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Huang R, Lin B, Lei Z, Xu L, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhang Y, Xiao S, Long Y, Li J, Li X. On-Site Construction of a Full-Thickness Skin Equivalent with Endothelial Tube Networks via Multilayer Electrospinning for Wound Coverage. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6241-6255. [PMID: 37823558 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel full-thickness skin substitutes are of increasing interest due to the inherent limitations of current models lacking capillary networks. Herein, we developed a novel full-thickness skin tissue containing blood capillary networks through a layer-by-layer assembly approach using a handy electrospinning apparatus and evaluated its skin wound coverage potential in vivo. The average diameter and thickness of fabricated poly-ε-caprolactone-cellulose acetate scaffolds were easily tuned in the range of 474 ± 77-758 ± 113 nm and 9.43 ± 2.23-29.96 ± 5.78 μm by varying electrospinning distance and duration, as indicated by FE-SEM. Besides, keratinocytes exhibited homogeneous differentiation throughout the fibrous matrix prepared with electrospinning distance and duration of 9 cm and 1.5 min within five-layer (5L) epidermal tissues with thickness of 135-150 μm. Moreover, coculture of vascular endothelial cells, circulating fibrocytes, and fibroblasts within the 5L dermis displayed network formation in vitro, resulting in reduced inflammatory factor levels and enhanced integration with the host vasculature in vivo. Additionally, the skin equivalent grafts consisting of the epidermal layer, biomimetic basement membrane, and vascularized dermis layer with an elastic modulus of approximately 11.82 MPa exhibited accelerated wound closure effect indicative of re-epithelialization and neovascularization with long-term cell survival into the host, which was confirmed by wound-healing rate, bioluminescence imaging activity, and histological analysis. It is the first report of a full-thickness skin equivalent constructed using a battery-operated electrospinning apparatus, highlighting its tremendous potential in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Zhanjun Lei
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Lirong Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Shuao Xiao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yunze Long
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
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2
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Czyz CM, Kunth PW, Gruber F, Kremslehner C, Hammers CM, Hundt JE. Requisite instruments for the establishment of three-dimensional epidermal human skin equivalents-A methods review. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1870-1883. [PMID: 37605856 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are three-dimensional skin organ culture models raised in vitro. This review gives an overview of common techniques for setting up HSEs. The HSE consists of an artificial dermis and epidermis. 3T3-J2 murine fibroblasts, purchased human fibroblasts or freshly isolated and cultured fibroblasts, together with other components, for example, collagen type I, are used to build the scaffold. Freshly isolated and cultured keratinocytes are seeded on top. It is possible to add other cell types, for example, melanocytes, to the HSE-depending on the research question. After several days and further steps, the 3D skin can be harvested. Additionally, we show possible markers and techniques for evaluation of artificial skin. Furthermore, we provide a comparison of HSEs to human skin organ culture, a model which employs human donor skin. We outline advantages and limitations of both models and discuss future perspectives in using HSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianna Marie Czyz
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul Werner Kunth
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Gruber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Skin Multimodal Analytical Imaging of Aging and Senescence - SKINMAGINE, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Kremslehner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Skin Multimodal Analytical Imaging of Aging and Senescence - SKINMAGINE, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Matthias Hammers
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Eckl KM, Gruber R, Brennan L, Marriott A, Plank R, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Blunder S, Schossig A, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Zschocke J, Hennies HC, Schmuth M. Cystatin M/E Variant Causes Autosomal Dominant Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans by Dysregulating Cathepsins L and V. Front Genet 2021; 12:689940. [PMID: 34322157 PMCID: PMC8312243 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.689940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD) is a rare cornification disorder with an X-linked recessive inheritance in most cases. Pathogenic variants causing X-linked KFSD have been described in MBTPS2, the gene for a membrane-bound zinc metalloprotease that is involved in the cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins important for the control of transcription. Few families have been identified with an autosomal dominant inheritance of KFSD. We present two members of an Austrian family with a phenotype of KFSD, a mother and her son. The disease was not observed in her parents, pointing to a dominant inheritance with a de novo mutation in the index patient. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a heterozygous missense variant in CST6 in DNA samples from the index patient and her affected son. In line with family history, the variant was not present in samples from her parents. CST6 codes for cystatin M/E, a cysteine protease inhibitor. Patient keratinocytes showed increased expression of cathepsin genes CTSL and CTSV and reduced expression of transglutaminase genes TGM1 and TGM3. A relative gain of active, cleaved transglutaminases was found in patient keratinocytes compared to control cells. The variant found in CST6 is expected to affect protein targeting and results in marked disruption of the balance between cystatin M/E activity and its target proteases and eventually transglutaminases 1 and 3. This disturbance leads to an impairment of terminal epidermal differentiation and proper hair shaft formation seen in KFSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Eckl
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Louise Brennan
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Marriott
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Roswitha Plank
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom.,Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Schossig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans Christian Hennies
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom.,Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Experimental Models for the Study of Hereditary Cornification Defects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030238. [PMID: 33652877 PMCID: PMC7996736 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyoses comprise a broad spectrum of keratinization disorders due to hereditary defects of cornification. Until now, mutations in more than 50 genes, mostly coding for structural proteins involved in epidermal barrier formation, have been identified as causes for different types of these keratinization disorders. However, due to the high heterogeneity and difficulties in the establishment of valid experimental models, research in this field remains challenging and translation of novel findings to clinical practice is difficult. In this review, we provide an overview of existing models to study hereditary cornification defects with focus on ichthyoses and palmoplantar keratodermas.
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5
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hiPSC-Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes from Ichthyosis Patients Show Altered Expression of Cornification Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041785. [PMID: 33670118 PMCID: PMC7916893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited ichthyoses represent a large heterogeneous group of skin disorders characterised by impaired epidermal barrier function and disturbed cornification. Current knowledge about disease mechanisms has been uncovered mainly through the use of mouse models or human skin organotypic models. However, most mouse lines suffer from severe epidermal barrier defects causing neonatal death and human keratinocytes have very limited proliferation ability in vitro. Therefore, the development of disease models based on patient derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is highly relevant. For this purpose, we have generated hiPSCs from patients with congenital ichthyosis, either non-syndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) or the ichthyosis syndrome trichothiodystrophy (TTD). hiPSCs were successfully differentiated into basal keratinocyte-like cells (hiPSC-bKs), with high expression of epidermal keratins. In the presence of higher calcium concentrations, terminal differentiation of hiPSC-bKs was induced and markers KRT1 and IVL expressed. TTD1 hiPSC-bKs showed reduced expression of FLG, SPRR2B and lipoxygenase genes. ARCI hiPSC-bKs showed more severe defects, with downregulation of several cornification genes. The application of hiPSC technology to TTD1 and ARCI demonstrates the successful generation of in vitro models mimicking the disease phenotypes, proving a valuable system both for further molecular investigations and drug development for ichthyosis patients.
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Hennies HC, Poumay Y. Skin Disease Models In Vitro and Inflammatory Mechanisms: Predictability for Drug Development. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 265:187-218. [PMID: 33387068 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Investigative skin biology, analysis of human skin diseases, and numerous clinical and pharmaceutical applications rely on skin models characterized by reproducibility and predictability. Traditionally, such models include animal models, mainly rodents, and cellular models. While animal models are highly useful in many studies, they are being replaced by human cellular models in more and more approaches amid recent technological development due to ethical considerations. The culture of keratinocytes and fibroblasts has been used in cell biology for many years. However, only the development of co-culture and three-dimensional epidermis and full-skin models have fundamentally contributed to our understanding of cell-cell interaction and cell signalling in the skin, keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation, and mechanisms of skin barrier function. The modelling of skin diseases has highlighted properties of the skin important for its integrity and cutaneous development. Examples of monogenic as well as complex diseases including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis have demonstrated the role of skin models to identify pathomechanisms and drug targets. Recent investigations have indicated that 3D skin models are well suitable for drug testing and preclinical studies of topical therapies. The analysis of skin diseases has recognized the importance of inflammatory mechanisms and immune responses and thus other cell types such as dendritic cells and T cells in the skin. Current developments include the production of more complete skin models comprising a range of different cell types. Organ models and even multi-organ systems are being developed for the analysis of higher levels of cellular interaction and drug responses and are among the most recent innovations in skin modelling. They promise improved robustness and flexibility and aim at a body-on-a-chip solution for comprehensive pharmaceutical in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Hennies
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK. .,Cologne Center for Genomics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Yves Poumay
- Faculty of Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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7
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Frombach J, Rancan F, Kübrich K, Schumacher F, Unbehauen M, Blume-Peytavi U, Haag R, Kleuser B, Sabat R, Wolk K, Vogt A. Serine Protease-Mediated Cutaneous Inflammation: Characterization of an Ex Vivo Skin Model for the Assessment of Dexamethasone-Loaded Core Multishell-Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090862. [PMID: 32927792 PMCID: PMC7558872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard experimental set-ups for the assessment of skin penetration are typically performed on skin explants with an intact skin barrier or after a partial mechanical or chemical perturbation of the stratum corneum, but they do not take into account biochemical changes. Among the various pathological alterations in inflamed skin, aberrant serine protease (SP) activity directly affects the biochemical environment in the superficial compartments, which interact with topically applied formulations. It further impacts the skin barrier structure and is a key regulator of inflammatory mediators. Herein, we used short-term cultures of ex vivo human skin treated with trypsin and plasmin as inflammatory stimuli to assess the penetration and biological effects of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DXM), encapsulated in core multishell-nanocarriers (CMS-NC), when compared to a standard cream formulation. Despite a high interindividual variability, the combined pretreatment of the skin resulted in an average 2.5-fold increase of the transepidermal water loss and swelling of the epidermis, as assessed by optical coherence tomography, as well as in a moderate increase of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory mediators of clinical relevance. The topical application of DXM-loaded CMS-NC or DXM standard cream revealed an increased penetration into SP-treated skin when compared to untreated control skin with an intact barrier. Both formulations, however, delivered sufficient amounts of DXM to effectively suppress the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP). In conclusion, we suggest that the herein presented ex vivo inflammatory skin model is functional and could improve the selection of promising drug delivery strategies for anti-inflammatory compounds at early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Katharina Kübrich
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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3D-Organotypic Cultures to Unravel Molecular and Cellular Abnormalities in Atopic Dermatitis and Ichthyosis Vulgaris. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050489. [PMID: 31121896 PMCID: PMC6562513 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by dry and itchy skin evolving into disseminated skin lesions. AD is believed to result from a primary acquired or a genetically-induced epidermal barrier defect leading to immune hyper-responsiveness. Filaggrin (FLG) is a protein found in the cornified envelope of fully differentiated keratinocytes, referred to as corneocytes. Although FLG null mutations are strongly associated with AD, they are not sufficient to induce the disease. Moreover, most patients with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV), a monogenetic skin disease characterized by FLG homozygous, heterozygous, or compound heterozygous null mutations, display non-inflamed dry and scaly skin. Thus, all causes of epidermal barrier impairment in AD have not yet been identified, including those leading to the Th2-predominant inflammation observed in AD. Three dimensional organotypic cultures have emerged as valuable tools in skin research, replacing animal experimentation in many cases and precluding the need for repeated patient biopsies. Here, we review the results on IV and AD obtained with epidermal or skin equivalents and consider these findings in the context of human in vivo data. Further research utilizing complex models including immune cells and cutaneous innervation will enable finer dissection of the pathogenesis of AD and deepen our knowledge of epidermal biology.
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9
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The renaissance of human skin organ culture: A critical reappraisal. Differentiation 2018; 104:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Simard-Bisson C, Parent LA, Moulin VJ, Fruteau de Laclos B. Characterization of Epidermal Lipoxygenase Expression in Normal Human Skin and Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:813-824. [PMID: 29985723 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are enzymes likely to be involved in corneocyte lipid envelope formation and skin barrier function. In humans, mutations in epidermis-type lipoxygenase 3 ( eLOX-3) and 12R-lipoxygenase ( 12R-LOX) genes are associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), whereas deletion of these genes in mice causes epidermal defects. LOXs also represent a matter of interest in psoriasis as well as in cancer research. However, their expression as well as the exact role of these enzymes in normal human skin have not been fully described. Our goal was to characterize the expression of epidermal LOXs in both normal human skin and Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes (TESS) and to consider TESS as a potential model for LOX functional studies. Staining for epidermal differentiation markers and LOXs was performed, in parallel, on normal human skin and TESS. Our results showed similar expression profiles in TESS when compared with native skin for e-LOX3, 12R-LOX, 12S-lipoxygenase (12S-LOX), and 15-lipoxygenase 2 (15-LOX-2) but not for 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LOX-1). Because of their appropriate epidermal differentiation and LOX expression, TESS represent an alternative model for future studies on LOX function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Simard-Bisson
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Lorraine Andrée Parent
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique J Moulin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Fruteau de Laclos
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
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11
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12
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Löwa A, Jevtić M, Gorreja F, Hedtrich S. Alternatives to animal testing in basic and preclinical research of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:476-483. [PMID: 29356091 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of increasing prevalence, especially in industrialized countries. Roughly 25% of the children and 1%-3% of adults are affected. Although significant progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, many aspects remain poorly understood. Moreover, there is a pressing need for improved therapeutic options. Studies to elucidate the pathophysiological pathways of AD and to identify novel therapeutic targets over the last few decades have been conducted almost exclusively in animal models. However, in vitro approaches such as 3D skin disease models have recently emerged due to an increasing awareness of distinct interspecies-related differences that hamper the effective translation of results from animal models to humans. In addition, there is growing political and social pressure to develop alternatives to animal models according to the 3Rs principle (reduction, refinement and replacement of animal models).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Löwa
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marijana Jevtić
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frida Gorreja
- Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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De Vuyst E, Salmon M, Evrard C, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Poumay Y. Atopic Dermatitis Studies through In Vitro Models. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:119. [PMID: 28791291 PMCID: PMC5523664 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory skin condition that is not fully understood. Epidermal barrier defects and Th2 immune response dysregulations are thought to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. A vicious circle takes place between these alterations, and it can further be complicated by additional genetic and environmental factors. Studies investigating in more depth the etiology of the disease are thus needed in order to develop functional treatments. In recent years, there have been significant advances regarding in vitro models reproducing important features of AD. However, since a lot of models have been developed, finding the appropriate experimental setting can be difficult. Therefore, herein, we review the different types of in vitro models mimicking features of AD. The simplest models are two-dimensional culture systems composed of immune cells or keratinocytes, whereas three-dimensional skin or epidermal equivalents reconstitute more complex stratified tissues exhibiting barrier properties. In those models, hallmarks of AD are obtained, either by challenging tissues with interleukin cocktails overexpressed in AD epidermis or by silencing expression of pivotal genes encoding epidermal barrier proteins. Tissue equivalents cocultured with lymphocytes or containing AD patient cells are also described. Furthermore, each model is placed in its study context with a brief summary of the main results obtained. In conclusion, the described in vitro models are useful tools to better understand AD pathogenesis, but also to screen new compounds in the field of AD, which probably will open the way to new preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne De Vuyst
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPhyM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Céline Evrard
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPhyM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Yves Poumay
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPhyM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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14
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Strüver K, Friess W, Hedtrich S. Development of a Perfusion Platform for Dynamic Cultivation of in vitro Skin Models. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1159/000476071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Heinz L, Kim GJ, Marrakchi S, Christiansen J, Turki H, Rauschendorf MA, Lathrop M, Hausser I, Zimmer AD, Fischer J. Mutations in SULT2B1 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis in Humans. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:926-939. [PMID: 28575648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyoses are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of genodermatoses associated with abnormal scaling of the skin over the whole body. Mutations in nine genes are known to cause non-syndromic forms of autosomal-recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). However, not all genetic causes for ARCI have been discovered to date. Using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and multigene panel screening, we identified 6 ARCI-affected individuals from three unrelated families with mutations in Sulfotransferase family 2B member 1 (SULT2B1), showing their causative association with ARCI. Cytosolic sulfotransferases form a large family of enzymes that are involved in the synthesis and metabolism of several steroids in humans. We identified four distinct mutations including missense, nonsense, and splice site mutations. We demonstrated the loss of SULT2B1 expression at RNA and protein levels in keratinocytes from individuals with ARCI by functional analyses. Furthermore, we succeeded in reconstructing the morphologic skin alterations in a 3D organotypic tissue culture model with SULT2B1-deficient keratinocytes and fibroblasts. By thin layer chromatography (TLC) of extracts from these organotypic cultures, we could show the absence of cholesterol sulfate, the metabolite of SULT2B1, and an increased level of cholesterol, indicating a disturbed cholesterol metabolism of the skin upon loss-of-function mutation in SULT2B1. In conclusion, our study reveals an essential role for SULT2B1 in the proper development of healthy human skin. Mutation in SULT2B1 leads to an ARCI phenotype via increased proliferation of human keratinocytes, thickening of epithelial layers, and altered epidermal cholesterol metabolism.
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16
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Koehler J, Wallmeyer L, Hedtrich S, Goepferich AM, Brandl FP. pH-Modulating Poly(ethylene glycol)/Alginate Hydrogel Dressings for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [PMID: 27995736 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of chronic wounds has been frequently associated with alkaline pH values. The application of pH-modulating wound dressings can, therefore, be a promising treatment option to promote normal wound healing. This study reports on the development and characterization of acidic hydrogel dressings based on interpenetrating poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate/acrylic acid/alginate networks. The incorporation of ionizable carboxylic acid groups results in high liquid uptake up to 500%. The combination of two separate polymer networks significantly improves the tensile and compressive stability. In a 2D cell migration assay, the application of hydrogels (0% to 1.5% acrylic acid) results in complete "wound" closure; hydrogels with 0.25% acrylic acid significantly increase the cell migration velocity to 19.8 ± 1.9 µm h-1 . The most promising formulation (hydrogels with 0.25% acrylic acid) is tested on 3D human skin constructs, increasing keratinocyte ingrowth into the wound by 164%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Koehler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Wallmeyer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim M Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand P Brandl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Khiao In M, Wallmeyer L, Hedtrich S, Richardson KC, Plendl J, Kaessmeyer S. The effect of endothelialization on the epidermal differentiation in human three-dimensional skin constructs - A morphological study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 61:157-74. [PMID: 26519229 DOI: 10.3233/ch-151988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inducing vascularization in three-dimensional skin constructs continues to be difficult. In this study, two variations of human full-thickness skin constructs were examined. Type KCFB consists of keratinocytes (epidermal equivalent) and fibroblasts that were embedded in a collagen matrix (dermal equivalent). Type KCFB-EC consists of keratinocytes as well as fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. The epidermal equivalent of KCFB-EC constructs underwent cellular alterations in their differentiation possibly induced by the presence of endothelial cells. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of endothelial cells, i.e., endothelialization of the dermal equivalent on the differentiation of keratinocytes by comparing the morphology and ultrastructure of the two types of skin constructs, as well as to excised normal human skin. HYPOTHESIS The differentiation of keratinocytes is influenced by the presence of endothelial cells. METHODS, PATIENTS, MATERIAL KCFB constructs (keratinocytes, fibroblasts) and KCFB-EC skin constructs(kera-tinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) were prepared according to Küchler et al. [25]. After two weeks, the skin constructs were processed for analysis by light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (TEM), followed by quantitative, semi-quantitative as well as qualitative assessment. For comparison, analysis by LM and TEM of excised normal human skin was also performed. RESULTS Both KCFB and KCFB-EC skin constructs and the human skin had all strata of stratified soft-cornified epidermis present. The comparison of the respective layers of the skin constructs brought the following characteristics to light: The KCFB-EC constructs had significantly more mitotic cells in the stratum spinosum, more cell layers in the stratum granulosum and more keratohyalin granules compared to KCFB skin constructs. Additionally, the epidermal architecture was unorganized in the endothelialized constructs and features of excessive epidermal differentiation appeared in KCFB-EC skin constructs. CONCLUSION The endothelialization of the dermal equivalent caused changes in the differentiation of the epidermis of KCFB-EC skin constructs that may be interpreted as an unbalanced, i.e., uncontrolled or enhanced maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khiao In
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - L Wallmeyer
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - K C Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - J Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - S Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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18
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Hönzke S, Gerecke C, Elpelt A, Zhang N, Unbehauen M, Kral V, Fleige E, Paulus F, Haag R, Schäfer-Korting M, Kleuser B, Hedtrich S. Tailored dendritic core-multishell nanocarriers for efficient dermal drug delivery: A systematic top-down approach from synthesis to preclinical testing. J Control Release 2016; 242:50-63. [PMID: 27349353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug loaded dendritic core-multishell (CMS) nanocarriers are of especial interest for the treatment of skin diseases, owing to their striking dermal delivery efficiencies following topical applications. CMS nanocarriers are composed of a polyglycerol core, connected by amide-bonds to an inner alkyl shell and an outer methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) shell. Since topically applied nanocarriers are subjected to biodegradation, the application of conventional amide-based CMS nanocarriers (10-A-18-350) has been limited by the potential production of toxic polyglycerol amines. To circumvent this issue, three tailored ester-based CMS nanocarriers (10-E-12-350, 10-E-15-350, 10-E-18-350) of varying inner alkyl chain length were synthesized and comprehensively characterized in terms of particle size, drug loading, biodegradation and dermal drug delivery efficiency. Dexamethasone (DXM), a potent drug widely used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, was chosen as a therapeutically relevant test compound for the present study. Ester- and amide-based CMS nanocarriers delivered DXM more efficiently into human skin than a commercially available DXM cream. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies identified CMS (10-E-15-350) as the most biocompatible carrier system. The anti-inflammatory potency of DXM-loaded CMS (10-E-15-350) nanocarriers was assessed in TNFα supplemented skin models, where a significant reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 was seen, with markedly greater efficacy than commercial DXM cream. In summary, we report the rational design and characterization of tailored, biodegradable, ester-based CMS nanocarriers, and their subsequent stepwise screening for biocompatibility, dermal delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy in a top-down approach yielding the best carrier system for topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hönzke
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gerecke
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Elpelt
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivian Kral
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Florian Paulus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Eckl KM. Update: advanced methods in three-dimensional organotypic tissue engineering for congenital ichthyosis and other rare keratinization disorders. Br J Dermatol 2016; 171:1289-90. [PMID: 25523252 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Eckl
- Center for Dermatogenetics, Division of Human Genetics and Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr-Street 1, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Influence of Th2 Cytokines on the Cornified Envelope, Tight Junction Proteins, and β-Defensins in Filaggrin-Deficient Skin Equivalents. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:631-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Witting M, Molina M, Obst K, Plank R, Eckl KM, Hennies HC, Calderón M, Frieß W, Hedtrich S. Thermosensitive dendritic polyglycerol-based nanogels for cutaneous delivery of biomacromolecules. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1179-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Huh WB, Kim JE, Kang YG, Park G, Lim TG, Kwon JY, Song DS, Jeong EH, Lee CC, Son JE, Seo SG, Lee E, Kim JR, Lee CY, Park JS, Lee KW. Brown Pine Leaf Extract and Its Active Component Trans-Communic Acid Inhibit UVB-Induced MMP-1 Expression by Targeting PI3K. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128365. [PMID: 26066652 PMCID: PMC4465834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely present in China, Japan, and Korea. Its green pine leaves have traditionally been used as a food as well as a coloring agent. After being shed, pine leaves change their color from green to brown within two years, and although the brown pine leaves are abundantly available, their value has not been closely assessed. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-photoaging properties of brown pine leaves for skin. Brown pine leaf extract (BPLE) inhibited UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression to a greater extent than pine leaf extract (PLE) in human keratinocytes and a human skin equivalent model. HPLC analysis revealed that the quantity of trans-communic acid (TCA) and dehydroabietic acid (DAA) significantly increases when the pine leaf color changes from green to brown. BPLE and TCA elicited reductions in UVB-induced MMP-1 mRNA expression and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transactivation by reducing DNA binding activity of phospho-c-Jun, c-fos and Fra-1. BPLE and TCA also inhibited UVB-induced Akt phosphorylation, but not mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), known regulators of AP-1 transactivation. We additionally found that BPLE and TCA inhibited phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the upstream kinase of Akt, in vitro. In summary, both BPLE and its active component TCA exhibit protective effects against UVB-induced skin aging. Taken together, these findings underline the potential for BPLE and TCA to be utilized as anti-wrinkling agents and cosmetic ingredients, as they suppress UVB-induced MMP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Bum Huh
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Park
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-gyu Lim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Kwon
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Song
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jeong
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14456, United States of America
| | - Joe Eun Son
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gwon Seo
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rhan Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14456, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudia Arabia
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KWL); (JSP)
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KWL); (JSP)
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Eckl KM, Weindl G, Ackermann K, Küchler S, Casper R, Radowski MR, Haag R, Hennies HC, Schäfer-Korting M. Increased cutaneous absorption reflects impaired barrier function of reconstructed skin models mimicking keratinisation disorders. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:286-8. [PMID: 24612062 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess a recently established 3D model of congenital ichthyosis, representing severe epidermal barrier function defects, for skin penetration and permeation. We have generated disease models by knock-down of either TGM1 or ALOXE3 in primary human keratinocytes, and using keratinocytes and fibroblasts from patients with congenital ichthyosis. The results indicate disturbed barrier function as demonstrated by increased permeation of testosterone and caffeine particularly in TGM1 knock-down models compared to control models. In addition, enhanced penetration of the model dye nile red incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles and core-multishell nanotransporters, respectively, was evident in disease models. Thus, in vitro skin disease models reproduce differences in barrier permeability and function seen in congenital ichthyosis and pave the way to personalised disease models. Furthermore, our findings indicate that nanocarriers may be useful in new, topical therapeutic approaches for the currently very limited treatment of congenital ichthyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja-Martina Eckl
- Dermatogenetics, Division of Human Genetics and Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Dermatogenetics, Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Rosenberger S, Dick A, Latzko S, Hausser I, Stark HJ, Rauh M, Schneider H, Krieg P. A mouse organotypic tissue culture model for autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:1347-57. [PMID: 25078898 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCIs) are keratinization disorders caused by impaired skin barrier function. Mutations in the genes encoding the lipoxygenases 12R-LOX and eLOX-3 are the second most common cause of ARCIs. In recent years, human skin equivalents recapitulating the ARCI phenotype have been established. OBJECTIVES To develop a murine organotypic tissue culture model for ARCI. METHODS Epidermal keratinocytes were isolated from newborn 12R-LOX-deficient mice and cocultivated with mouse dermal fibroblasts embedded in a scaffold of native collagen type I. RESULTS With this experimental set-up the keratinocytes formed a well-organized multilayered stratified epithelium resembling skin architecture in vivo. All epidermal layers were present and the keratinocytes within showed the characteristic morphological features. Markers for differentiation and maturation indicated regular epidermal morphogenesis. The major components of epidermal structures were expressed, and were obviously processed and assembled properly. In contrast to their wild-type counterparts, 12R-LOX-deficient skin equivalents showed abnormal vesicular structures in the upper epidermal layers correlating with altered lipid composition and increased transepidermal water loss, comparable with 12R-LOX-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS The mouse skin equivalents faithfully recapitulate the 12R-LOX-deficient phenotype observed in vivo, classifying them as appropriate in vitro models to study molecular mechanisms involved in the development of ARCI and to evaluate novel therapeutic agents. In contrast to existing human three-dimensional skin models, the generation of these murine models is not constrained by a limited supply of material and does not depend on in vitro expansion and/or genetic manipulations that could result in inadvertent genotypic and phenotypic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rosenberger
- Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Alnasif N, Zoschke C, Fleige E, Brodwolf R, Boreham A, Rühl E, Eckl KM, Merk HF, Hennies HC, Alexiev U, Haag R, Küchler S, Schäfer-Korting M. Penetration of normal, damaged and diseased skin--an in vitro study on dendritic core-multishell nanotransporters. J Control Release 2014; 185:45-50. [PMID: 24727058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A growing intended or accidental exposure to nanoparticles asks for the elucidation of potential toxicity linked to the penetration of normal and lesional skin. We studied the skin penetration of dye-tagged dendritic core-multishell (CMS) nanotransporters and of Nile red loaded CMS nanotransporters using fluorescence microscopy. Normal and stripped human skin ex vivo as well as normal reconstructed human skin and in vitro skin disease models served as test platforms. Nile red was delivered rapidly into the viable epidermis and dermis of normal skin, whereas the highly flexible CMS nanotransporters remained solely in the stratum corneum after 6h but penetrated into deeper skin layers after 24h exposure. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy proved a stable dye-tag and revealed striking nanotransporter-skin interactions. The viable layers of stripped skin were penetrated more efficiently by dye-tagged CMS nanotransporters and the cargo compared to normal skin. Normal reconstructed human skin reflected the penetration of Nile red and CMS nanotransporters in human skin and both, the non-hyperkeratotic non-melanoma skin cancer and hyperkeratotic peeling skin disease models come along with altered absorption in the skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Alnasif
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Fleige
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (Organic Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Brodwolf
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifuntional Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Alexander Boreham
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (Physical and Theoretical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja-Martina Eckl
- University of Cologne, Cologne Center for Genomics, Cologne, Germany; Dermatogenetics, Div. of Human Genetics, Dept. of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans-Friedrich Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Hennies
- University of Cologne, Cologne Center for Genomics, Cologne, Germany; Dermatogenetics, Div. of Human Genetics, Dept. of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Virtual Institute - Multifuntional Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (Organic Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Küchler
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Vávrová K, Henkes D, Strüver K, Sochorová M, Školová B, Witting MY, Friess W, Schreml S, Meier RJ, Schäfer-Korting M, Fluhr JW, Küchler S. Filaggrin deficiency leads to impaired lipid profile and altered acidification pathways in a 3D skin construct. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:746-753. [PMID: 24061166 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene are strongly associated with common dermatological disorders such as atopic dermatitis. However, the exact underlying pathomechanism is still ambiguous. Here, we investigated the impact of FLG on skin lipid composition, organization, and skin acidification using a FLG knockdown (FLG-) skin construct. Initially, sodium/hydrogen antiporter (NHE-1) activity was sufficient to maintain the acidic pH (5.5) of the reconstructed skin. At day 7, the FLG degradation products urocanic (UCA) and pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA) were significantly decreased in FLG- constructs, but the skin surface pH was still physiological owing to an upregulation of NHE-1. At day 14, secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) IIA, which converts phospholipids to fatty acids, was significantly more activated in FLG- than in FLG+. Although NHE-1 and sPLA2 were able to compensate the FLG deficiency, maintain the skin surface pH, and ensured ceramide processing (no differences detected), an accumulation of free fatty acids (2-fold increase) led to less ordered intercellular lipid lamellae and higher permeability of the FLG- constructs. The interplay of the UCA/PCA and the sPLA2/NHE-1 acidification pathways of the skin and the impact of FLG insufficiency on skin lipid composition and organization in reconstructed skin are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Henkes
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kay Strüver
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Sochorová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Školová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Madeleine Y Witting
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schreml
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Meier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim W Fluhr
- Department of Dermatology, Charité University Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Küchler
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Bätz FM, Klipper W, Korting HC, Henkler F, Landsiedel R, Luch A, von Fritschen U, Weindl G, Schäfer-Korting M. Esterase activity in excised and reconstructed human skin – Biotransformation of prednicarbate and the model dye fluorescein diacetate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Impaired epidermal ceramide synthesis causes autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis and reveals the importance of ceramide acyl chain length. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2202-11. [PMID: 23549421 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of the human epidermis is supposed to be governed by lipid composition and organization in the stratum corneum. Disorders of keratinization, namely ichthyoses, are typically associated with disturbed barrier activity. Using autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, we have identified a homozygous missense mutation in CERS3 in patients with congenital ichthyosis characterized by collodion membranes at birth, generalized scaling of the skin, and mild erythroderma. We demonstrate that the mutation inactivates ceramide synthase 3 (CerS3), which is synthesized in skin and testis, in an assay of N-acylation with C26-CoA, both in patient keratinocytes and using recombinant mutant proteins. Moreover, we show a specific loss of ceramides with very long acyl chains from C26 up to C34 in terminally differentiating patient keratinocytes, which is in line with findings from a recent CerS3-deficient mouse model. Analysis of reconstructed patient skin reveals disturbance of epidermal differentiation with an earlier maturation and an impairment of epidermal barrier function. Our findings demonstrate that synthesis of very long chain ceramides by CerS3 is a crucial early step for the skin barrier formation and link disorders presenting with congenital ichthyosis to defects in sphingolipid metabolism and the epidermal lipid architecture.
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Abstract
Post-transcriptional managing of RNA plays a key role in the intricate network of cellular pathways that regulate our genes. Numerous small RNA species have emerged as crucial regulators of RNA processing and translation. Among these, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate protein synthesis through specific interactions with target RNAs and are believed to play a role in almost any cellular process and tissue. Skin is no exception, and miRNAs are intensively studied for their role in skin homoeostasis and as potential triggers of disease. For use in skin and many other tissues, therapeutic RNA managing by small RNA technologies is now widely explored. Despite the easy accessibility of skin, the natural barrier properties of skin have challenged genetic intervention studies, and unique tools for studying gene expression and the regulatory role of small RNAs, including miRNAs, in human skin are urgently needed. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) have been established as prominent carriers of foreign genetic cargo. In this review, we describe the use of HIV-derived LVs for efficient gene transfer to skin and establishment of long-term transgene expression in xenotransplanted skin. We outline the status of engineered LVs for delivery of small RNAs and their in vivo applicability for expression of genes and small RNA effectors including small hairpin RNAs, miRNAs and miRNA inhibitors. Current findings suggest that LVs may become key tools in experimental dermatology with particular significance for cutaneous RNA managing and in vivo genetic intervention.
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Blaydon DC, Nitoiu D, Eckl KM, Cabral RM, Bland P, Hausser I, van Heel DA, Rajpopat S, Fischer J, Oji V, Zvulunov A, Traupe H, Hennies HC, Kelsell DP. Mutations in CSTA, encoding Cystatin A, underlie exfoliative ichthyosis and reveal a role for this protease inhibitor in cell-cell adhesion. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:564-71. [PMID: 21944047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive exfoliative ichthyosis presents shortly after birth as dry, scaly skin over most of the body with coarse peeling of nonerythematous skin on the palms and soles, which is exacerbated by excessive moisture and minor trauma. Using whole-genome homozygosity mapping, candidate-gene analysis and deep sequencing, we have identified loss-of-function mutations in the gene for protease inhibitor cystatin A (CSTA) as the underlying genetic cause of exfoliative ichthyosis. We found two homozygous mutations, a splice-site and a nonsense mutation, in two consanguineous families of Bedouin and Turkish origin. Electron microscopy of skin biopsies from affected individuals revealed that the level of detachment occurs in the basal and lower suprabasal layers. In addition, in vitro modeling suggests that in the absence of cystatin A protein, there is a cell-cell adhesion defect in human keratinocytes that is particularly prominent when cells are subject to mechanical stress. We show here evidence of a key role for a protease inhibitor in epidermal adhesion within the lower layers of the human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Blaydon
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Küchler S, Henkes D, Eckl KM, Ackermann K, Plendl J, Korting HC, Hennies HC, Schäfer-Korting M. Hallmarks of Atopic Skin Mimicked In Vitro by Means of a Skin Disease Model Based on FLG Knock-down. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:471-80. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) are a strong predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis, although their relevance to the disease pathomechanism needs further elucidation. The generation of an in vitro model of atopic skin would not only permit further evaluation of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and the testing of new treatment options, but would also allow toxicological studies to be performed in a simple, rapid and inexpensive manner. In this study, we have knocked down FLG expression in human keratinocytes and created three-dimensional skin models, which we used to investigate the impact of FLG on epidermal maturation and on skin absorption and its response to irritation. Histopathological evaluation of the skin models showed impaired epidermal differentiation in the FLG knockdown model. In addition, skin irritation induced by an application of sodium dodecyl sulphate resulted in significantly higher lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels, than in the control model. To assess the effect of filaggrin deficiency on skin absorption of topically applied agents, we quantified the percutaneous absorption of lipophilic and hydrophilic model drugs, finding clinical relevance only for lipophilic drugs. This study clearly demonstrates that important clinical characteristics of atopic skin can be mimicked by using in vitro skin models. The FLG knock-down construct is the first step toward an in vitro model that allows clinical and toxicological studies of atopic-like skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Küchler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Henkes
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja-Martina Eckl
- Cologne Centre for Genomics, Department of Dermatogenetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Korting
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Hennies
- Cologne Centre for Genomics, Department of Dermatogenetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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