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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Shiwarski DJ, Subramanya AR. A New Phase for WNK Kinase Signaling Complexes as Biomolecular Condensates. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38624245 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00013.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight transformative advances that have been made in the field of biomolecular condensates, with special emphasis on condensate material properties, physiology, and kinases, using the With-No-Lysine (WNK) kinases as a prototypical example. To convey how WNK kinases illustrate important concepts for biomolecular condensates, we start with a brief history, focus on defining features of biomolecular condensates, and delve into some examples of how condensates are implicated in cellular physiology (and pathophysiology). We then highlight how WNK kinases, through the action of "WNK droplets" that ubiquitously regulate intracellular volume and kidney-specific "WNK bodies" that are implicated in distal tubule salt reabsorption and potassium homeostasis, exemplify many of the defining features of condensates. Finally, this review addresses the controversies within this emerging field and questions to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 PMCID: PMC11381001 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Genetic Predisposition and Salt Sensitivity in a Chinese Han Population: The EpiSS Study. Int J Hypertens 2020; 2020:3167875. [PMID: 32128261 PMCID: PMC7048915 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3167875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies have found many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect salt sensitivity (SS). We constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) to estimate the joint effect of these SNPs on SS. Methods We recruited 762 Chinese participants into the study. An unweighted PRS was constructed using 42 known genetic risk variants associated with SS or salt sensitivity blood pressure. A modified Sullivan's acute oral saline load and diuresis shrinkage test was used to detect salt sensitivity. Logistic regression was used to estimate the joint effect of the SNPs on SS both overall and after stratification by hypertension. Results The mean age of the participants was 57.1 years, and most of them were female (77.4%). The prevalence of SS was 28.7%. Both the continuous PRS and PRS tertiles were significantly associated with the risk of SS and a BP increase of more than 5 mmHg during acute salt loading but were not associated with a BP decrease of more than 10 mmHg during the diuresis shrinkage process. In the normotensive group, participants with PRSs in the middle and top tertiles had a more than twofold increased risk of SS (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.15-4.12, P = 0.016, and OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.19-4.38, P = 0.016, and OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.19-4.38, P = 0.016, and OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.19-4.38, P = 0.016, and OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.19-4.38. Conclusion The 42 investigated SNPs were jointly and significantly associated with SS, especially in the normotensive Chinese population. These findings may provide genetic evidence for identifying target populations that would benefit from salt restriction policies.
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Sodium sensitivity of blood pressure in Chinese populations. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 34:94-107. [PMID: 30631129 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-018-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is an enormous public-health challenge in the world due to its high prevalence and consequent increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Observational epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated a causal relationship between sodium intake and elevated blood pressure (BP). However, BP changes in response to sodium intervention vary among individuals-a trait called sodium sensitivity. This paper aims to review the recent advances in sodium-sensitivity research in Chinese and other populations. Older age, female gender, and black race are associated with high sodium sensitivity. Both genetic and environmental factors influence BP sodium sensitivity. Physical activity and dietary potassium intake are associated with reduced sodium sensitivity while obesity, metabolic syndrome, and elevated BP are associated with increased sodium sensitivity. Familial studies have documented a moderate heritability of sodium sensitivity. Candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies, whole-exome, and whole-genome sequencing studies have been conducted to elucidate the genomic mechanisms of sodium sensitivity. The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity (GenSalt) study, the largest family-based feeding study to date, was conducted among 1906 Han Chinese in rural northern China. This study showed that ~32.4% of Chinese adults were sodium sensitive. Additionally, several genetic variants were found to be associated with sodium sensitivity. Findings from the GenSalt Study and others indicate that sodium sensitivity is a reproducible trait and both lifestyle factors and genetic variants play a role in this complex trait. Discovering biomarkers and underlying mechanisms for sodium sensitivity will help to develop individualized intervention strategies for hypertension.
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Gu X, Gu D, He J, Rao DC, Hixson JE, Chen J, Li J, Huang J, Wu X, Rice TK, Shimmin LC, Kelly TN. Resequencing Epithelial Sodium Channel Genes Identifies Rare Variants Associated With Blood Pressure Salt-Sensitivity: The GenSalt Study. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:205-211. [PMID: 29036630 PMCID: PMC5861537 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A resequencing study of renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) genes was conducted to identify rare variants associated with blood pressure (BP) salt-sensitivity. METHODS The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt-Sensitivity (GenSalt) study was conducted among 1,906 participants who underwent a 7-day low-sodium followed by a 7-day high-sodium feeding-study. The 300 most salt-sensitive and 300 most salt-resistant GenSalt participants were selected for the resequencing study. Three ENaC genes (SCNN1A, SCNN1B, and SCNN1G) were resequenced using capillary-based sequencing methods. Traditional burden tests were utilized to examine association between rare variants and BP salt-sensitivity. Associations of low-frequency and common variants were tested using single-marker analyses. RESULTS Carriers of SCNN1A rare variants had a 0.52 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-0.85] decreased odds of BP salt-sensitivity compared with noncarriers. Neither SCNN1B nor SCNN1G associated with salt-sensitivity of BP in rare variant analyses (P = 0.65 and 0.48, respectively). In single-marker analyses, 3 independent common variants in SCNN1A, rs11614164, rs4764586, and rs3741914, associated with salt-sensitivity after Bonferroni correction (P = 4.4 × 10-4, 1.1 × 10-8, and 1.3 × 10-3). Each copy of the minor allele of rs4764586 was associated with a 1.36-fold (95% CI: 1.23-1.52) increased odds of salt-sensitivity, whereas each copy of the minor allele of rs11614164 and rs3741914 was associated with 0.68-fold (95% CI: 0.55-0.84) and 0.69-fold (95% CI: 0.54-0.86) decreased odds of salt-sensitivity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated for the first time a relationship between rare variants in the ENaC pathway and BP salt-sensitivity. Future replication and functional studies are needed to confirm the findings in this study. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY Trial Number NCT00721721.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James E Hixson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jichun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xigui Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Treva K Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lawrence C Shimmin
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Elijovich F, Weinberger MH, Anderson CAM, Appel LJ, Bursztyn M, Cook NR, Dart RA, Newton-Cheh CH, Sacks FM, Laffer CL. Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2016; 68:e7-e46. [PMID: 27443572 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ghodsian N, Ismail P, Ahmadloo S, Heidari F, Haghvirdizadeh P, Ataollahi Eshkoor S, Etemad A. Novel Association of WNK4 Gene, Ala589Ser Polymorphism in Essential Hypertension, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysia. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8219543. [PMID: 27314050 PMCID: PMC4903125 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8219543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine (K) Kinase-4 (WNK4) consisted of unique serine and threonine protein kinases, genetically associated with an autosomal dominant form of hypertension. Argumentative consequences have lately arisen on the association of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms of WNK4 gene and essential hypertension (EHT). The aim of this study was to determine the association of Ala589Ser polymorphism of WNK4 gene with essential hypertensive patients in Malaysia. WNK4 gene polymorphism was specified utilizing mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 320 subjects including 163 cases and 157 controls. Close relation between Ala589Ser polymorphism and elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was recognized. Sociodemographic factors including body mass index (BMI), age, the level of fasting blood sugar (FBS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) in the cases and healthy subjects exhibited strong differences (p < 0.05). The distribution of allele frequency and genotype of WNK4 gene Ala589Ser polymorphism showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between EHT subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and normotensive subjects, statistically. The WNK4 gene variation influences significantly blood pressure increase. Ala589Ser probably has effects on the enzymic activity leading to enhanced predisposition to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ghodsian
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- *Patimah Ismail:
| | - Salma Ahmadloo
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farzad Heidari
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Polin Haghvirdizadeh
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sima Ataollahi Eshkoor
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Etemad
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Liu F, Lian Q, Ren J, Ren K, Wang Y, Wang D, Chu C, Wang L, Guo T, Liu E, Mu J, Yuan Z. Lack of family-based association between common variations in WNK1 and blood pressure level. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1958-62. [PMID: 25321950 PMCID: PMC4211417 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WNK1 (With No-lysine Kinase 1) modulates numerous sodium transport-related ion channels involved in regulation of blood pressure. Several studies have indicated associations between the common variants of the WNK1 gene and hypertension or blood pressure levels. However, little data exists on Asian populations and normotensive or pre-hypertensive subjects. Our aim was to detect whether the common variations in the WNK1 gene are potential contributors to individual variations in blood pressure in a family-based sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS 525 individuals from 116 families were selected from a rural community of Northern China. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from the WNK1 gene. Single-marker and haplotype analyses were conducted using the Family-Based Association Test program. RESULTS Regretful, no associations for the 5 WNK1 SNPs and the constructed haplotype blocks of WNK1 with blood pressure level reached nominal statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that although multiple candidate genes are involved in development of hypertension, the genetic polymorphism in WNK1 is not a major contributor to the observed variability in blood pressure and familial clustering risk of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Qiufang Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Keyu Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Chu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Tongshuai Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Jianjun Mu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
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Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait determined by genetic and environmental factors, as well as their interactions. Over the past few decades, there has been substantial progress elucidating the genetic determinants underlying BP response to sodium intake, or BP salt sensitivity. Research of monogenic BP disorders has highlighted the importance of renal salt handling in BP regulation, implicating genes and biological pathways subsequently identified in candidate gene studies of salt sensitivity. Despite these advancements, certain candidate gene findings await replication evidence, and some biological pathways warrant further investigation. Furthermore, results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and sequencing work have yet to be reported. GWAS will be valuable for uncovering novel mechanisms underlying salt sensitivity, whereas future sequencing efforts promise the discovery of functional variants related to this complex trait. Delineating the genetic architecture of salt sensitivity will be critical to understanding how genes and dietary sodium interact to influence BP.
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Gene-sodium interaction and blood pressure: findings from genomics research of blood pressure salt sensitivity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 108:237-60. [PMID: 22656380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait determined by both genetic and environmental factors, as well as the interactions between these factors. Over the past few decades, there has been substantial progress in elucidating the genetic determinants underlying the BP response to sodium intake, or BP salt sensitivity. Research of monogenic BP disorders has highlighted the importance of renal salt handling in BP regulation, implicating genes and biological pathways related to salt sensitivity. Candidate gene studies have contributed important information toward understanding the genomic mechanisms underlying the BP response to salt intake, identifying genes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renal sodium channels/transporters, and the endothelial system related to this phenotype. Despite these advancements, genome-wide association studies are still needed to uncover novel mechanisms underlying salt sensitivity, while future sequencing efforts promise the discovery of functional variants related to this complex trait. Delineating the genetic architecture of salt sensitivity will be critical to understanding how genes and dietary sodium interact to influence BP.
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Putku M, Kepp K, Org E, Sõber S, Comas D, Viigimaa M, Veldre G, Juhanson P, Hallast P, Tõnisson N, Shaw-Hawkins S, Caulfield MJ, Khusnutdinova E, Kožich V, Munroe PB, Laan M. Novel polymorphic AluYb8 insertion in the WNK1 gene is associated with blood pressure variation in Europeans. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:806-14. [PMID: 21520334 PMCID: PMC3298642 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 cause familial hypertension, the Gordon syndrome. WNK1 and WNK4 conserved noncoding regions were targeted to polymorphism screening using DHPLC and DGGE. The scan identified an undescribed polymorphic AluYb8 insertion in WNK1 intron 10. Screening in primates revealed that this Alu-insertion has probably occurred in human lineage. Genotyping in 18 populations from Europe, Asia, and Africa (n = 854) indicated an expansion of the WNK1 AluYb8 bearing chromosomes out of Africa. The allele frequency in Sub-Saharan Africa was ∼3.3 times lower than in other populations (4.8 vs. 15.8%; P = 9.7 × 10−9). Meta-analysis across three European sample sets (n = 3,494; HYPEST, Estonians; BRIGHT, the British; CADCZ, Czech) detected significant association of the WNK1 AluYb8 insertion with blood pressure (BP; systolic BP, P = 4.03 × 10−3, effect 1.12; diastolic BP, P = 1.21 × 10−2, effect 0.67). Gender-stratified analysis revealed that this effect might be female-specific (n = 2,088; SBP, P = 1.99 × 10−3, effect 1.59; DBP P = 3.64 × 10−4, effect 1.23; resistant to Bonferroni correction), whereas no statistical support was identified for the association with male BP (n = 1,406). In leucocytes, the expressional proportions of the full-length WNK1 transcript and the splice-form skipping exon 11 were significantly shifted in AluYb8 carriers compared to noncarriers. The WNK1 AluYb8 insertion might affect human BP via altering the profile of alternatively spliced transcripts. Hum Mutat 32:1–9, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Putku
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Kepp
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Elin Org
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Siim Sõber
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - David Comas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), CEXS-UPF-PRBB, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
| | - Margus Viigimaa
- Centre of Cardiology, North Estonia Medical CentreTallinn, Estonia
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chair of Medical PhysicsTallinn, Estonia
| | - Gudrun Veldre
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Department of Cardiology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Peeter Juhanson
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Hallast
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Neeme Tõnisson
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Sue Shaw-Hawkins
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Science Center, Russian Academy of SciencesUfa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Charles University—First Faculty of MedicinePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maris Laan
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- *Correspondence to: Maris Laan, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia. E-mail:
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Hoorn EJ, Nelson JH, McCormick JA, Ellison DH. The WNK kinase network regulating sodium, potassium, and blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:605-14. [PMID: 21436285 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010080827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between renal salt handling and hypertension is intertwined historically. The discovery of WNK kinases (With No lysine = K) now offers new insight to this relationship because WNKs are a crucial molecular pathway connecting hormones such as angiotensin II and aldosterone to renal sodium and potassium transport. To fulfill this task, the WNKs also interact with other important kinases, including serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1, STE20/SPS1-related, proline alanine-rich kinase, and oxidative stress responsive protein type 1. Collectively, this kinase network regulates the activity of the major sodium and potassium transporters in the distal nephron, including thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporters and ROMK channels. Here we show how the WNKs modulate ion transport through two distinct regulatory pathways, trafficking and phosphorylation, and discuss the physiologic and clinical relevance of the WNKs in the kidney. This ranges from rare mutations in WNKs causing familial hyperkalemic hypertension to acquired forms of hypertension caused by salt sensitivity or diabetes mellitus. Although many questions remain unanswered, the WNKs hold promise for unraveling the link between salt and hypertension, potentially leading to more effective interventions to prevent cardiorenal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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McCormick JA, Ellison DH. The WNKs: atypical protein kinases with pleiotropic actions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:177-219. [PMID: 21248166 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WNKs are serine/threonine kinases that comprise a unique branch of the kinome. They are so-named owing to the unusual placement of an essential catalytic lysine. WNKs have now been identified in diverse organisms. In humans and other mammals, four genes encode WNKs. WNKs are widely expressed at the message level, although data on protein expression is more limited. Soon after the WNKs were identified, mutations in genes encoding WNK1 and -4 were determined to cause the human disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension (also known as pseudohypoaldosteronism II, or Gordon's Syndrome). For this reason, a major focus of investigation has been to dissect the role of WNK kinases in renal regulation of ion transport. More recently, a different mutation in WNK1 was identified as the cause of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II, an early-onset autosomal disease of peripheral sensory nerves. Thus the WNKs represent an important family of potential targets for the treatment of human disease, and further elucidation of their physiological actions outside of the kidney and brain is necessary. In this review, we describe the gene structure and mechanisms regulating expression and activity of the WNKs. Subsequently, we outline substrates and targets of WNKs as well as effects of WNKs on cellular physiology, both in the kidney and elsewhere. Next, consequences of these effects on integrated physiological function are outlined. Finally, we discuss the known and putative pathophysiological relevance of the WNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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