTSP among subjects with known (n = 11/51; 21.6%) versus subsequently diagnosed (n = 1/3; 33.3%) AF (P= .54). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the known association of multiterritory infarct with AF and ESUS is maintained after thrombolysis. In light of its high specificity, MTSP represents a good marker for AF-related stroke etiology; nevertheless, overall sensitivity for AF was low highlighting that an absent MTSP does not rule out AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umer Azeem
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Muhammad Nagy
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Malgorzata M Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Abdul Mikati
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Brian Silver
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Majaz Moonis
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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5
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Jiang RH, Zu QQ, Xu XQ, Wang B, Ding Y, Wang J, Liu S, Shi HB. A Canine Model of Hemorrhagic Transformation Using Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:673. [PMID: 31293509 PMCID: PMC6603151 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early reperfusion of occluded arteries via recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administration is considered to be an effective strategy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, delayed administration of rtPA may cause severe hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and undesirable neurological outcomes. The current study aims to establish a canine HT model using rtPA administration and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying HT. Following anesthesia, two autologous clots were injected into the middle cerebral artery (MCA) to induce ischemic stroke. To induce reperfusion, rtPA (2 mg/kg) was administrated intravenously 4.5 h after the establishment of stroke. The occurrence of HT was determined by computed tomography (CT) and by pathological assessment. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. The expression of matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9) was analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence (IF), and western blot. Administration of rtPA 4.5 h after stroke induced reperfusion in 73.9% of the canines, caused evident HT, and did not improve neurological outcomes compared to canines that did not receive rtPA. There was a significant increase in expression of MMP-9 after rtPA administration, accompanied by BBB disruption. We have established a canine HT model that closely mimics human HT by using rtPA administration after the induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with autologous clots. Our data suggest that a potential mechanism underlying rtPA-caused HT may be related to BBB dysfunction induced by an increase in MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Quan Zu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Charles T. Dotter Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiao-Quan Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Bin Shi
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Percie du Sert N, Alfieri A, Allan SM, Carswell HV, Deuchar GA, Farr TD, Flecknell P, Gallagher L, Gibson CL, Haley MJ, Macleod MR, McColl BW, McCabe C, Morancho A, Moon LD, O'Neill MJ, Pérez de Puig I, Planas A, Ragan CI, Rosell A, Roy LA, Ryder KO, Simats A, Sena ES, Sutherland BA, Tricklebank MD, Trueman RC, Whitfield L, Wong R, Macrae IM. The IMPROVE Guidelines (Ischaemia Models: Procedural Refinements Of in Vivo Experiments). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3488-3517. [PMID: 28797196 PMCID: PMC5669349 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17709185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most in vivo models of ischaemic stroke target the middle cerebral artery and a spectrum of stroke severities, from mild to substantial, can be achieved. This review describes opportunities to improve the in vivo modelling of ischaemic stroke and animal welfare. It provides a number of recommendations to minimise the level of severity in the most common rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, while sustaining or improving the scientific outcomes. The recommendations cover basic requirements pre-surgery, selecting the most appropriate anaesthetic and analgesic regimen, as well as intraoperative and post-operative care. The aim is to provide support for researchers and animal care staff to refine their procedures and practices, and implement small incremental changes to improve the welfare of the animals used and to answer the scientific question under investigation. All recommendations are recapitulated in a summary poster (see supplementary information).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Percie du Sert
- 1 National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | - Alessio Alfieri
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hilary Vo Carswell
- 4 Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme A Deuchar
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tracy D Farr
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lindsay Gallagher
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- 8 Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael J Haley
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Malcolm R Macleod
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- 2 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Morancho
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lawrence Df Moon
- 11 Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Isabel Pérez de Puig
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planas
- 13 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Rosell
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa A Roy
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Alba Simats
- 10 Neurovascular Research Laboratory. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily S Sena
- 9 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- 16 Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,17 School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- 18 Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca C Trueman
- 6 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wong
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I Mhairi Macrae
- 5 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow/Arum Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
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7
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McBride DW, Legrand J, Krafft PR, Flores J, Klebe D, Tang J, Zhang JH. Acute Hyperglycemia Is Associated with Immediate Brain Swelling and Hemorrhagic Transformation After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:237-41. [PMID: 26463955 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation occurs in as many as 48 % of stroke patients and is a major contributor to post-insult morbidity and mortality. Experimental models of hemorrhagic transformation are utilized for understanding the mechanisms behind its development, as well as for investigating potential therapeutics for prevention and reduction of bleeding. Thoroughly studying animal models of hemorrhagic transformation is critically important for testing novel treatments. Thus far, no study has examined the progression of brain swelling and hemorrhagic transformation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Herein, we investigate the development of infarction, brain swelling, and hemorrhagic transformation following MCAO in hyperglycemic rats. Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either 1.5 h of MCAO or sham surgery 15 min after induction of hyperglycemia. Animals were sacrificed at 0.25, 1, 3, or 24 h after reperfusion for measurement of infarct volume, brain swelling, and hemoglobin volume. Within 15 min of reperfusion, the infarct volume was significantly larger than in sham animals and did not increase in size over the 24 h. However, both brain swelling and hemorrhagic transformation, which began immediately after reperfusion, increase over 24 h after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Julia Legrand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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8
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Yuan M, Tang Y, Zhou C, Liu F, Chen L, Yuan H. Elevated plasma CaM expression in patients with acute cerebral infarction predicts poor outcomes and is inversely associated with miR-26b expression. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:408-14. [PMID: 26001204 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium overload plays an important role in ischemia/reperfusion injury during ischemic brain damage and is mediated by calmodulin (CaM). However, the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of CaM expression at the gene level is limited. The expression levels of miR-26b change significantly during ACI, and bioinformatic analyses predict that miR-26b would be a potential regulator of calmodulin (CALM1) mRNA. This study aimed to determine the expression of miR-26b and CaM in the plasma of patients with ACI and investigate the impact of miR-26b on CALM1 expression. METHODS CaM and miR-26b expression analyses from the plasma of patients with ACI and normal controls were performed using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. Correlations between CaM, miR-26b, and NIHSS scores were analyzed. Then, miR-26b mimics and inhibitors were transfected into HUVE cell lines via lipofectamine. CALM1 mRNA expression in HUVECs was detected by RT-PCR, and the protein levels were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Plasma CaM expression in patients with ACI was significantly higher when compared with normal controls, and miR-26b expression was significantly lower. The plasma levels of CaM and miR-26b were correlated with the NIHSS scores in ACI patients. miR-26b modulated CALM1 in vitro. The transfected miR-26b mimic and inhibitor significantly altered the expression of CALM1/CAM at the mRNA and protein levels in cultured HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS CaM might be a potential novel blood marker in patients with ACI. miR-26b targeted CALM1 and affected the expression of CaM at the post-transcriptional level, which likely contributed to the progression of ACI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yuan
- b Department of Neurology, The second affiliated Hospital , University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Yonghong Tang
- b Department of Neurology, The second affiliated Hospital , University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Chengfang Zhou
- b Department of Neurology, The second affiliated Hospital , University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Feng Liu
- b Department of Neurology, The second affiliated Hospital , University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Lin Chen
- b Department of Neurology, The second affiliated Hospital , University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Haijun Yuan
- a Department of Emergency, The second affiliated Hospital , University of South China , Hengyang , China
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9
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Schunke KJ, Toung TK, Zhang J, Pathak AP, Xu J, Zhang J, Koehler RC, Faraday N. A novel atherothrombotic model of ischemic stroke induced by injection of collagen into the cerebral vasculature. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 239:65-74. [PMID: 25314906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most ischemic strokes in humans are caused by ruptured arterial atheroma, which activate platelets and produce thrombi that occlude cerebral vessels. METHODS To simulate these events, we threaded a catheter through the internal carotid artery toward the middle cerebral artery (MCA) orifice and injected collagen directly into the cerebral circulation of male C57Bl/6 mice and Wistar rats. RESULTS Laser-Doppler flowmetry demonstrated reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) of ∼80% in mice and ∼60% in rats. CBF spontaneously increased but remained depressed after catheter withdrawal. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that ipsilateral CBF was reduced at 3h after collagen injection and markedly improved at 48 h. Micro-computed tomography revealed reduced blood vessel density in the ipsilateral MCA territory at 3 h. Gross examination of excised brains revealed thrombi within ipsilateral cerebral arteries at 3 h, but not 24 h, after collagen injection. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that platelets and fibrinogen/fibrin were major components of these thrombi at both macrovascular and microvascular levels. Cerebral infarcts comprising ∼30% of hemispheric volume and neurobehavioral deficits were observed 48 h after ischemic injury in both mice and rats. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Collagen injection caused brain injury that was similar in magnitude and variability to mechanical MCA occlusion or injection of a pre-formed clot; however, alterations in CBF and the mechanism of vascular occlusion were more consistent with clinical ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION This novel rodent model of ischemic stroke has pathophysiologic characteristics consistent with clinical atherothrombotic stroke, is technically feasible, and creates reproducible brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Schunke
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas K Toung
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arvind P Pathak
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiadi Xu
- F. M. Kirby Functional Imaging Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nauder Faraday
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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