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Huo L, Zhang X, Pang Y, Qi Y, Ren S, Wu F, Shang Y, Xi J. Expression and Mutation of SLC45A2 Affects Iris Color in Quail. J Poult Sci 2024; 61:2024015. [PMID: 38818526 PMCID: PMC11130394 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2024015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Iris color is a prominent phenotypic feature of quail. To understand the mechanism of melanin deposition related to quail iris color, iris tissues were selected from Beijing white and Chinese yellow quail for transcriptome analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with pigmentation were identified using RNA sequencing and validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The identified single nucleotide polymorphisms were studied using bioinformatics and iris color correlation analyses. A total of 485 DEGs were obtained, with 223 upregulated and 262 downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Thirty-two genes were annotated using the GO database. Three important pigment synthesis pathways (Notch signaling, melanogenesis, and tyrosine metabolism) were identified in quail iris tissue (P < 0.05). The expression levels of solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2), tyrosinase-related protein 1, vitamin D receptor, opsin 5, and docking protein 5 were significantly different between Beijing white and Chinese yellow quail, as verified by RT-qPCR. The c.1061C>T mutation in SLC45A2, which caused a single amino acid change at position 354 (threonine to methionine), was significantly associated with iris color in Beijing white and Chinese yellow quail, and might be the main reason for the different iris colors between these two quail species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linke Huo
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding,
Luoyang 471003, P.R. China
| | - Youzhi Pang
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding,
Luoyang 471003, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Qi
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding,
Luoyang 471003, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Ren
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
| | - Fanghu Wu
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
| | - Jinquan Xi
- College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, 471003 He’nan, P.R. China
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2
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Hu C, Liao S, Lv L, Li C, Mei Z. Intestinal Immune Imbalance is an Alarm in the Development of IBD. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:1073984. [PMID: 37554552 PMCID: PMC10406561 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1073984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation plays a crucial role in human health and disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapse bowel disease with an increasing incidence worldwide. Clinical treatments for IBD are limited and inefficient. However, the pathogenesis of immune-mediated IBD remains unclear. This review describes the activation of innate and adaptive immune functions by intestinal immune cells to regulate intestinal immune balance and maintain intestinal mucosal integrity. Changes in susceptible genes, autophagy, energy metabolism, and other factors interact in a complex manner with the immune system, eventually leading to intestinal immune imbalance and the onset of IBD. These events indicate that intestinal immune imbalance is an alarm for IBD development, further opening new possibilities for the unprecedented development of immunotherapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Shengtao Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Lin Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Chuanfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Zhechuan Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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3
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Zi X, Ge X, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Sun D, Li Z, Liu M, You Z, Wang B, Kang J, Dou T, Ge C, Wang K. Transcriptome Profile Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes for the Melanin Pigmentation of Skin in Tengchong Snow Chickens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050341. [PMID: 37235424 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tengchong Snow chickens are one of the most precious, black-boned chickens in Yunnan province and usually produce black meat. However, we found a small number of white meat traits in the chicken population during feeding. In order to determine the pattern of melanin deposition and the molecular mechanism of formation in the Tengchong Snow chicken, we measured the luminance value (L value) and melanin content in the skin of black meat chickens (Bc) and white meat chickens (Wc) using a color colorimeter, ELISA kit, and enzyme marker. The results showed that the L value of skin tissues in black meat chickens was significantly lower than that of white meat chickens, and the L value of skin tissues gradually increased with an increase in age. The melanin content of skin tissues in black meat chickens was higher than that of white meat chickens, and melanin content in the skin tissues gradually decreased with an increase in age, but this difference was not significant (p > 0.05); the L value of skin tissues in black meat chickens was negatively correlated with melanin content, and the correlation coefficient was mostly above -0.6. In addition, based on the phenotypic results, we chose to perform the comparative transcriptome profiling of skin tissues at 90 days of age. We screened a total of 44 differential genes, of which 32 were upregulated and 12 were downregulated. These DEGs were mainly involved in melanogenesis, tyrosine metabolism and RNA transport. We identified TYR, DCT, and EDNRB2 as possible master effector genes for skin pigmentation in Tengchong Snow black meat chickens through DEGs analysis. Finally, we measured the mRNA of TYR, DCT, MC1R, EDNRB2, GPR143, MITF, and TYRP1 genes through a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and found that the mRNA of all the above seven genes decreased with increasing age. In conclusion, our study initially constructed an evaluation system for the black-boned traits of Tengchong Snow chickens and found key candidate genes regulating melanin deposition, which could provide an important theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of black-boned chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiannian Zi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xuehai Ge
- Shenzhen Hualong Sunda Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yixuan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Dawei Sun
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zijian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Mengqian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhengrong You
- Zhaotong Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technology Extension Station, Zhaotong 657000, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jiajia Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Tengfei Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Changrong Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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4
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Evaluation of a resorufin-based fluorescent probe for tyrosinase detection in skin pigmentation disorders. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Comprehensive multi-omics analysis of G6PC3 deficiency-related congenital neutropenia with inflammatory bowel disease. iScience 2021; 24:102214. [PMID: 33748703 PMCID: PMC7960940 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in G6PC3 cause isolated and syndromic congenital neutropenia which includes congenital heart disease and atypical inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In a highly consanguineous pedigree with novel mutations in G6PC3 and MPL, we performed comprehensive multi-omics analyses. Structural analysis of variant G6PC3 and MPL proteins suggests a damaging effect. A distinct molecular cytokine profile (cytokinome) in the affected proband with IBD was detected. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of the G6PC3-deficient plasma samples identified 460 distinct proteins including 75 upregulated and 73 downregulated proteins. Specifically, the transcription factor GATA4 and LST1 were downregulated while platelet factor 4 (PF4) was upregulated. GATA4 and PF4 have been linked to congenital heart disease and IBD respectively, while LST1 may have perturbed a variety of essential cell functions as it is required for normal cell-cell communication. Together, these studies provide potentially novel insights into the pathogenesis of syndromic congenital G6PC3 deficiency. Multi-omics approaches identify unique signatures Whole-exome sequencing reveals distinct cytokine profiles Expression of GATA4, PF4, and LST1 is dysregulated
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6
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Goenka A, Doherty JA, Al-Farsi T, Jagger C, Banka S, Cheesman E, Fagbemi A, Hughes SM, Wynn RF, Hussell T, Arkwright PD. Neutrophil dysfunction triggers inflammatory bowel disease in G6PC3 deficiency. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:1147-1154. [PMID: 32930428 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ab1219-699rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3) encodes a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that regulates cytoplasmic glucose availability. Loss-of-function biallelic G6PC3 mutations cause severe congenital neutropenia and a diverse spectrum of extra-hematological manifestations, among which inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been anecdotally reported. Neutrophil function and clinical response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were investigated in 4 children with G6PC3 deficiency-associated IBD. G6PC3 deficiency was associated with early-onset IBD refractory to treatment with steroids and infliximab. The symptoms of IBD progressed despite G-CSF treatment. In vitro studies on the patients' blood showed that neutrophils displayed higher levels of activation markers (CD11b, CD66b, and CD14), excessive IL-8 and reactive oxygen species, and increased apoptosis and secondary necrosis. Secondary necrosis was exaggerated after stimulation with Escherichia coli and could be partially rescued with supplemental exogenous glucose. HSCT led to normalization of neutrophil function and remission of gastrointestinal symptoms. We conclude that neutrophils in G6PC3 deficiency release pro-inflammatory mediators when exposed to gut bacteria, associated with intestinal inflammation, despite treatment with G-CSF. HSCT is an effective therapeutic option in patients with G6PC3 deficiency-associated IBD refractory to immune suppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Goenka
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Paediatric Allergy & Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John A Doherty
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tariq Al-Farsi
- Department of Paediatric Allergy & Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Jagger
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Edmund Cheesman
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Fagbemi
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen M Hughes
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Paediatric Allergy & Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert F Wynn
- Department of Paediatric Haematology Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Paediatric Allergy & Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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7
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Li D, Sun G, Zhang M, Cao Y, Zhang C, Fu Y, Li F, Li G, Jiang R, Han R, Li Z, Wang Y, Tian Y, Liu X, Li W, Kang X. Breeding history and candidate genes responsible for black skin of Xichuan black-bone chicken. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:511. [PMID: 32703156 PMCID: PMC7376702 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domesticated chickens have a wide variety of phenotypes, in contrast with their wild progenitors. Unlike other chicken breeds, Xichuan black-bone chickens have blue-shelled eggs, and black meat, beaks, skin, bones, and legs. The breeding history and the economically important traits of this breed have not yet been explored at the genomic level. We therefore used whole genome resequencing to analyze the breeding history of the Xichuan black-bone chickens and to identify genes responsible for its unique phenotype. Results Principal component and population structure analysis showed that Xichuan black-bone chicken is in a distinct clade apart from eight other breeds. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the selection intensity of Xichuan black-bone chickens is higher than for other chicken breeds. The estimated time of divergence between the Xichuan black-bone chickens and other breeds is 2.89 ka years ago. Fst analysis identified a selective sweep that contains genes related to melanogenesis. This region is probably associated with the black skin of the Xichuan black-bone chickens and may be the product of long-term artificial selection. A combined analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data suggests that the candidate gene related to the black-bone trait, EDN3, might interact with the upstream ncRNA LOC101747896 to generate black skin color during melanogenesis. Conclusions These findings help explain the unique genetic and phenotypic characteristics of Xichuan black-bone chickens, and provide basic research data for studying melanin deposition in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yanfang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yawei Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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8
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Chiu FPC, Doolan BJ, McGrath JA, Onoufriadis A. A decade of next-generation sequencing in genodermatoses: the impact on gene discovery and clinical diagnostics. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:606-616. [PMID: 32628274 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovering the genetic basis of inherited skin diseases is fundamental to improving diagnostic accuracy and genetic counselling. In the 1990s and 2000s, genetic linkage and candidate gene approaches led to the molecular characterization of several dozen genodermatoses, but over the past decade the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has accelerated diagnostic discovery and precision. OBJECTIVES This review examines the application of NGS technologies from 2009 to 2019 that have (i) led to the initial discovery of gene mutations in known or new genodermatoses and (ii) identified involvement of more than one contributing pathogenic gene in individuals with complex Mendelian skin disorder phenotypes. METHODS A comprehensive review of the PubMed database and dermatology conference abstracts was undertaken between January 2009 and December 2019. The results were collated and cross-referenced with OMIM. RESULTS We identified 166 new disease-gene associations in inherited skin diseases discovered by NGS. Of these, 131 were previously recognized, while 35 were brand new disorders. Eighty-five were autosomal dominant (with 43 of 85 mutations occurring de novo), 78 were autosomal recessive and three were X-linked. We also identified 63 cases harbouring multiple pathogenic mutations, either involving two coexisting genodermatoses (n = 13) or an inherited skin disorder in conjunction with other organ system phenotypes (n = 50). CONCLUSIONS NGS technologies have accelerated disease-gene discoveries in dermatology over the last decade. Moreover, the era of NGS has enabled clinicians to split complex Mendelian phenotypes into separate diseases. These genetic data improve diagnostic precision and make feasible accurate prenatal testing and better-targeted translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P-C Chiu
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B J Doolan
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
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9
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Rahmani F, Rayzan E, Rahmani MR, Shahkarami S, Zoghi S, Rezaei A, Aryan Z, Najafi M, Rohlfs M, Jeske T, Aflatoonian M, Chavoshzadeh Z, Farahmand F, Motamed F, Rohani P, Alimadadi H, Mahdaviani A, Mansouri M, Tavakol M, Vanderberg M, Kotlarz D, Klein C, Rezaei N. Clinical and Mutation Description of the First Iranian Cohort of Infantile Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Iranian Primary Immunodeficiency Registry (IPIDR). Immunol Invest 2020; 50:445-459. [PMID: 32633164 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1776725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a cohort of 25 Iranian patients with infantile inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 14 (56%) of whom had monogenic defects. After proper screening, patients were referred for whole exome sequencing (WES). Four patients had missense mutations in the IL10 RA, and one had a large deletion in the IL10 RB. Four patients had mutations in genes implicated in host:microbiome homeostasis, including TTC7A deficiency, and two patients with novel mutations in the TTC37 and NOX1. We found a novel homozygous mutation in the SRP54 in a deceased patient and the heterozygous variant in his sibling with a milder phenotype. Three patients had combined immunodeficiency: one with ZAP-70 deficiency (T+B+NK-), and two with atypical SCID due to mutations in RAG1 and LIG4. One patient had a G6PC3 mutation without neutropenia. Eleven of the 14 patients with monogenic defects were results of consanguinity and only 4 of them were alive to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rahmani
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.,Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rayzan
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics' Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahmani
- Department of Immunology & Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sepideh Shahkarami
- Medical Genetics Network (Megene), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Zoghi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arezoo Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Aryan
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Najafi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meino Rohlfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Jeske
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Majid Aflatoonian
- Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chavoshzadeh
- Pediatric Infectious Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farahmand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Motamed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Alimadadi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Mansouri
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Behehshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Tavakol
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mirjam Vanderberg
- Laboratory for Immunology, Dept. Of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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10
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Mohamad J, Nanda A, Pavlovsky M, Peled A, Malchin N, Malovitski K, Pramanik R, Weissglas-Volkov D, Shomron N, McGrath J, Sprecher E, Sarig O. Phenotypic suppression of acral peeling skin syndrome in a patient with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:742-748. [PMID: 32618001 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) manifests with generalized scaling often associated with generalized erythema. Mutations in at least 13 different genes have been reported to cause ARCI. Acral peeling skin syndrome (APSS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder manifesting with peeling over the distal limbs and dorsal surfaces of hands and feet. APSS is mostly due to mutations in TGM5, encoding transglutaminase 5. Both ARCI and APSS are fully penetrant genetic traits. Here, we describe a consanguineous family in which one patient with mild ARCI was found to carry a homozygous mutation in ALOXE3 (c.1238G > A; p.Gly413Asp). The patient was also found to carry a known pathogenic homozygous mutation in TGM5 (c.1335G > C; p.Lys445Asn) but did not display acral peeling skin. Her uncle carried the same homozygous mutation in TGM5 but carried the ALOXE3 mutation in a heterozygous state and showed clinical features typical of APSS. Taken collectively, these observations suggested that the ALOXE3 mutation suppresses the clinical expression of the TGM5 variant. We hypothesized that ALOXE3 deficiency may affect the expression of a protein capable of compensating for the lack of TGM5 expression. Downregulation of ALOXE3 in primary human keratinocytes resulted in increased levels of corneodesmosin, which plays a critical role in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion in the upper epidermal layers. Accordingly, ectopic corneodesmosin expression rescued the cell-cell adhesion defect caused by TGM5 deficiency in keratinocytes as ascertained by the dispase dissociation assay. The present data thus provide evidence for phenotypic suppression in a human hereditary skin disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arti Nanda
- As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mor Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natalia Malchin
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kiril Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rashida Pramanik
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daphna Weissglas-Volkov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Ouahed J, Spencer E, Kotlarz D, Shouval DS, Kowalik M, Peng K, Field M, Grushkin-Lerner L, Pai SY, Bousvaros A, Cho J, Argmann C, Schadt E, Mcgovern DPB, Mokry M, Nieuwenhuis E, Clevers H, Powrie F, Uhlig H, Klein C, Muise A, Dubinsky M, Snapper SB. Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinical Approach With a Focus on the Role of Genetics and Underlying Immune Deficiencies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:820-842. [PMID: 31833544 PMCID: PMC7216773 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) is defined as IBD presenting before 6 years of age. When compared with IBD diagnosed in older children, VEO-IBD has some distinct characteristics such as a higher likelihood of an underlying monogenic etiology or primary immune deficiency. In addition, patients with VEO-IBD have a higher incidence of inflammatory bowel disease unclassified (IBD-U) as compared with older-onset IBD. In some populations, VEO-IBD represents the age group with the fastest growing incidence of IBD. There are contradicting reports on whether VEO-IBD is more resistant to conventional medical interventions. There is a strong need for ongoing research in the field of VEO-IBD to provide optimized management of these complex patients. Here, we provide an approach to diagnosis and management of patients with VEO-IBD. These recommendations are based on expert opinion from members of the VEO-IBD Consortium (www.VEOIBD.org). We highlight the importance of monogenic etiologies, underlying immune deficiencies, and provide a comprehensive description of monogenic etiologies identified to date that are responsible for VEO-IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Ouahed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Spencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Haunder Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew Kowalik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaiyue Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Field
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie Grushkin-Lerner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Athos Bousvaros
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judy Cho
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Eric Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA,Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Dermot P B Mcgovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michal Mokry
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edward Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona Powrie
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Holm Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph Klein
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aleixo Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marla Dubinsky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Address correspondence to: Scott B. Snapper, MD, PhD, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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12
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Pascoal C, Francisco R, Ferro T, Dos Reis Ferreira V, Jaeken J, Videira PA. CDG and immune response: From bedside to bench and back. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:90-124. [PMID: 31095764 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an essential biological process that adds structural and functional diversity to cells and molecules, participating in physiological processes such as immunity. The immune response is driven and modulated by protein-attached glycans that mediate cell-cell interactions, pathogen recognition and cell activation. Therefore, abnormal glycosylation can be associated with deranged immune responses. Within human diseases presenting immunological defects are congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a family of around 130 rare and complex genetic diseases. In this review, we have identified 23 CDG with immunological involvement, characterized by an increased propensity to-often life-threatening-infection. Inflammatory and autoimmune complications were found in 7 CDG types. CDG natural history(ies) and the mechanisms behind the immunological anomalies are still poorly understood. However, in some cases, alterations in pathogen recognition and intracellular signaling (eg, TGF-β1, NFAT, and NF-κB) have been suggested. Targeted therapies to restore immune defects are only available for PGM3-CDG and SLC35C1-CDG. Fostering research on glycoimmunology may elucidate the involved pathophysiological mechanisms and open new therapeutic avenues, thus improving CDG patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Pascoal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Francisco
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Ferro
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula A Videira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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13
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Ben Haj Ali A, Amouri A, Sayeb M, Makni S, Hammami W, Naouali C, Dallali H, Romdhane L, Bashamboo A, McElreavey K, Abdelhak S, Messaoud O. Cytogenetic and molecular diagnosis of Fanconi anemia revealed two hidden phenotypes: Disorder of sex development and cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00694. [PMID: 31124294 PMCID: PMC6625148 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have shown a high rate of consanguinity and endogamy in North African populations. As a result, the frequency of autosomal recessive diseases is relatively high in the region with the co‐occurrence of two or more diseases. Methods We report here on a consanguineous Libyan family whose child was initially diagnosed as presenting Fanconi anemia (FA) with uncommon skeletal deformities. The chromosome breakage test has been performed using mitomycin C (MMC) while molecular analysis was performed by a combined approach of linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing. Results Cytogenetic analyses showed that the karyotype of the female patient is 46,XY suggesting the diagnosis of a disorder of sex development (DSD). By looking at the genetic etiology of FA and DSD, we have identified p.[Arg798*];[Arg798*] mutation in FANCJ (OMIM #605882) gene responsible for FA and p.[Arg108*];[Arg1497Trp] in EFCAB6 (Gene #64800) gene responsible for DSD. In addition, we have incidentally discovered a novel mutation p.[Gly1372Arg];[Gly1372Arg] in the ERCC6 (CSB) (OMIM #609413) gene responsible for COFS that might explain the atypical severe skeletal deformities. Conclusion The co‐occurrence of clinical and overlapping genetic heterogeneous entities should be taken into consideration for better molecular and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Ben Haj Ali
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Amouri
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Sayeb
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Wajih Hammami
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Naouali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Dallali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Romdhane
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anu Bashamboo
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Messaoud
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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14
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Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology have provided important insights into the genetic background of various inflammatory diseases. In particular, genome-wide association studies of inflammatory diseases have revealed genetic loci that play critical roles in the pathology of inflammation. Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing analyses have also identified more than 300 causative genes for primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs). Some genetic loci that are associated with inflammatory diseases are mutated in PIDs, suggesting close relationships between inflammation and PIDs. Inflammatory diseases for which genetic associations have been described include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Herein, I discuss about the genetic interactions between IBD and PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kanegane
- a Department of Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo , Japan
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15
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Loredana Asztalos M, Schafernak KT, Gray J, Berry A, Paller AS, Mancini AJ. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: Report of two patients with updated genetic classification and management recommendations. Pediatr Dermatol 2017; 34:638-646. [PMID: 29044644 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in one of nine genes involved in the packaging and formation of specialized lysosomes, including melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. The cardinal features are pigmentary dilution, bleeding diathesis, and accumulation of ceroid-like material in reticuloendothelial cells. Pulmonary fibrosis induced by tissue damage is seen in the most severe forms, and one subtype is characterized by immunodeficiency. We describe two patients with HPS type 1 and review the updated gene-based classification, clinical features, and recommendations for evaluation and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Loredana Asztalos
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristian T Schafernak
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayla Gray
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Berry
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy S Paller
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony J Mancini
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Sarig O, Sprecher E. The Molecular Revolution in Cutaneous Biology: Era of Next-Generation Sequencing. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e79-e82. [PMID: 28411851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Like any true conceptual revolution, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has not only radically changed research and clinical practice, it has also modified scientific culture. With the possibility to investigate DNA contents of any organism and in any context, including in somatic disorders or in tissues carrying complex microbial populations, it initially seemed as if the genetic underpinning of any biological phenomenon could now be deciphered in an almost streamlined fashion. However, over the past recent years, we have once again come to understand that there is no such a thing as great opportunities without great challenges. The steadily expanding use of NGS and related applications is now facing biologists and physicians with novel technological obstacles, analytical hurdles and increasingly pressing ethical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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17
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Theunissen TEJ, Szklarczyk R, Gerards M, Hellebrekers DMEI, Mulder-Den Hartog ENM, Vanoevelen J, Kamps R, de Koning B, Rutledge SL, Schmitt-Mechelke T, van Berkel CGM, van der Knaap MS, de Coo IFM, Smeets HJM. Specific MRI Abnormalities Reveal Severe Perrault Syndrome due to CLPP Defects. Front Neurol 2016; 7:203. [PMID: 27899912 PMCID: PMC5110515 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In establishing a genetic diagnosis in heterogeneous neurological disease, clinical characterization and whole exome sequencing (WES) go hand-in-hand. Clinical data are essential, not only to guide WES variant selection and define the clinical severity of a genetic defect but also to identify other patients with defects in the same gene. In an infant patient with sensorineural hearing loss, psychomotor retardation, and epilepsy, WES resulted in identification of a novel homozygous CLPP frameshift mutation (c.21delA). Based on the gene defect and clinical symptoms, the diagnosis Perrault syndrome type 3 (PRLTS3) was established. The patient’s brain-MRI revealed specific abnormalities of the subcortical and deep cerebral white matter and the middle blade of the corpus callosum, which was used to identify similar patients in the Amsterdam brain-MRI database, containing over 3000 unclassified leukoencephalopathy cases. In three unrelated patients with similar MRI abnormalities the CLPP gene was sequenced, and in two of them novel missense mutations were identified together with a large deletion that covered part of the CLPP gene on the other allele. The severe neurological and MRI abnormalities in these young patients were due to the drastic impact of the CLPP mutations, correlating with the variation in clinical manifestations among previously reported patients. Our data show that similarity in brain-MRI patterns can be used to identify novel PRLTS3 patients, especially during early disease stages, when only part of the disease manifestations are present. This seems especially applicable to the severely affected cases in which CLPP function is drastically affected and MRI abnormalities are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom E J Theunissen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Radek Szklarczyk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Mike Gerards
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio) , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Debby M E I Hellebrekers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | | | - Jo Vanoevelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Rick Kamps
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Bart de Koning
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - S Lane Rutledge
- Department of Neurology and Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | | | - Carola G M van Berkel
- Department of Child Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | | | - Hubert J M Smeets
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands; Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht, Netherlands
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18
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Kamaraj B, Purohit R. Mutational Analysis on Membrane Associated Transporter Protein (MATP) and Their Structural Consequences in Oculocutaeous Albinism Type 4 (OCA4)-A Molecular Dynamics Approach. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2608-19. [PMID: 27019209 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type IV (OCA4) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder which is characterized by reduced biosynthesis of melanin pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes and caused by the genetic mutations in the membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP) encoded by SLC45A2 gene. The MATP protein consists of 530 amino acids which contains 12 putative transmembrane domains and plays an important role in pigmentation and probably functions as a membrane transporter in melanosomes. We scrutinized the most OCA4 disease-associated mutation and their structural consequences on SLC45A2 gene. To understand the atomic arrangement in 3D space, the native and mutant structures were modeled. Further the structural behavior of native and mutant MATP protein was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) approach in explicit lipid and water background. We found Y317C as the most deleterious and disease-associated SNP on SLC45A2 gene. In MDS, mutations in MATP protein showed loss of stability and became more flexible, which alter its structural conformation and function. This phenomenon has indicated a significant role in inducing OCA4. Our study explored the understanding of molecular mechanism of MATP protein upon mutation at atomic level and further helps in the field of pharmacogenomics to develop a personalized medicine for OCA4 disorder. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2608-2619, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu Kamaraj
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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19
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Exome sequencing a review of new strategies for rare genomic disease research. Genomics 2016; 108:109-114. [PMID: 27387609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The journey related to genomic information access and utilization by researchers and clinicians has barely begun to be travelled. There remains a broad horizon in the research and clinical arenas for fulfillment of that journey. Exciting is the potential depth and breadth of research, clinical applications, and more personalized medicine, that remain on the horizon. Exome sequencing has clarified the responsibilities of over 130 genes, greatly expanding the medical genetics database and enabling the development of orphan disease-based pharmaceuticals. Our research focus was to review >50 literature sources that related to rare genomic disease research and exome sequencing, as well as the new research and diagnostic strategies that were utilized. Using a systems approach, under discussion are ciliopathy, dermatology, otorhinolaryngology, immunology, gastroenterology, hematopoiesis, metabolic diseases, and the cardiovascular system. Also discussed are genetic, syndromic, and mitochondrial exome research. Recommendations for future research will also be discussed.
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20
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Dalal A, Bhowmik AD, Agarwal D, Phadke SR. Exome sequencing & homozygosity mapping for identification of genetic aetiology for spastic ataxia in a consanguineous family. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142:220-4. [PMID: 26354221 PMCID: PMC4613445 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.164262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3) deficiency was recently defined as a new severe congenital neutropenia subgroup remarkable with congenital heart defects, urogenital malformations, endocrine abnormalities, and prominent superficial veins. Here, we report 3 patients with G6PC3 deficiency presenting with recurrent diarrhea, failure to thrive, and sinopulmonary infections leading to bronchiectasis. In patient I and II, a combined immune deficiency was suspected due to early-onset disease with lymphopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, along with variable reductions in lymphocyte subpopulations and favorable response to intravenous γ-globulin therapy. Apart from neutropenia, all 3 patients had intermittent thrombocytopenia, anemia, and lymphopenia. All patients had failure to thrive and some of the classic syndromic features of G6PC3 deficiency, including cardiac abnormalities and visibility of superficial veins in all, endocrinologic problems in PI and PIII, and urogenital abnormalities in PII. Our experience suggests that a diagnosis of congenital neutropenia due to G6PC3 may not be as straightforward in such patients with combined lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. A high index of suspicion and the other syndromic features of G6PC3 were clues to diagnosis. Screening of all combined immune deficiencies with neutropenia may help to uncover the whole spectra of G6PC3 deficiency.
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22
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Malicdan MCV, Vilboux T, Stephen J, Maglic D, Mian L, Konzman D, Guo J, Yildirimli D, Bryant J, Fischer R, Zein WM, Snow J, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Toro C, Solomon BD, Niederhuber JE, Gahl WA, Gunay-Aygun M. Mutations in human homologue of chicken talpid3 gene (KIAA0586) cause a hybrid ciliopathy with overlapping features of Jeune and Joubert syndromes. J Med Genet 2015; 52:830-9. [PMID: 26386044 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In chicken, loss of TALPID3 results in non-functional cilia and short-rib polydactyly syndrome. This phenotype is caused by a frameshift mutation in the chicken ortholog of the human KIAA0586 gene, which encodes a novel coiled-coil domain protein essential for primary ciliogenesis, suggesting that KIAA0586 can be associated with ciliopathy in human beings. METHODS In our patients with ciliopathy (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00068224), we have collected extensive clinical and neuroimaging data from affected individuals, and performed whole exome sequencing on DNA from affected individuals and their parents. We analysed gene expression on fibroblast cell line, and determined the effect of gene mutation on ciliogenesis in cells derived from patients. RESULTS We identified biallelic mutations in the human TALPID3 ortholog, KIAA0586, in six children with findings of overlapping Jeune and Joubert syndromes. Fibroblasts cultured from one of the patients with Jeune-Joubert syndrome exhibited more severe cilia defects than fibroblasts from patients with only Joubert syndrome; this difference was reflected in KIAA0586 RNA expression levels. Rescue of the cilia defect with full-length wild type KIAA0586 indicated a causal link between cilia formation and KIAA0586 function. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that biallelic deleterious mutations in KIAA0586 lead to Joubert syndrome with or without Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Furthermore, our results confirm that KIAA0586/TALPID3 is essential in cilia formation in human beings, expand the KIAA0586 phenotype to include features of Jeune syndrome and provide a pathogenetic connection between Joubert and Jeune syndromes, based on aberrant ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Division of Medical Genomics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dino Maglic
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luhe Mian
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Konzman
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Guo
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deniz Yildirimli
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joy Bryant
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roxanne Fischer
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Snow
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meghana Vemulapalli
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- Division of Medical Genomics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - John E Niederhuber
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | | | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Marchegiani S, Davis T, Tessadori F, van Haaften G, Brancati F, Hoischen A, Huang H, Valkanas E, Pusey B, Schanze D, Venselaar H, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Wolfe LA, Tifft CJ, Zerfas PM, Zambruno G, Kariminejad A, Sabbagh-Kermani F, Lee J, Tsokos MG, Lee CCR, Ferraz V, da Silva EM, Stevens CA, Roche N, Bartsch O, Farndon P, Bermejo-Sanchez E, Brooks BP, Maduro V, Dallapiccola B, Ramos FJ, Chung HYB, Le Caignec C, Martins F, Jacyk WK, Mazzanti L, Brunner HG, Bakkers J, Lin S, Malicdan MCV, Boerkoel CF, Gahl WA, de Vries BBA, van Haelst MM, Zenker M, Markello TC. Recurrent Mutations in the Basic Domain of TWIST2 Cause Ablepharon Macrostomia and Barber-Say Syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:99-110. [PMID: 26119818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome (AMS) and Barber-Say syndrome (BSS) are rare congenital ectodermal dysplasias characterized by similar clinical features. To establish the genetic basis of AMS and BSS, we performed extensive clinical phenotyping, whole exome and candidate gene sequencing, and functional validations. We identified a recurrent de novo mutation in TWIST2 in seven independent AMS-affected families, as well as another recurrent de novo mutation affecting the same amino acid in ten independent BSS-affected families. Moreover, a genotype-phenotype correlation was observed, because the two syndromes differed based solely upon the nature of the substituting amino acid: a lysine at TWIST2 residue 75 resulted in AMS, whereas a glutamine or alanine yielded BSS. TWIST2 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that regulates the development of mesenchymal tissues. All identified mutations fell in the basic domain of TWIST2 and altered the DNA-binding pattern of Flag-TWIST2 in HeLa cells. Comparison of wild-type and mutant TWIST2 expressed in zebrafish identified abnormal developmental phenotypes and widespread transcriptome changes. Our results suggest that autosomal-dominant TWIST2 mutations cause AMS or BSS by inducing protean effects on the transcription factor's DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Marchegiani
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taylor Davis
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Federico Tessadori
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University of G. d' Annunzio Chieti and Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Haigen Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elise Valkanas
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Pusey
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Denny Schanze
- Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Institute of Human Genetics, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patricia M Zerfas
- Office of Research Services, Division of Veterinary Resources, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy
| | | | | | - Janice Lee
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chyi-Chia R Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Ferraz
- Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Morgana da Silva
- Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049, Brazil
| | - Cathy A Stevens
- Department of Medical Genetics, T.C. Thompson Children's Hospital, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Nathalie Roche
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Peter Farndon
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's Healthcare Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Eva Bermejo-Sanchez
- ECEMC (Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations), CIAC, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)-U724, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Unit on Pediatric, Developmental, and Genetic Eye Disease, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Valerie Maduro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Feliciano J Ramos
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, GCV-CIBERER Hospital Clínico Universitario "Lozano Blesa," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hon-Yin Brian Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Centre for Genomic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- Service de genetique medicale, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France and Inserm, UMR957, Faculté de Médecine, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Fabiana Martins
- Special Care Dentistry Center, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
| | - Witold K Jacyk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, Republic of South Africa
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Zenker
- Medizinische Fakultät und Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Institute of Human Genetics, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas C Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Romdhane L, Messaoud O, Bouyacoub Y, Kerkeni E, Naouali C, Cherif Ben Abdallah L, Tiar A, Charfeddine C, Monastiri K, Chabchoub I, Hachicha M, Tadmouri GO, Romeo G, Abdelhak S. Comorbidity in the Tunisian population. Clin Genet 2015; 89:312-9. [PMID: 26010040 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diseases in the Tunisian population represent a real problem of public health as their spectrum encompasses more than 400 disorders. Their frequency and distribution in the country have been influenced by demographic, economic and social features especially consanguinity. In this article, we report on genetic disease association referred to as comorbidity and discuss factors influencing their expressivity. Seventy-five disease associations have been reported among Tunisian families. This comorbidity could be individual or familial. In 39 comorbid associations, consanguinity was noted. Twenty-one founder and 11 private mutations are the cause of 34 primary diseases and 13 of associated diseases. As the information dealing with this phenomenon is fragmented, we proposed to centralize it in this report in order to draw both clinicians' and researcher's attention on the occurrence of such disease associations in inbred populations as it makes genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis challenging even when mutations are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romdhane
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, Université Tunis Carthage, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - O Messaoud
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Y Bouyacoub
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - E Kerkeni
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - C Naouali
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - L Cherif Ben Abdallah
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Tiar
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C Charfeddine
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K Monastiri
- EPS Fattouma Bourguiba, Centre de Maternité & de Néonatologie de Monastir, Service de Réanimation et de Médecine Néonatale, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - I Chabchoub
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Hédi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Hachicha
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Hédi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - G O Tadmouri
- Faculty of Public Health, Jinan University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - G Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Unità Operativa di Genetica Medica, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Abdelhak
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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25
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Two novel splicing mutations in the SLC45A2 gene cause Oculocutaneous Albinism Type IV by unmasking cryptic splice sites. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:467-71. [PMID: 26016411 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is characterized by hypopigmentation of the skin, hair and eye, and by ophthalmologic abnormalities caused by a deficiency in melanin biosynthesis. OCA type IV (OCA4) is one of the four commonly recognized forms of albinism, and is determined by mutation in the SLC45A2 gene. Here, we investigated the genetic basis of OCA4 in an Italian child. The mutational screening of the SLC45A2 gene identified two novel potentially pathogenic splicing mutations: a synonymous transition (c.888G>A) involving the last nucleotide of exon 3 and a single-nucleotide insertion (c.1156+2dupT) within the consensus sequence of the donor splice site of intron 5. As computer-assisted analysis for mutant splice-site prediction was not conclusive, we investigated the effects on pre-mRNA splicing of these two variants by using an in vitro minigene approach. Production of mutant transcripts in HeLa cells demonstrated that both mutations cause the almost complete abolishment of the physiologic donor splice site, with the concomitant unmasking of cryptic donor splice sites. To our knowledge, this work represents the first in-depth molecular characterization of splicing defects in a OCA4 patient.
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26
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Zhang J, Barbaro P, Guo Y, Alodaib A, Li J, Gold W, Adès L, Keating BJ, Xu X, Teo J, Hakonarson H, Christodoulou J. Utility of next-generation sequencing technologies for the efficient genetic resolution of haematological disorders. Clin Genet 2015; 89:163-72. [PMID: 25703294 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has now evolved to be a relatively affordable and efficient means of detecting genetic mutations. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) or whole exome sequencing (WES) offers the opportunity for rapid diagnosis in many paediatric haematological conditions, where phenotypes are variable and either a large number of genes are involved, or the genes are large making sanger sequencing expensive and labour-intensive. NGS offers the potential for gene discovery in patients who do not have mutations in currently known genes. This report shows how WES was used in the diagnosis of six paediatric haematology cases. In four cases (Diamond-Blackfan anaemia, congenital neutropenia (n = 2), and Fanconi anaemia), the diagnosis was suspected based on classical phenotype, and NGS confirmed those suspicions. Mutations in RPS19, ELANE and FANCD2 were found. The final two cases (MYH9 associated macrothrombocytopenia associated with multiple congenital anomalies; atypical juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia associated with a KRAS mutation) highlight the utility of NGS where the diagnosis is less certain, or where there is an unusual phenotype. We discuss the advantages and limitations of NGS in the setting of these cases, and in haematological conditions more broadly, and discuss where NGS is most efficiently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- T-Life Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of BioMedical Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - P Barbaro
- Haematology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Y Guo
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Alodaib
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Li
- Department of BioMedical Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - W Gold
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Adès
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Genetics Department, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - B J Keating
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - X Xu
- Department of BioMedical Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,The Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - J Teo
- Haematology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Christodoulou
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Desplantes C, Fremond ML, Beaupain B, Harousseau JL, Buzyn A, Pellier I, Roques G, Morville P, Paillard C, Bruneau J, Pinson L, Jeziorski E, Vannier JP, Picard C, Bellanger F, Romero N, de Pontual L, Lapillonne H, Lutz P, Chantelot CB, Donadieu J. Clinical spectrum and long-term follow-up of 14 cases with G6PC3 mutations from the French Severe Congenital Neutropenia Registry. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:183. [PMID: 25491320 PMCID: PMC4279596 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to describe the natural history of severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) in 14 patients with G6PC3 mutations and enrolled in the French SCN registry. Methods Among 605 patients included in the French SCN registry, we identified 8 pedigrees that included 14 patients with autosomal recessive G6PC3 mutations. Results Median age at the last visit was 22.4 years. All patients had developed various comordibities, including prominent veins (n = 12), cardiac malformations (n = 12), intellectual disability (n = 7), and myopathic syndrome with recurrent painful cramps (n = 1). Three patients developed Crohn’s disease, and five had chronic diarrhea with steatorrhea. Neutropenia was profound (<0.5 × 109/l) in almost all cases at diagnosis and could marginally fluctuate. The bone marrow smears exhibited mild late-stage granulopoeitic defects. One patient developed myelodysplasia followed by acute myelogenous leukemia with translocation (18, 21) at age 14 years, cured by chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Four deaths occurred, including one from sepsis at age 5, one from pulmonary late-stage insufficiency at age 19, and two from sudden death, both at age 30 years. A new homozygous mutation (c.249G > A /p.Trp83*) was detected in one pedigree. Conclusions Severe congenital neutropenia with autosomal recessive G6PC3 mutations is associated with considerable clinical heterogeneity. This series includes the first described case of malignancy in this neutropenia.
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28
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Uhlig HH, Schwerd T, Koletzko S, Shah N, Kammermeier J, Elkadri A, Ouahed J, Wilson DC, Travis SP, Turner D, Klein C, Snapper SB, Muise AM. The diagnostic approach to monogenic very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:990-1007.e3. [PMID: 25058236 PMCID: PMC5376484 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with a diverse spectrum of rare genetic disorders can present with inflammatory bowel disease (monogenic IBD). Patients with these disorders often develop symptoms during infancy or early childhood, along with endoscopic or histological features of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or IBD unclassified. Defects in interleukin-10 signaling have a Mendelian inheritance pattern with complete penetrance of intestinal inflammation. Several genetic defects that disturb intestinal epithelial barrier function or affect innate and adaptive immune function have incomplete penetrance of the IBD-like phenotype. Several of these monogenic conditions do not respond to conventional therapy and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Due to the broad spectrum of these extremely rare diseases, a correct diagnosis is frequently a challenge and often delayed. In many cases, these diseases cannot be categorized based on standard histological and immunologic features of IBD. Genetic analysis is required to identify the cause of the disorder and offer the patient appropriate treatment options, which include medical therapy, surgery, or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In addition, diagnosis based on genetic analysis can lead to genetic counseling for family members of patients. We describe key intestinal, extraintestinal, and laboratory features of 50 genetic variants associated with IBD-like intestinal inflammation. In addition, we provide approaches for identifying patients likely to have these disorders. We also discuss classic approaches to identify these variants in patients, starting with phenotypic and functional assessments that lead to analysis of candidate genes. As a complementary approach, we discuss parallel genetic screening using next-generation sequencing followed by functional confirmation of genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Neil Shah
- Great Ormond Street Hospital London, London, England; Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Abdul Elkadri
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodie Ouahed
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Wilson
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Simon P Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Dan Turner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Xue Y, Ankala A, Wilcox WR, Hegde MR. Solving the molecular diagnostic testing conundrum for Mendelian disorders in the era of next-generation sequencing: single-gene, gene panel, or exome/genome sequencing. Genet Med 2014; 17:444-51. [PMID: 25232854 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing is changing the paradigm of clinical genetic testing. Today there are numerous molecular tests available, including single-gene tests, gene panels, and exome sequencing or genome sequencing. As a result, ordering physicians face the conundrum of selecting the best diagnostic tool for their patients with genetic conditions. Single-gene testing is often most appropriate for conditions with distinctive clinical features and minimal locus heterogeneity. Next-generation sequencing-based gene panel testing, which can be complemented with array comparative genomic hybridization and other ancillary methods, provides a comprehensive and feasible approach for heterogeneous disorders. Exome sequencing and genome sequencing have the advantage of being unbiased regarding what set of genes is analyzed, enabling parallel interrogation of most of the genes in the human genome. However, current limitations of next-generation sequencing technology and our variant interpretation capabilities caution us against offering exome sequencing or genome sequencing as either stand-alone or first-choice diagnostic approaches. A growing interest in personalized medicine calls for the application of genome sequencing in clinical diagnostics, but major challenges must be addressed before its full potential can be realized. Here, we propose a testing algorithm to help clinicians opt for the most appropriate molecular diagnostic tool for each scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Emory Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arunkanth Ankala
- Emory Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William R Wilcox
- Clinical Division, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Madhuri R Hegde
- Emory Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Testicular failure in a patient with G6PC3 deficiency. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:197-201. [PMID: 24796372 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphatase-β (G6PC3) deficiency is characterized by congenital neutropenia and variable developmental disorders, including those of the cardiovascular system and the urogenital system (e.g., cryptorchidism) and a peculiar visibility of subcutaneous veins. METHODS A patient with clinical findings suggestive of G6PC3 deficiency was investigated. Genetic, hematopathologic, immunologic, and endocrine work-up were performed. RESULTS The reported patient had binucleotide deletion mutation in G6PC3 and displayed the full spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with G6PC3 deficiency including neutropenia. The reported patient had normal bone marrow cellularity without increased apoptosis, and his neutrophils displayed normal respiratory burst activity. Endocrine work-up revealed low testosterone levels, which did not respond to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, extremely elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and undetectable anti-Müllerian hormone, all of which are suggestive of testicular failure or anorchia. CONCLUSION Our report extends the knowledge about this syndrome and suggests a role for G6PC3 in testicular differentiation and formation. Urogenital dysmorphism could indeed be unrelated to G6PC3 and secondary to consanguinity. However, given the similar description of urogenital anomalies in previous reports of this syndrome, the dysmorphism in our patient is likely related.
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Kamaraj B, Purohit R. Mutational analysis of oculocutaneous albinism: a compact review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:905472. [PMID: 25093188 PMCID: PMC4100393 DOI: 10.1155/2014/905472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by either complete lack of or a reduction of melanin biosynthesis in the melanocytes. The OCA1A is the most severe type with a complete lack of melanin production throughout life, while the milder forms OCA1B, OCA2, OCA3, and OCA4 show some pigment accumulation over time. Mutations in TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and SLC45A2 are mainly responsible for causing oculocutaneous albinism. Recently, two new genes SLC24A5 and C10orf11 are identified that are responsible to cause OCA6 and OCA7, respectively. Also a locus has been mapped to the human chromosome 4q24 region which is responsible for genetic cause of OCA5. In this paper, we summarized the clinical and molecular features of OCA genes. Further, we reviewed the screening of pathological mutations of OCA genes and its molecular mechanism of the protein upon mutation by in silico approach. We also reviewed TYR (T373K, N371Y, M370T, and P313R), OCA2 (R305W), TYRP1 (R326H and R356Q) mutations and their structural consequences at molecular level. It is observed that the pathological genetic mutations and their structural and functional significance of OCA genes will aid in development of personalized medicine for albinism patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu Kamaraj
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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Kiritsi D, Valari M, Mileounis K, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C. 'Double trouble': diagnostic challenges in genetic skin disorders. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:276-8. [PMID: 24902867 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Wei AH, He X, Li W. Hypopigmentation in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. J Dermatol 2014; 40:325-9. [PMID: 23668540 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding tendency, and ceroid deposition which often leads to death in midlife. Currently, nine genes have been identified as causative for HPS in humans. Hypopigmentation is the prominent feature of HPS, attributable to the disrupted biogenesis of melanosome, a member of the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family. Current understanding of the cargo transporting mechanisms into the melanosomes expands our knowledge of the pathogenesis of hypopigmentation in HPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Danielsson K, Mun LJ, Lordemann A, Mao J, Lin CHJ. Next-generation sequencing applied to rare diseases genomics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:469-87. [PMID: 24702023 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.904749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genomics has revolutionized the study of rare diseases. In this review, we overview the latest technological development, rare disease discoveries, implementation obstacles and bioethical challenges. First, we discuss the technology of genome and exome sequencing, including the different next-generation platforms and exome enrichment technologies. Second, we survey the pioneering centers and discoveries for rare diseases, including few of the research institutions that have contributed to the field, as well as an overview survey of different types of rare diseases that have had new discoveries due to next-generation sequencing. Third, we discuss the obstacles and challenges that allow for clinical implementation, including returning of results, informed consent and privacy. Last, we discuss possible outlook as clinical genomics receives wider adoption, as third-generation sequencing is coming onto the horizon, and some needs in informatics and software to further advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissi Danielsson
- Rare Genomics Institute, 4100 Forest Park Ave, Suite 204, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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35
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Ku CS, Wu M, Cooper DN, Naidoo N, Pawitan Y, Pang B, Iacopetta B, Soong R. Exome versus transcriptome sequencing in identifying coding region variants. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:241-51. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Uhlig HH. Monogenic diseases associated with intestinal inflammation: implications for the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2013; 62:1795-805. [PMID: 24203055 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, has multifactorial aetiology with complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Over 150 genetic loci are associated with IBD. The genetic contribution of the majority of those loci towards explained heritability is low. Recent studies have reported an increasing spectrum of human monogenic diseases that can present with IBD-like intestinal inflammation. A substantial proportion of patients with those genetic defects present with very early onset of intestinal inflammation. The 40 monogenic defects with IBD-like pathology selected in this review can be grouped into defects in intestinal epithelial barrier and stress response, immunodeficiencies affecting granulocyte and phagocyte activity, hyper- and autoinflammatory disorders as well as defects with disturbed T and B lymphocyte selection and activation. In addition, there are defects in immune regulation affecting regulatory T cell activity and interleukin (IL)-10 signalling. Related to the variable penetrance of the IBD-like phenotype, there is a likely role for modifier genes and gene-environment interactions. Treatment options in this heterogeneous group of disorders range from anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy to blockade of tumour necrosis factor α and IL-1β, surgery, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Understanding of prototypic monogenic 'orphan' diseases cannot only provide treatment options for the affected patients but also inform on immunological mechanisms and complement the functional understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD.
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37
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The promise of whole-exome sequencing in medical genetics. J Hum Genet 2013; 59:5-15. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are a set of clinically related yet heterogeneous disorders in which at least one hematopoietic cell lineage is significantly reduced. Many of the IBMFS have notably increased cancer risks, as well as other physical findings. Highly penetrant germline mutations in key pathways, such as DNA repair, telomere biology, or ribosomal biogenesis, are causative of Fanconi anemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), respectively. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) generally refers to high-throughput, large-scale sequencing technologies and is being used more frequently to understand disease etiology. In the IBMFS, NGS has facilitated the discovery of germline mutations that cause thrombocytopenia absent radii syndrome (TAR), a subset of DC and DBA, and other uncharacterized, but related, disorders. Panels of large numbers of genes are being used to molecularly characterize patients with IBMFS, such as FA and DBA. NGS is also accelerating the discovery of the genetic etiology of previously unclassified IBMFS. In this review, we will highlight recent studies that have employed NGS to ascertain the genetic etiology of IBMFS, namely, FA, DC, DBA, and TAR, and discuss the translational utility of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal P. Khincha
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Sharon A. Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
The development of novel technologies for high-throughput DNA sequencing is having a major impact on our ability to measure and define normal and pathologic variation in humans. This review discusses advances in DNA sequencing that have been applied to benign hematologic disorders, including those affecting the red blood cell, the neutrophil, and other white blood cell lineages. Relevant examples of how these approaches have been used for disease diagnosis, gene discovery, and studying complex traits are provided. High-throughput DNA sequencing technology holds significant promise for impacting clinical care. This includes development of improved disease detection and diagnosis, better understanding of disease progression and stratification of risk of disease-specific complications, and development of improved therapeutic strategies, particularly patient-specific pharmacogenomics-based therapy, with monitoring of therapy by genomic biomarkers.
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Vilboux T, Lev A, Malicdan MCV, Simon AJ, Järvinen P, Racek T, Puchalka J, Sood R, Carrington B, Bishop K, Mullikin J, Huizing M, Garty BZ, Eyal E, Wolach B, Gavrieli R, Toren A, Soudack M, Atawneh OM, Babushkin T, Schiby G, Cullinane A, Avivi C, Polak-Charcon S, Barshack I, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, van der Werff ten Bosch J, Anikster Y, Klein C, Gahl WA, Somech R. A congenital neutrophil defect syndrome associated with mutations in VPS45. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:54-65. [PMID: 23738510 PMCID: PMC3787600 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1301296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes that provide protection against bacterial and fungal infections. Genetically determined neutrophil disorders confer a predisposition to severe infections and reveal novel mechanisms that control vesicular trafficking, hematopoiesis, and innate immunity. METHODS We clinically evaluated seven children from five families who had neutropenia, neutrophil dysfunction, bone marrow fibrosis, and nephromegaly. To identify the causative gene, we performed homozygosity mapping using single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, whole-exome sequencing, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, a real-time quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, fibroblast motility assays, measurements of apoptosis, and zebrafish models. Correction experiments were performed by transfecting mutant fibroblasts with the nonmutated gene. RESULTS All seven affected children had homozygous mutations (Thr224Asn or Glu238Lys, depending on the child's ethnic origin) in VPS45, which encodes a protein that regulates membrane trafficking through the endosomal system. The level of VPS45 protein was reduced, as were the VPS45 binding partners rabenosyn-5 and syntaxin-16. The level of β1 integrin was reduced on the surface of VPS45-deficient neutrophils and fibroblasts. VPS45-deficient fibroblasts were characterized by impaired motility and increased apoptosis. A zebrafish model of vps45 deficiency showed a marked paucity of myeloperoxidase-positive cells (i.e., neutrophils). Transfection of patient cells with nonmutated VPS45 corrected the migration defect and decreased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Defective endosomal intracellular protein trafficking due to biallelic mutations in VPS45 underlies a new immunodeficiency syndrome involving impaired neutrophil function. (Funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vilboux
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Digenic inheritance (DI) is the simplest form of inheritance for genetically complex diseases. By contrast with the thousands of reports that mutations in single genes cause human diseases, there are only dozens of human disease phenotypes with evidence for DI in some pedigrees. The advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has made it simpler to identify monogenic disease causes and could similarly simplify proving DI because one can simultaneously find mutations in two genes in the same sample. However, through 2012, I could find only one example of human DI in which HTS was used; in that example, HTS found only the second of the two genes. To explore the gap between expectation and reality, I tried to collect all examples of human DI with a narrow definition and characterise them according to the types of evidence collected, and whether there has been replication. Two strong trends are that knowledge of candidate genes and knowledge of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) have been helpful in most published examples of human DI. By contrast, the positional method of genetic linkage analysis, has been mostly unsuccessful in identifying genes underlying human DI. Based on the empirical data, I suggest that combining HTS with growing networks of established PPIs may expedite future discoveries of human DI and strengthen the evidence for them.
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43
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Banka S, Newman WG. A clinical and molecular review of ubiquitous glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency caused by G6PC3 mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:84. [PMID: 23758768 PMCID: PMC3718741 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The G6PC3 gene encodes the ubiquitously expressed glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G-6-Pase β or G-6-Pase 3 or G6PC3). Bi-allelic G6PC3 mutations cause a multi-system autosomal recessive disorder of G6PC3 deficiency (also called severe congenital neutropenia type 4, MIM 612541). To date, at least 57 patients with G6PC3 deficiency have been described in the literature. G6PC3 deficiency is characterized by severe congenital neutropenia, recurrent bacterial infections, intermittent thrombocytopenia in many patients, a prominent superficial venous pattern and a high incidence of congenital cardiac defects and uro-genital anomalies. The phenotypic spectrum of the condition is wide and includes rare manifestations such as maturation arrest of the myeloid lineage, a normocellular bone marrow, myelokathexis, lymphopaenia, thymic hypoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease, primary pulmonary hypertension, endocrine abnormalities, growth retardation, minor facial dysmorphism, skeletal and integument anomalies amongst others. Dursun syndrome is part of this extended spectrum. G6PC3 deficiency can also result in isolated non-syndromic severe neutropenia. G6PC3 mutations in result in reduced enzyme activity, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, increased rates of apoptosis of affected cells and dysfunction of neutrophil activity. In this review we demonstrate that loss of function in missense G6PC3 mutations likely results from decreased enzyme stability. The condition can be diagnosed by sequencing the G6PC3 gene. A number of G6PC3 founder mutations are known in various populations and a possible genotype-phenotype relationship also exists. G6PC3 deficiency should be considered as part of the differential diagnoses in any patient with unexplained congenital neutropenia. Treatment with G-CSF leads to improvement in neutrophil numbers, prevents infections and improves quality of life. Mildly affected patients can be managed with prophylactic antibiotics. Untreated G6PC3 deficiency can be fatal. Echocardiogram, renal and pelvic ultrasound scans should be performed in all cases of suspected or confirmed G6PC3 deficiency. Routine assessment should include biochemical profile, growth profile and monitoring for development of varicose veins or venous ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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44
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Simeonov DR, Wang X, Wang C, Sergeev Y, Dolinska M, Bower M, Fischer R, Winer D, Dubrovsky G, Balog JZ, Huizing M, Hart R, Zein WM, Gahl WA, Brooks BP, Adams DR. DNA variations in oculocutaneous albinism: an updated mutation list and current outstanding issues in molecular diagnostics. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:827-35. [PMID: 23504663 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a rare genetic disorder of melanin synthesis that results in hypopigmented hair, skin, and eyes. There are four types of OCA caused by mutations in TYR (OCA-1), OCA2 (OCA-2), TYRP1 (OCA-3), or SLC45A2 (OCA-4). Here we report 22 novel mutations in the OCA genes; 14 from a cohort of 61 patients seen as part of the NIH OCA Natural History Study and eight from a prior study at the University of Minnesota. We also include a comprehensive list of almost 600 previously reported OCA mutations along with ethnicity information, carrier frequencies, and in silico pathogenicity predictions as a supplement. In addition to discussing the clinical and molecular features of OCA, we address the cases of apparent missing heritability. In our cohort, 26% of patients did not have two mutations in a single OCA gene. We demonstrate the utility of multiple detection methods to reveal mutations missed by Sanger sequencing. Finally, we review the TYR p.R402Q temperature-sensitive variant and confirm its association with cases of albinism with only one identifiable TYR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre R Simeonov
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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45
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Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 (G6PC3) deficiency is a newly described syndromic type of severe congenital neutropenia, associated with multiple organ abnormalities including facial, cardiac, and urogenital abnormalities, and increased visibility of superficial veins. The molecular pathophysiology of G6PC3 deficiency is associated with the disturbed glucose homeostasis, increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis in neutrophils. We report a new case of G6PC3 deficiency caused by a novel homozygous G6PC3 gene mutation (p.Leu154Pro). Most remarkable is that the chronic neutropenia that originated from this novel G6PC3 genetic defect is also accompanied by some other unusual manifestations in this patient: myelokathexis and hypercholesterolemia.
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Banka S, Wynn R, Byers H, Arkwright PD, Newman WG. G6PC3 mutations cause non-syndromic severe congenital neutropenia. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 108:138-41. [PMID: 23298686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The deficiency of ubiquitously expressed glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC3) enzyme is known to result in a syndrome characterized by severe congenital neutropenia, prominent superficial venous pattern, congenital heart defects and genito-urinary malformations. Here, we describe four patients from three families with non-syndromic severe congenital neutropenia and identify four G6PC3 mutations as causative in these cases. Thus we demonstrate that G6PC3 mutations also result in a non-syndromic form of severe congenital neutropenia. We propose that G6PC3 deficiency should be considered as part of the differential diagnoses in any patient with unexplained congenital neutropenia. Additionally, we show a relationship between the genotype and non-hematological phenotype of G6PC3 deficiency. These findings may provide an insight into the role of the G6PC3 enzyme and glucose metabolism in developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Banka
- Genetic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, and St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
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Abstract
Groundbreaking advances on the molecular and cellular physiological and physiopathological skin processes, including the complete sequencing of the genome of several species and the increased availability of gene-modified organisms, paved the way to firmly establishing molecular approaches and methods in experimental, translational, and clinical dermatology. As a result, newly developed experimental ex vivo assays and animal models prove exquisite tools for addressing fundamental physiological cutaneous processes and pathogenic mechanisms of skin diseases. A plethora of new findings that were generated using these experimental tools serve as a strong basis for intense translational research efforts aiming at developing new, specific, and sensitive diagnostic tests and efficient "personalized" therapies with less side-effects. Consequently, a broad array of molecular diagnostic tests and therapies for a wide spectrum of skin diseases ranging from genodermatoses through skin neoplasms, allergy, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, are already routinely used in the clinical dermatology practice. This article highlights several major developments in molecular experimental and clinical dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Has
- Department of Molecular Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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48
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Wei AH, Li W. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: pigmentary and non-pigmentary defects and their pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:176-92. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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49
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Fernandez BA, Green JS, Bursey F, Barrett B, MacMillan A, McColl S, Fernandez S, Rahman P, Mahoney K, Pereira SL, Scherer SW, Boycott KM, Woods MO. Adult siblings with homozygous G6PC3 mutations expand our understanding of the severe congenital neutropenia type 4 (SCN4) phenotype. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:111. [PMID: 23171239 PMCID: PMC3523052 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe congenital neutropenia type 4 (SCN4) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the third subunit of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC3). Its core features are congenital neutropenia and a prominent venous skin pattern, and affected individuals have variable birth defects. Oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in SLC45A2. Methods We report a sister and brother from Newfoundland, Canada with complex phenotypes. The sister was previously reported by Cullinane et al., 2011. We performed homozygosity mapping, next generation sequencing and conventional Sanger sequencing to identify mutations that cause the phenotype in this family. We have also summarized clinical data from 49 previously reported SCN4 cases with overlapping phenotypes and interpret the medical histories of these siblings in the context of the literature. Results The siblings’ phenotype is due in part to a homozygous mutation in G6PC3, [c.829C > T, p.Gln277X]. Their ages are 38 and 37 years respectively and they are the oldest SCN4 patients published to date. Both presented with congenital neutropenia and later developed Crohn disease. We suggest that the latter is a previously unrecognized SCN4 manifestation and that not all affected individuals have an intellectual disability. The sister also has a homozygous mutation in SLC45A2, which explains her severe oculocutaneous hypopigmentation. Her brother carried one SLC45A2 mutation and was diagnosed with “partial OCA” in childhood. Conclusions This family highlights that apparently novel syndromes can in fact be caused by two known autosomal recessive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Fernandez
- Discipline of Genetics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Health Sciences Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and comparative genomics have established major loci and specific polymorphisms affecting human skin, hair and eye color. Environmental changes have had an impact on selected pigmentation genes as populations have expanded into different regions of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sturm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Melanogenix Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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