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Zheng Y, Li X, Kuang L, Wang Y. New insights into the characteristics of DRAK2 and its role in apoptosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinically applied potential. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1014508. [PMID: 36386181 PMCID: PMC9649744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1014508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family, DAP kinase-associated apoptosis-inducing kinase 2 (DRAK2) performs apoptosis-related functions. Compelling evidence suggests that DRAK2 is involved in regulating the activation of T lymphocytes as well as pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in type I diabetes. In addition, DRAK2 has been shown to be involved in the development of related tumor and non-tumor diseases through a variety of mechanisms, including exacerbation of alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through SRSF6-associated RNA selective splicing mechanism, regulation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, and progression of colorectal cancer. This review focuses on the structure, function, and upstream pathways of DRAK2 and discusses the potential and challenges associated with the clinical application of DRAK2-based small-molecule inhibitors, with the aim of advancing DRAK2 research.
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Shen Y, Singh J, Sah B, Chen Z, Ha W, Henzler C, Su T, Xie L, Deng Y, Li G, Guo H, Hibshoosh H, Liu L. The Histone Demethylase HR Suppresses Breast Cancer Development through Enhanced CELF2 Tumor Suppressor Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4648. [PMID: 36230572 PMCID: PMC9564370 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hairless (HR) gene encodes a transcription factor with histone demethylase activity that is essential for development and tissue homeostasis. Previous studies suggest that mutational inactivation of HR promotes tumorigenesis. To investigate HR mutations in breast cancer, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing using DNA isolated from primary breast cancer tissues. We identified HR somatic mutations in approximately 15% of the patient cohort (n = 85), compared with 23% for BRCA2, 13% for GATA3, 7% for BRCA1, and 3% for PTEN in the same patient cohort. We also found an average 23% HR copy number loss in breast cancers. In support of HR's antitumor functions, HR reconstitution in HR-deficient human breast cancer cells significantly suppressed tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft mouse models. We further demonstrated that HR's antitumor activity was at least partly mediated by transcriptional activation of CELF2, a tumor suppressor with RNA-binding activity. Consistent with HR's histone demethylase activity, pharmacologic inhibition of histone methylation suppressed HR-deficient breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and tumor growth. Taken together, we identified HR as a novel tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in breast cancer. We also showed that pharmacologic inhibition of histone methylation is effective in suppressing HR-deficient breast tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jasvinder Singh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Bindeshwar Sah
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zhongming Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Wootae Ha
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Christine Henzler
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lillian Xie
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Yibin Deng
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Tan P, Wang A, Chen H, Du Y, Qian B, Shi H, Zhang Y, Xia X, Fu W. SPOP inhibits mice pancreatic stellate cell activation by promoting FADD degradation in cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 384:111606. [PMID: 31493386 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been recognized as key mediators of pancreatic fibrosis, a characteristic feature of chronic pancreatitis (CP). As a cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligase, speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) has been identified to participate in tumorigenesis and organ development. However, its biological role in CP remains unknown. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the changed expression of SPOP in CP and to examine the effect on mice PSCs activation of SPOP. We found that SPOP was downregulated in the pancreatic tissues of cerulein-induced CP mice. siRNA-mediated knockdown of SPOP led to significant promotion in primary PSCs activity by activating the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathway. In addition, we examined the effects of Fas-associated death domain (FADD), a proven SPOP substrate that activates NF-κB, on the regulation of PSCs activation. We found that FADD was downregulated by SPOP via interaction-mediated degradation, and was upregulated during PSCs activation. The promotion of PSCs activation in knocking down SPOP with siSPOP-1 were counteracted by knocking down FADD. The results suggest that the SPOP-induced inhibition of PSCs activation partially depended on FADD. These results highlight the importance of SPOP in CP and provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ankang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yichao Du
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Baolin Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Xianming Xia
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Wenguang Fu
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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4
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Singh A, Singh A, Bauer SJ, Wheeler DL, Havighurst TC, Kim K, Verma AK. Genetic deletion of TNFα inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in PKCε transgenic mice via inhibition of cell survival signals. Carcinogenesis 2015; 37:72-80. [PMID: 26586792 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), a Ca(2+)-independent phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is among the six PKC isoforms (α, δ, ε, η, μ, ζ) expressed in both mouse and human skin. Epidermal PKCε level dictates the susceptibility of PKCε transgenic (TG) mice to the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) elicited either by repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or by using the DMBA initiation-TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) tumor promotion protocol (Wheeler,D.L. et al. (2004) Protein kinase C epsilon is an endogenous photosensitizer that enhances ultraviolet radiation-induced cutaneous damage and development of squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res., 64, 7756-7765). Histologically, SCC in TG mice, like human SCC, is poorly differentiated and metastatic. Our earlier studies to elucidate mechanisms of PKCε-mediated development of SCC, using either DMBA-TPA or UVR, indicated elevated release of cytokine TNFα. To determine whether TNFα is essential for the development of SCC in TG mice, we generated PKCε transgenic mice/TNFα-knockout (TG/TNFαKO) by crossbreeding TNFαKO with TG mice. We now present that deletion of TNFα in TG mice inhibited the development of SCC either by repeated UVR exposures or by the DMBA-TPA protocol. TG mice deficient in TNFα elicited both increase in SCC latency and decrease in SCC incidence. Inhibition of UVR-induced SCC development in TG/TNFαKO was accompanied by inhibition of (i) the expression levels of TNFα receptors TNFRI and TNFRII and cell proliferation marker ornithine decarboxylase and metastatic markers MMP7 and MMP9, (ii) the activation of transcription factors Stat3 and NF-kB and (iii) proliferation of hair follicle stem cells and epidermal hyperplasia. The results presented here provide the first genetic evidence that TNFα is linked to PKCε-mediated sensitivity to DMBA-TPA or UVR-induced development of cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas C Havighurst
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Zhang Y, Huang S, Wang Y, Pan J, Zheng J, Zhang X, Chen Y, Li D. Mechanism underlying the protective effect of Kaixin Jieyu Fang on vascular depression following cerebral white matter damage. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:61-8. [PMID: 25206744 PMCID: PMC4146321 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese compound Kaixin Jieyu Fang can be used to treat vascular depression; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia-caused white matter damage by ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries. Rats received daily intragastric administration of a suspension of Kaixin Jieyu Fang powder. After 3, 7 and 21 days of treatment, the degree of white matter damage in the cerebral ischemia rat model was alleviated, Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression in brain tissue increased, and Bax protein and mRNA expression decreased. These results indicate that Kaixin Jieyu Fang can alleviate cerebral white matter damage, and the underlying mechanism is associated with regulation of Bcl-2/Bax protein and mRNA expression, which is one of possible mechanism behind the protective effect of Kaixin Jieyu Fang against vascular depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shijing Huang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Pan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Duojiao Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Aziz MH, Shen H, Maki CG. Glucocorticoid receptor activation inhibits p53-induced apoptosis of MCF10Amyc cells via induction of protein kinase Cε. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29825-36. [PMID: 22773829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that can promote apoptosis or survival in a cell-specific manner. Activated GR has been reported to inhibit apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells by increasing pro-survival gene expression. In this study, activated GR inhibited p53-dependent apoptosis in MCF10A cells and human mammary epithelial cells that overexpress the MYC oncogene. Specifically, GR agonists hydrocortisone or dexamethasone inhibited p53-dependent apoptosis induced by cisplatin, ionizing radiation, or the MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3. In contrast, the GR antagonist RU486 sensitized the cells to apoptosis by these agents. Apoptosis inhibition was associated with maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, diminished caspase-3 and -7 activation, and increased expression at both the mRNA and protein level of the anti-apoptotic PKC family member PKCε. Knockdown of PKCε via siRNA targeting reversed the protective effect of dexamethasone and restored apoptosis sensitivity. These data provide evidence that activated GR can inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis through induction of the anti-apoptotic factor PKCε.
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7
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Chen Z, Li J, Song X, Wang Z, Yue W. Use of a novel sonosensitizer in sonodynamic therapy of U251 glioma cells in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:273-278. [PMID: 22969881 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ZnPcS(2)P(2)-meditated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) on U251 human glioma cells and to identify its underlying biological mechanism. The growth inhibition rate was determined by MTT assay. The apoptotic rate was examined by flow cytometry. Fine structures were observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected spectrophotometrically. Caspase-3, -8 and -9 expression was detected by Western blot analysis. The growth inhibition rate of U251 human glioma cells indicated that ZnPcS(2)P(2)-meditated SDT had a better growth inhibition rate of tumor cells at a concentration of 5.0 μg/ml ZnPcS(2)P(2), at a 4-h incubation time with ZnPcS(2)P(2), and at 6 h re-incubation following SDT. At 6 h after SDT, the growth inhibition rate of cells was significantly higher compared to other groups, apoptosis could be detected in SDT by flow cytometry. TEM examination revealed morphological features of apoptosis or necrosis. Furthermore, caspase-3, -8 and -9 expression following SDT was found to be increased by Western blot analysis. Finally, generation of ROS in cells was also elevated. In conclusion, ZnPcS(2)P(2)-SDT is capable of inducing U251 cell apoptosis or necrosis and has satisfying antitumor effects. The mechanism of ZnPcS(2)P(2)-meditated SDT involves ROS generation in U251 cells, which initiates subsequent apoptosis through the mitochondrial and death receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth College Hospital of Harbin Medical University
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8
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Chew YC, Adhikary G, Wilson GM, Reece EA, Eckert RL. Protein kinase C (PKC) delta suppresses keratinocyte proliferation by increasing p21(Cip1) level by a KLF4 transcription factor-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28772-28782. [PMID: 21652709 PMCID: PMC3190685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.205245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCδ increases keratinocyte differentiation and suppresses keratinocyte proliferation and survival. However, the mechanism of proliferation suppression is not well understood. The present studies show that PKCδ overexpression increases p21(Cip1) mRNA and protein level and promoter activity and that treatment with dominant-negative PKCδ, PKCδ-siRNA, or rottlerin inhibits promoter activation. Analysis of the p21(Cip1) promoter upstream regulatory region reveals three DNA segments that mediate PKCδ-dependent promoter activation. The PKCδ response element most proximal to the transcription start site encodes six GC-rich DNA elements. Mutation of these sites results in a loss of PKCδ-dependent promoter activation. Gel mobility supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation reveal that these DNA elements bind the Kruppel-like transcription factor KLF4. PKCδ increases KLF4 mRNA and protein level and KLF4 binding to the GC-rich elements in the p21(Cip1) proximal promoter. In addition, KLF4-siRNA inhibits PKCδ-dependent p21(Cip1) promoter activity. PKCδ increases KLF4 expression leading to enhanced KLF4 interaction with the GC-rich elements in the p21(Cip1) promoter to activate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yap Ching Chew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Gerald M Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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9
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Adhikary G, Chew YC, Reece EA, Eckert RL. PKC-delta and -eta, MEKK-1, MEK-6, MEK-3, and p38-delta are essential mediators of the response of normal human epidermal keratinocytes to differentiating agents. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2017-30. [PMID: 20445555 PMCID: PMC3120227 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms initiate a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade that regulates keratinocyte differentiation. However, assigning these functions has relied on treatment with pharmacologic inhibitors and/or manipulating kinase function using overexpression of wild-type or dominant-negative kinases. As these methods are not highly specific, an obligatory regulatory role for individual kinases has not been assigned. In this study, we use small interfering RNA knockdown to study the role of individual PKC isoforms as regulators of keratinocyte differentiation induced by the potent differentiating stimulus, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). PKC-delta knockdown reduces TPA-activated involucrin promoter activity, nuclear activator protein-1 factor accumulation and binding to DNA, and cell morphology change. Knockdown of PKC downstream targets, including MEKK-1, MEK-6, MEK-3, or p38-delta, indicates that these kinases are required for these responses. Additional studies indicate that knockdown of PKC-eta inhibits TPA-dependent involucrin promoter activation. In contrast, knockdown of PKC-alpha (a classical PKC isoform) or PKC-epsilon (a novel isoform) does not inhibit these TPA-dependent responses. Further studies indicate that PKC-delta is required for calcium and green tea polyphenol-dependent regulation of end responses. These findings are informative as they suggest an essential role for selected PKC and MAPK cascade enzymes in mediating a range of end responses to a range of differentiation stimuli in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yap Ching Chew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - E. Albert Reece
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sun-sensitizing effects of PKCepsilon shine on multiple mouse strains. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:17-9. [PMID: 20010864 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Like many skin phenotypes, susceptibility to carcinogenesis is profoundly influenced by genetic background. Sand et al. (this issue) explored the sensitizing effects of epidermal protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon)expression in the hairless SKH-1 mouse strain commonly used in UV carcinogenesis studies. They reported that PKCepsilon overexpression profoundly sensitized these mice to UV skin carcinogenesis and activated oncogenic pathways similar to those reported in FVB/N mice.
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Maverakis E, Miyamura Y, Bowen MP, Correa G, Ono Y, Goodarzi H. Light, including ultraviolet. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:J247-57. [PMID: 20018479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is intricately linked to the functional status of the cutaneous immune system. In susceptible individuals, UV radiation can ignite pathogenic inflammatory pathways leading to allergy or autoimmunity. In others, this same UV radiation can be used as a phototherapy to suppress pathogenic cutaneous immune responses. These vastly different properties are a direct result of UV light's ability to ionize molecules in the skin and thereby chemically alter them. Sometimes these UV-induced chemical reactions are essential, the formation of pre-vitamin D(3) from 7-dehydrocholesterol, for example. In other instances they can be potentially detrimental. UV radiation can ionize a cell's DNA causing adjacent pyrimidine bases to chemically bond to each other. To prevent malignant transformation, a cell may respond to this UV-induced DNA damage by undergoing apoptosis. Although this pathway prevents skin cancer it also has the potential of inducing or exacerbating autoreactive immune responses by exposing the cell's nuclear antigens. Ultraviolet-induced chemical reactions can activate the immune system by a variety of other mechanisms as well. In response to UV irradiation keratinocytes secrete cytokines and chemokines, which activate and recruit leukocytes to the skin. In some individuals UV-induced chemical reactions can synthesize novel antigens resulting in a photoallergy. Alternatively, photosensitizing molecules can damage cells by initiating sunburn-like phototoxic reactions. Herein we review all types of UV-induced skin reactions, especially those involving the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.
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Protein Kinase Cε Reveals Importance of Extrinsic Apoptosis in Preventing UV Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1853-6. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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