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Wu C, Jiang ML, Pang T, Zhang CJ. T Cell Subsets and Immune Homeostasis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2782:39-63. [PMID: 38622391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3754-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
T cells are a heterogeneous group of cells that can be classified into different subtypes according to different classification methods. The body's immune system has a highly complex and effective regulatory network that allows for the relative stability of immune system function. Maintaining proper T cell homeostasis is essential for promoting protective immunity and limiting autoimmunity and tumor formation. Among the T cell family members, more and more T cell subsets have gradually been characterized. In this chapter, we summarize the functions of some key T cell subsets and their impact on immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Inoue M, Tsuji Y, Ueno R, Miyamoto D, Tanaka K, Moriyasu Y, Shibata S, Okuda M, Ando D, Abe Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI. Bivalent structure of a TNFR2-selective and agonistic TNF-α mutein Fc-fusion protein enhances the expansion activity of regulatory T cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13762. [PMID: 37612373 PMCID: PMC10447426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) signaling was found to be involved in the proliferation and activation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subpopulation of lymphocytes that suppress immune responses. Tregs mediate peripheral immune tolerance, and the disruption of their functions causes autoimmune diseases or allergy. Therefore, cell expanders or regulators of Tregs that control immunosuppressive activity can be used to treat these diseases. We focused on TNFR2, which is preferentially expressed on Tregs, and created tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) muteins that selectively activate TNFR2 signaling in mice and humans, termed R2agoTNF and R2-7, respectively. In this study, we attempted to optimize the structure of muteins to enhance their TNFR2 agonistic activity and stability in vivo by IgG-Fc fusion following single-chain homo-trimerization. The fusion protein, scR2agoTNF-Fc, enhanced the expansion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs and CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and contributed to their immunosuppressive activity ex vivo and in vivo in mice. The prophylactic administration of scR2agoTNF-Fc suppressed inflammation in contact hypersensitivity and arthritis mouse models. Furthermore, scR2-7-Fc preferentially expanded Tregs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via TNFR2. These TNFR2 agonist-Fc fusion proteins, which have bivalent structures, are novel Treg expanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Reira Ueno
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yuka Moriyasu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Saya Shibata
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Mei Okuda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan.
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
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K C, M M, M K. Immune-Regulatory and Molecular Effects of Antidepressants on the Inflamed Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1211-1226. [PMID: 33945102 PMCID: PMC8275564 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a T cell-mediated type of skin inflammation resulting from contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to antigens. There is strong comorbidity between ACD and major depression. Keratinocytes release immunomodulatory mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which modulate skin inflammation and are crucial cell type for the development of CHS. Our previous studies showed that fluoxetine and desipramine were effective in suppressing CHS in different mouse strains. However, the immune and molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain to be explored. The aim of the current study was to determine the immune and molecular mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs engaged in the inhibition of CHS response in the stimulated keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. The results show that LPS, TNF-α/IFN-γ, and DNFB stimulate HaCaT cells to produce large amounts of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8. HaCaT stimulation was associated with increased expression of ICAM-1, a cell adhesion molecule, and decreased expression of E-cadherin. Imipramine, desipramine, and fluoxetine suppress the production of IL-1β, CCL2, as well as the expression of ICAM-1. LPS and TNF-α/IFN-γ activate p-38 kinase, but antidepressants do not regulate this pathway. LPS decreases E-cadherin protein expression and fluoxetine normalizes these effects. In summary, the antidepressant drugs examined in this study attenuate the stimulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and modulate adhesion molecule expression by the HaCaT cell line. Therefore, antidepressants may have some clinical efficacy in patients with ACD and patients with comorbid depression and contact allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curzytek K
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maes M
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Kubera M
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Tanaka R, Ichimura Y, Kubota N, Saito A, Nakamura Y, Ishitsuka Y, Watanabe R, Fujisawa Y, Mizuno S, Takahashi S, Fujimoto M, Okiyama N. Differential Involvement of Programmed Cell Death Ligands in Skin Immune Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:145-154.e8. [PMID: 34310947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PD-1 is an immunoregulatory receptor that can bind PD-L1 or PD-L2 expressed on stimulated antigen-presenting cells. In this study, isolated antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) were cultured with IFN-γ, IL-4, or IL-17A, and the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 was compared by flow cytometry. Strong upregulation of PD-L1 expression was observed on IFN-γ stimulation of both antigen-presenting cells as well as in response to IL-17A stimulation of macrophages compared with the expression in unstimulated controls. In contrast, only stimulation with IL-4 could upregulate PD-L2 expression on both antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, experiments were performed in murine models, including DNFB-induced contact hypersensitivity, calcipotriol-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation, and imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis models, to trigger IFN-γ‒mediated T helper type (Th)1-, IL-4‒mediated Th2-, and IL-17A‒mediated Th17-type responses, respectively. In both Th1- and Th17-type immunity models, changes in ear thickness were more severe in Pd-l1‒deficient mice than in wild-type or Pd-l2‒deficient mice. In the Th2-type immunity model, changes in thickness in Pd-l2‒deficient mice were more severe than that in wild-type or Pd-l1‒deficient mice. Collectively, PD-L1 has predominant roles in Th1 and Th17 type immunity, whereas PD-L2 is involved in Th2-type immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichimura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriko Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akimasa Saito
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory of Cutaneous Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory of Cutaneous Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Lichter J, Silva E Sousa M, Peter N, Sahli F, Vileno B, Kuresepi S, Gourlaouen C, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Skin sensitization to fragrance hydroperoxides: interplay between dendritic cells, keratinocytes and free radicals. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:1143-1152. [PMID: 33205411 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin sensitization to hydroperoxides (R-OOHs) of the commonly used fragrance terpenes limonene, linalool and citronellol is frequently reported. R-OOHs are believed to initiate the process leading to sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. Thus, radical intermediates, keratinocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) may act in concert to initiate the process. OBJECTIVES To evaluate individual DC activation profiles by R-OOHs in the context of keratinocytes with regard to frequency, specificity and magnitude of upregulation. METHODS We used 2D and 3D cocultures with keratinocytes/reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and DCs to evaluate cell surface levels of the costimulatory molecules CD86, CD80 and the adhesion molecule CD54 on cocultured DCs. Analysis of radical formation from limonene hydroperoxides in RHE was performed using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with the spin trapping technique. RESULTS R-OOHs induce donor-dependent DC activation. Major differences were found between the limonene-OOHs. Limonene-1-OOH was stronger with respect to both frequency and magnitude of response. Using a 3D coculture model, no DC activation was detected after topical application of 0·2% limonene-OOHs (20 µg cm-2 ), while 1·2% limonene-1-OOH or 2% limonene-2-OOH induced DC activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated differences in the carbon and oxygen radicals formed from the limonene-OOHs using RHE, mimicking what may happen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We report clear individual differences in DC maturation induced by the most important hydroperoxides. Response rates and magnitude of response both indicate that very small structural alterations in the hydroperoxides are translated into specific DC responses. In addition, we provide more insight into the amounts of hydroperoxides that can activate DCs and induce sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - M Silva E Sousa
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - N Peter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - F Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France.,French EPR Federation of Research, Réseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire (RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443), Strasbourg, France
| | - S Kuresepi
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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Anderson K, Ryan N, Siddiqui A, Pero T, Volpedo G, Cooperstone JL, Oghumu S. Black Raspberries and Protocatechuic Acid Mitigate DNFB-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity by Down-Regulating Dendritic Cell Activation and Inhibiting Mediators of Effector Responses. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061701. [PMID: 32517233 PMCID: PMC7352349 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is the most common occupational dermatological disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) mediate the sensitization stage of CHS, while T-cells facilitate the effector mechanisms that drive CHS. Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis, BRB) and BRB phytochemicals possess immunomodulatory properties, but their dietary effects on CHS are unknown. We examined the effects of diets containing BRB and protocatechuic acid (PCA, a constituent of BRB and an anthocyanin metabolite produced largely by gut microbes), on CHS, using a model induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenze (DNFB). Mice were fed control diet or diets supplemented with BRB or PCA. In vitro bone-marrow derived DCs and RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with BRB extract and PCA. Mice fed BRB or PCA supplemented diets displayed decreased DNFB-induced ear swelling, marked by decreased splenic DC accumulation. BRB extract diminished DC maturation associated with reduced Cd80 expression and Interleukin (IL)-12 secretion, and PCA reduced IL-12. Dietary supplementation with BRB and PCA induced differential decreases in IL-12-driven CHS mediators, including Interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 production by T-cells. BRB extracts and PCA directly attenuated CHS-promoting macrophage activity mediated by nitric oxide and IL-12. Our results demonstrate that BRB and PCA mitigate CHS pathology, providing a rationale for CHS alleviation via dietary supplementation with BRB or BRB derived anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anderson
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Nathan Ryan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
- Division of Anatomy, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arham Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Travis Pero
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (K.A.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-685-7556
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Farag AGA, Al-Sharaky DR, Allam SS, Khaled HN. Role of Galectin-9 in Atopic Dermatitis - Is It Mediated Through E Selectin? A Clinical and Immunohistochemical Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:11-19. [PMID: 32021366 PMCID: PMC6959497 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s229393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recognized T helper (Th)2, allergic, skin disease. Galectin-9 (gal-9) is a member of galectin family. It alters T-cell balance resulting in Th2 polarization. These Th2 cells yield various cytokines that may influence E selectin expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that gal-9 may have an active role in AD and this role could be mediated through E selectin. Objective To assess this hypothesis, immunohistochemical expression of gal-9 and E selectin was investigated in skin lesions, from atopic dermatitis patients, and compared. Methods Twenty-two atopic dermatitis patients and ten controls were included in this case-control study. SCORAD score was used to evaluate atopic dermatitis severity. Biopsies from skin lesions of AD patients and matched sites of controls were taken and stained immunohistochemically by gal-9 and E selectin polyclonal antibodies. Results Compared to controls, atopic dermatitis patients exhibited a significant increased gal-9 H score, percent of expression, cellular localization (P˂0.001) and intensity (P=0.04) as well as dermal cellular infiltrate (P˂0.001). Also, there were significant elevations in E selectin H score (P=0.002), percent of expression (P=0.001) and cellular localization (P<0.001) as well as dermal inflammatory infiltrates in AD cases than controls. In AD, 20 cases showed co expression of both gal-9 and E selectin in the epidermis with insignificant correlation between their H scores. Study Limitations This study only included a small number of studied subjects. Conclusion Galectin-9 and E selectin participates independently in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis, that may help in development of new therapeutic agents in atopic dermatitis management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Gaber Antar Farag
- Dermatology, Andrology and STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKom, Egypt
| | | | | | - Hesham Nabil Khaled
- Dermatology, Andrology and STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin ElKom, Egypt
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Rafei-Shamsabadi DA, Klose CSN, Halim TYF, Tanriver Y, Jakob T. Context Dependent Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2591. [PMID: 31781103 PMCID: PMC6851052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) has profoundly influenced the understanding of innate and adaptive immune crosstalk in health and disease. ILC and T cells share developmental and functional characteristics such as the lineage-specifying transcription factors and effector cytokines, but importantly ILC do not display rearranged antigen-specific receptors. Similar to T cells ILC are subdivided into 3 different helper-like subtypes, namely ILC1-3, and a killer-like subtype comprising natural killer (NK) cells. Increasing evidence supports the physiological relevance of ILC, e.g., in wound healing and defense against parasites, as well as their pathogenic role in allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases or psoriasis. Group 2 ILC have been attributed to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases like asthma and atopic dermatitis. Other inflammatory skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis are profoundly shaped by inflammatory NK cells. This article reviews the role of ILC in allergic skin diseases with a major focus on ILC2. While group 2 ILC are suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 dominated inflammation as seen in atopic dermatitis, we have shown that lack of ILC2 in type 1 dominated contact hypersensitivity results in enhanced inflammation, suggesting a regulatory role of ILC2 in this context. We provide a concept of how ILC2 may influence context dependent the mutual counterbalance between type I and type II immune responses in allergic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rafei-Shamsabadi
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S. N. Klose
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common disease within the family of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. In more severe cases of allergic contact dermatitis, topical steroids may prove insufficient, and systemic therapeutic agents are often used. Even when systemic therapies such as cyclosporine lead to improvement, withdrawal of these agents is challenging and can lead to undesirable morbidities. Currently, there are no systemic treatments indicated for the treatment of widespread recalcitrant contact dermatitis. This review discusses the targets of in-use off-label systemic medications and potential therapeutics in the pipeline.
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Effects of omega-3 PUFA on immune markers in adolescent individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis - Results of the randomized controlled Vienna omega-3 study. Schizophr Res 2017; 188:110-117. [PMID: 28126360 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of immune function have been reported in ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis patients causing expectations in terms of predictive meaningfulness and benefits of anti-inflammatory agents. According to a RCT in UHR-patients supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was effective in reducing transition to psychosis risk and to improve symptomatology. Based on preclinical findings, we now investigated state marker properties of and the influence of PUFA on immune markers in a RCT (clinical trials.gov Identifier: NCT00396643). In a longitudinal design we measured plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6), the soluble alpha (Tac) subunit of the interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2r), and the circulating soluble form of the intercellular adhesion molecule one (sICAM-1), in 79 help-seeking UHR individuals (13-25years of age). Using linear mixed model (LMM) analysis, we investigated the effects of 12weeks supplementation of either 1.2g/d PUFA (n=38) or Placebo (n=41). At baseline, inflammatory markers were not altered in patients who later suffered transition to psychosis within one year (n=12; 11 PUFA-group, 1 PL-group). IL-6 was weakly inverse associated with omega-6 PUFA, and highly increased in nicotine users. In univariate tests of the LMM omega-3 PUFA caused a significant increase of sICAM-1 (p=0.022). PUFA did not significantly influence IL-6 or sIL-2r. The enhancement of sICAM-1 in the PUFA condition is suggestive for supportive effects on vascular immune response and immediate Th1 helper cell mediated immune answer, which was found disturbed in manifest schizophrenia, e.g. by facilitating the leukocyte adhesion and migration across the endothelium.
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Wang SF, Gao XQ, Xu YN, Li DN, Wang HY, He SH. Elevated Plasma Level of Interferon-λ1 in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Upregulated Expression in CD8(+) and Epithelial Cells and Induction of Inflammatory Cell Accumulation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5032051. [PMID: 27445435 PMCID: PMC4944067 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5032051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon- (IFN-) λ1 is regarded as a potent bio-active molecule in innate immunity. However, little is known about its role in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). We therefore investigated expression of IFN-λ1 in CSU, its cellular location, and its influence on inflammatory cell accumulation by using flow cytometry analysis, skin tissue dispersion, immunohistochemical stain, and a mouse peritoneal inflammation model. The results showed that level of IFN-λ1 was 2.0-fold higher in plasma of the patients with CSU than the level in healthy control (HC) subjects. Among leukocytes examined, only CD8(+) T cells expressed more IFN-λ1 in CSU blood. Double labeling immunohistochemical staining revealed that IFN-λ1(+) inflammatory cells such as mast cells, eosinophils, B cells, neutrophils, and macrophages were mainly located in dermis, whereas epidermis tissue highly expressed IFN-λ1. IFN-λ1 induced a dose-dependent increase in number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in the peritoneum of mice at 6 h following injection, which was inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with anti-intercellular adhesion molecule- (ICAM-) 1 and/or anti-L-selectin antibodies. In conclusion, IFN-λ1 is likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of CSU. Blocking IFN-λ1 production may help to reduce the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the involved CSU skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - X. Q. Gao
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Y. N. Xu
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - D. N. Li
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - H. Y. Wang
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | - S. H. He
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
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Bai S, Zhang Z, Hou S, Liu X. Influence of different types of contact hypersensitivity on imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:671-80. [PMID: 27221314 PMCID: PMC4918611 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently believed that psoriasis and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are different diseases; however, they share clinical similarities. The involvement of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in these disorders provides a novel opportunity to investigate the relationship between them. The present study aimed to determine whether the same or overlapping inflammatory pathways are involved in the two diseases, and the influence of different types of ACD on psoriasis. Compound mouse models of Th1 or Th2‑type contact hypersensitivity (CHS) combined with imiquimod (IMQ)‑induced psoriasis‑like inflammation were established, in order to mimic the characteristics of ACD and psoriasis. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry and cytokine detection in blood serum and tissues were used to compare the differences between the mice treated with IMQ alone or IMQ combined with Th1 and Th2‑type CHS. As compared with the IMQ‑treated mice or IMQ-treated Th1‑type CHS mice, the mice with Th2‑type CHS treated with IMQ exhibited more serious psoriasis‑like inflammation with increased epidermal thickness and infiltrating cells in the derma. High mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑17, IL‑22, IL‑23, TNF‑α and RORγt were detected in back skin lesions. Additionally, high levels of IL‑17 and IL‑22 in blood serum were detected in IMQ‑treated mice combined with Th2‑type CHS. The mice treated with IMQ alone, and IMQ treatment combined with Th1‑type CHS had a comparable psoriasis‑like inflammatory response in the back skin. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that Th2‑type CHS exacerbated the IMQ‑treated psoriatic inflammation of mice via the IL‑23/IL‑17 axis. Th17 cells and associated pathways may link ACD and psoriasis. Therefore, patients with psoriasis should avoid contact with specific sensitizers, such as fragrance and rubber products, which may induce Th2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhenying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The University of Hong Kong‑Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, P.R. China
| | - Suchun Hou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The University of Hong Kong‑Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518053, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Yamate Y, Hiramoto K, Kasahara E, Sato EF. UVA irradiation of the eye modulates the contact hypersensitivity of the skin and intestines by affecting mast cells in mice. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 31:129-40. [PMID: 25495784 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation before allergic sensitization induces immunosuppression, but the precise mechanism remained unclear. In this study, we examined the influence of UVA irradiation of the eye on contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and the role of mast cells in CHS. METHODS We used two types of haptens, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC: a Th2 type hapten) and 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (oxazolone: a Th1 type hapten). A 300 kJ/m(2) dose of UVA irradiation was delivered to the eyes. After UVA irradiation, we sensitized abdominal shaved skin and challenged the ear epidermis and colons of these mice with each hapten. RESULTS After UVA irradiation, the CHS of the skin and colon were not inhibited in the FITC-sensitized mice. However, in the oxazolone-sensitized mice, only the CHS of the skin was inhibited by UVA irradiation. The inflammation of the colon became more severe after UVA irradiation. In mast cell-deficient (W/Wv) mice sensitized to FITC, the CHS was weaker than that in WT mice. Moreover, the reduction of immunosuppression in ear swelling was seen for one of the two models they used. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mast cells induced by UVA irradiation of the eye have different roles in the epidermis and colon and have different responses to different haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Yamate
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
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14
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Bratke K, Prieschenk C, Garbe K, Kuepper M, Lommatzsch M, Virchow JC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in allergic asthma and the role of inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:312-21. [PMID: 23414539 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) infiltrate sites of acute Th2-dominant inflammation, but their role in allergic asthma remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To characterize circulating pDCs from patients with allergic asthma outside their respective allergen season. METHODS Adhesion molecules, co-stimulatory molecules, immunoglobulin receptors and chemokine receptors were quantified on blood pDCs from 20 patients with allergic asthma and 18 healthy controls using flow cytometry. In addition, IL-6-, TNF-α- and IFN-α-secretion were analysed after stimulating isolated pDCs with TLR7- and TLR9-ligands. RESULTS Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from patients with allergic asthma showed an increased expression of chemokine receptors involved in inflamed tissue homing such as CCR2, CCR4, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR2, CXCR5 and CXCR6, while the expression of the lymph node homing receptor CXCR3 was down-regulated. In addition, these pDCs exhibited a higher expression of activation markers and Th2-associated molecules such as CD40, CD62L, CD64 and FcεRIα. In contrast, TLR7-mediated IL-6-, TNF-α- and IFN-α-secretion was significantly reduced in pDCs from patients with asthma. The TLR9-mediated cytokine response was only suppressed in those patients who were treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) during previous allergen seasons. The same effect was observed for CD54 and OX40L expression. CONCLUSIONS We report an increased expression of activation markers, and Th2-associated molecules, and an increased migratory potential of circulating pDCs in allergic asthma. These changes are accompanied by a reduced TLR7-mediated cytokine response. In addition, our results suggest a longterm impact of ICS treatment on the characteristics of circulating pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bratke
- Department of Pneumology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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15
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Baeck M, Soria A, Marot L, Theate I, Hendrickx E, Van Belle A, Goossens A, Tennstedt D, Dachelet C, Jaeger J, Pilette C, Renauld JC, Van Baren N, Rozières A, Nicolas JF, Dumoutier L. Characterization of the T cell response in allergic contact dermatitis caused by corticosteroids. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:357-68. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Müller N, Myint AM, Krause D, Weidinger E, Schwarz MJ. Anti-inflammatory treatment in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013. [PMID: 23178230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics, which act predominantly as dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, have several shortcomings. The exact pathophysiological mechanism leading to dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia is still unclear, but inflammation has been postulated to be a key player in the pathophysiology of the disorder. A dysfunction in activation of the type 1 immune response seems to be associated with an imbalance in tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism; the degrading enzymes involved in this metabolism are regulated by cytokines. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), an N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, was found to be increased in critical regions of the central nervous system (CNS) in schizophrenia, resulting in reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission. The differential activation of microglial cells and astrocytes as functional carriers of the immune system in the CNS may also contribute to this imbalance. The immunological effects of many existing antipsychotics, however, rebalance in part the immune imbalance and overproduction of KYNA. The immunological imbalance results in an inflammatory state combined with increased prostaglandin E(2) production and increased cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Growing evidence from clinical studies with COX-2 inhibitors points to favorable effects of anti-inflammatory therapy in schizophrenia, in particular in an early stage of the disorder. Further options for immunomodulating therapies in schizophrenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Martin SF. Allergic contact dermatitis: xenoinflammation of the skin. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:720-9. [PMID: 22980498 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many xenobiotic chemicals cause sterile inflammation. This xenoinflammation is often induced by protein reactive contact allergens resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Recent findings reveal that these chemicals mimick infection by triggering innate immune responses via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and endogenous danger signals. The emerging cellular responses in ACD are mediated by various innate effector cells. Here, an important role for mast cells has now been recognized. Eventually, chemical specific T cells such as CD8+ and CD4+ Tc1/Th1 as well as Tc17/Th17 cells are activated. Langerhans cells may serve a tolerogenic function. The mechanisms of tolerance induction by ultraviolet irradiation or by very low doses of contact allergen are now understood in much greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hauptstrasse 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Gu JJ, Lavau CP, Pugacheva E, Soderblom EJ, Moseley MA, Pendergast AM. Abl family kinases modulate T cell-mediated inflammation and chemokine-induced migration through the adaptor HEF1 and the GTPase Rap1. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra51. [PMID: 22810897 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine signaling is critical for T cell function during homeostasis and inflammation and directs T cell polarity and migration through the activation of specific intracellular pathways. Here, we uncovered a previously uncharacterized role for the Abl family tyrosine kinases Abl and Arg in the regulation of T cell-dependent inflammatory responses and showed that the Abl family kinases were required for chemokine-induced T cell polarization and migration. Our data demonstrated that Abl and Arg were activated downstream of chemokine receptors and mediated the chemokine-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of human enhancer of filamentation 1 (HEF1), an adaptor protein that is required for the activity of the guanosine triphosphatase Rap1, which mediates cell adhesion and migration. Phosphorylation of HEF1 by Abl family kinases and activation of Rap1 were required for chemokine-induced T cell migration. Mouse T cells that lacked Abl and Arg exhibited defective homing to lymph nodes and impaired migration to sites of inflammation. These findings suggest that Abl family kinases are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of T cell-dependent immune disorders that are characterized by chemokine-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin Gu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Deane JA, Abeynaike LD, Norman MU, Wee JL, Kitching AR, Kubes P, Hickey MJ. Endogenous Regulatory T Cells Adhere in Inflamed Dermal Vessels via ICAM-1: Association with Regulation of Effector Leukocyte Adhesion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2179-88. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lymphatic dysfunction impairs antigen-specific immunization, but augments tissue swelling following contact with allergens. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:667-76. [PMID: 22071476 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lymph transports tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs) to regional lymph nodes (LNs), having important roles in immune function. The biological effects on tissue inflammation following lymphatic flow obstruction in vivo, however, are not fully known. In this study, we investigated the role of the lymphatic system in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses using k-cyclin transgenic (kCYC(+/-)) mice, which demonstrate severe lymphatic dysfunction. kCYC(+/-) mice showed enhanced ear swelling to both DNFB and FITC, as well as stronger irritant responses to croton oil compared with wild-type littermates. Consistently, challenged ears of kCYC(+/-) mice exhibited massive infiltrates of inflammatory cells. In contrast, DC migration to regional LNs, drainage of cell-free antigen to LNs, antigen-specific IFN-γ production, and lymphocyte proliferation were impaired during the sensitization phase of CHS in kCYC(+/-) mice. Transfer experiments using lymphocytes from sensitized mice and real-time PCR analysis of cytokine expression using challenged ear revealed that ear swelling was enhanced because of impaired lymphatic flow. Collectively, we conclude that insufficient lymphatic drainage augments apparent inflammation to topically applied allergens and irritants. The findings add insight into the clinical problem of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis that commonly occurs in humans with peripheral edema of the lower legs.
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