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Shi HZ, Xiong JS, Xu CC, Bu WB, Wang Y, Sun JF, Chen H. Long non-coding RNA expression identified by microarray analysis: Candidate biomarkers in human acral lentiginous melanoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1465-1477. [PMID: 31966073 PMCID: PMC6956422 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a rare but fatal form of skin cancer and acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is one of its most common types. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has emerged as a crucial molecule in the development and progression of human cancers, and several studies have revealed that lncRNAs may be associated with the pathogenesis, progression and metastasis of melanoma. To demonstrate the association between ALM and lncRNAs, microarray analysis was performed in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues. A total of 4,488 lncRNAs and 3,913 mRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed in these samples. Among them, 2,211 and 2,277 lncRNAs were upregulated and downregulated in the ALM samples compared with adjacent tissues, respectively. In addition, 1,191 and 2,722 mRNAs were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Additionally, five randomly selected lncRNAs (fold-change >2; P<0.05) were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. An lncRNA and mRNA co-expression network and competing endogenous network analysis were also constructed. In summary, the results of the present study may reveal a novel mechanism associated with the pathogenesis and malignant biological processes of ALM and indicate that lncRNAs may serve as potential targets for the treatment of ALM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ze Shi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shu Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Cong Xu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bo Bu
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Fang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
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Sun Y, Lin H, Qu S, Li L, Chen K, Yu B, Lin G, Wan F, Zhu X. Downregulation of CD166 inhibits invasion, migration, and EMT in the radio-resistant human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2R. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3593-3602. [PMID: 31114384 PMCID: PMC6497147 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: CD166 is known as a tumor stem cell specific marker, associating with tumor metastasis. The purpose of this study was to further discuss CD166 gene on cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CNE-2R cell line of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and methods: CNE-2R cells were transfected with lentivirus CD166-shRNA, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blotting were used to confirm the silencing effects. The wound healing test and transwell test were carried out to assess cell invasive and migratory abilities in vitro. With the establishment of xenograft nude mouse model, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were undertaken to detect the expression level of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. In vivo metastasis detection was carried out by injecting tumor cells into nude mice via the tail vein. Results: The invasive and migratory abilities of CNE-2R cells were significantly reduced after CD166 was downregulated. In addition, silencing of CD166 of CNE-2R cells increased the expression of E-cadherin, while down-regulated the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin. Immunohistochemistry of tumors showed consistent results with in-situ tumor formation experiment. Additionally, the growth of transplanted tumor was inhibited. In addition, in vivo metastasis test proved that knockdown of CD166 suppressed pulmonary metastasis and liver metastasis according to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Expression of E-cadherin increased, while expression of N-cadherin and vimentin decreased, as revealed by Western blotting of metastatic lung tumors. Conclusion: Silencing of CD166 in CNE-2R cells evidently inhibited proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and EMT process in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchu Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhu Wan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wuming Hospitalof Guangxi Medical University, , Nanning, Guangxi 530019, People's Republic of China
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Hebron KE, Li EY, Arnold Egloff SA, von Lersner AK, Taylor C, Houkes J, Flaherty DK, Eskaros A, Stricker TP, Zijlstra A. Alternative splicing of ALCAM enables tunable regulation of cell-cell adhesion through differential proteolysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3208. [PMID: 29453336 PMCID: PMC5816644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many adhesion receptors are known to influence tumor progression, the mechanisms by which they dynamically regulate cell-cell adhesion remain elusive. We previously identified Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM) as a clinically relevant driver of metastasis and hypothesized that a tunable mechanism of ectodomain shedding regulates its contribution to dissemination. To test this hypothesis, we examined an under-explored ALCAM splice variant (ALCAM-Iso2) and demonstrated that loss of the membrane-proximal region of ALCAM (exon 13) increased metastasis four-fold. Mechanistic studies identified a novel MMP14-dependent membrane distal cleavage site in ALCAM-Iso2, which mediated a ten-fold increase in shedding, thereby decreasing cellular cohesion. Importantly, the loss of cohesion is not limited to the cell capable of shedding because the released extracellular domain diminished cohesion of non-shedding cells through disruption of ALCAM-ALCAM interactions. ALCAM-Iso2-dominated expression in bladder cancer tissue, compared to normal bladder, further emphasizes that ALCAM alternative splicing may contribute to clinical disease progression. The requirement for both the loss of exon 13 and the gain of metalloprotease activity suggests that ALCAM shedding and concomitant regulation of tumor cell adhesion is a locally tunable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hebron
- Vanderbilt University, Program in Cancer Biology, Nashville, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Li
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Shanna A Arnold Egloff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
| | | | - Chase Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
| | - Joep Houkes
- Department of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - David K Flaherty
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Adel Eskaros
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Thomas P Stricker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Vanderbilt University, Program in Cancer Biology, Nashville, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.
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Zeng L, Zhong J, He G, Li F, Li J, Zhou W, Liu W, Zhang Y, Huang S, Liu Z, Deng X. Identification of Nucleobindin-2 as a Potential Biomarker for Breast Cancer Metastasis Using iTRAQ-based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. J Cancer 2017; 8:3062-3069. [PMID: 28928897 PMCID: PMC5604457 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a lethal step in the progression of breast cancer. None of the metastasis-associated biomarkers identified up to now has a definite prognostic value in breast cancer patients. This study was designed to identify biomarkers for breast cancer metastasis and predictors of the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The differentially expressed proteins between 23 paired primary breast tumor and metastatic lymph nodes were identified by quantitative iTRAQ proteomic analysis. Immunohistochemistry was applied to locate and assess the expression of NUCB2 in paired primary breast tumor and metastatic lymph node tissues (n = 106). The relationship between NUCB2 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients (n = 189) were analyzed by χ2 test. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox hazard regression analysis were utilized to investigate the relationship between its expression and prognosis of breast cancer patients. The iTRAQ proteomic results showed that 4,837 confidential proteins were identified, 643 of which were differentially expressed in the primary breast cancer tissues and the paired metastatic lymph nodes. NUCB2 protein was found decreased in paired metastatic lymph nodes (P = 0.000), with the positive expression rate being 82% in primary breast cancer tissues and 47% in paired metastatic lymph nodes, respectively. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the overall survival time of patients with positive expression of NUCB2 protein were shorter than those with negative NUCB2 expression (P = 0.004). Cox regression model suggested that NUCB2 was a risk factor of breast cancer patients (P = 0.045, RR = 1.854). We conclude that NUCB2 can be used as a potential biomarker for breast cancer metastasis and a prognostic predictor of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.,Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jingmin Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Guangchun He
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fangjun Li
- Department of Social Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital & The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Breast Internal Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer of the Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 4100078, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Sanqian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Lesser-Known Molecules in Ovarian Carcinogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:321740. [PMID: 26339605 PMCID: PMC4538335 DOI: 10.1155/2015/321740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the deciphering of the signaling pathways brings about new advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of ovarian carcinogenesis, which is based on the interaction of several molecules with different biochemical structure that, consequently, intervene in cell metabolism, through their role as regulators in proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Given that the ensemble of biomarkers in OC includes more than 50 molecules the interest of the researchers focuses on the possible validation of each one's potential as prognosis markers and/or therapeutic targets. Within this framework, this review presents three protein molecules: ALCAM, c-FLIP, and caveolin, motivated by the perspectives provided through the current limited knowledge on their role in ovarian carcinogenesis and on their potential as prognosis factors. Their structural stability, once altered, triggers the initiation of the sequences characteristic for ovarian carcinogenesis, through their role as modulators for several signaling pathways, contributing to the disruption of cellular junctions, disturbance of pro-/antiapoptotic equilibrium, and alteration of transmission of the signals specific for the molecular pathways. For each molecule, the text is built as follows: (i) general remarks, (ii) structural details, and (iii) particularities in expression, from different tumors to landmarks in ovarian carcinoma.
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van Kempen LC, Redpath M, Robert C, Spatz A. Molecular pathology of cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2014; 1:151-164. [PMID: 30190820 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is associated with strong prognostic phenotypic features, such as gender, Breslow's thickness and ulceration, although the biological significance of these variables is largely unknown. It is likely that these features are surrogates of important biological events rather than directly promoting cutaneous melanoma progression. In this article, we address the molecular mechanisms that drive these phenotypic changes. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive overview of recurrent genetic abnormalities, both germline and somatic, in relation to cutaneous melanoma subtypes, ultraviolet exposure and anatomical localization, as well as pre-existing and targeted therapy-induced mutations that may contribute to resistance. The increasing knowledge of critically important oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes is promoting a transition in melanoma diagnosis, in which single-gene testing will be replaced by multiplex and multidimensional analyses that combine classical histopathological characteristics with the molecular profile for the prognostication and selection of melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon C van Kempen
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret Redpath
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Robert
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Alan Spatz
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
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7
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Clinical significance of altered expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin in oral dysplasia and cancer: potential link with ALCAM expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67361. [PMID: 23840677 PMCID: PMC3696121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perturbations in cell adhesion molecules are linked to alterations in cadherin-catenin complexes and likely play major roles in invasion and metastasis; their impact on early precancerous stages remains yet unknown. We showed ALCAM overexpression in early oral lesions and its cytoplasmic accumulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to be a predictor of disease progression and poor prognosis. This study tested the hypothesis that alterations in E-cadherin and β -catenin expressions are early events in oral tumorigenesis, associated with disease prognosis, and correlate with perturbations in ALCAM expression. Methods Expressions of E-cadherin and β-catenin were analyzed in the same cohort of 105 OSCCs, 76 oral lesions and 30 normal oral tissues by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. The effect of siRNA mediated ALCAM knockdown on E-cadherin and β -catenin was determined using western blot, confocal microscopy and RT-PCR analysis in oral cancer cells. Results Significant loss of membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin expression was observed from normal, hyperplasia, dysplasia to OSCCs (ptrend <0.001); and correlated with cytoplasmic ALCAM accumulation in OSCCs (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed β-catenin membrane loss and ALCAM/β-cateninnuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation to be significant predictors for late clinical stage (p<0.001, OR = 8.7; p = 0.006, OR = 9.9, respectively) and nodal metastasis (p = 0.003, OR = 3.8; p = 0.025, OR = 3.4 respectively). Cox’s regression showed E-cadherin membrane loss/ALCAM cytoplasmic expression [p<0.001; HR = 4.8] to be independent adverse prognosticators in OSCCs. siRNA mediated silencing of ALCAM resulted in concurrent increase in E-cadherin and β-catenin both at the transcript and protein levels. Conclusions Losses of E-cadherin and β-catenin expressions are early events in oral tumorigenesis; their associations with aggressive tumor behavior and disease recurrence underscore their potential as prognostic markers. Correlation of loss of E-cadherin and β-catenin with cytoplasmic ALCAM accumulation both in vitro and in in vivo suggests that these dynamic changes in cell adhesion system may play pivotal role in oral cancer.
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von Bauer R, Oikonomou D, Sulaj A, Mohammed S, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Gröne HJ, Arnold B, Falk C, Luethje D, Erhardt A, Stern DM, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP. CD166/ALCAM mediates proinflammatory effects of S100B in delayed type hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:369-77. [PMID: 23729438 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Promiscuity of pattern recognition receptors, such as receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), allows for a complex regulatory network controlling inflammation. Scavenging of RAGE ligands by soluble RAGE treatment is effective in reducing delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), even in RAGE(-/-) mice by 50% (p < 0.001). This has led to the hypothesis that molecules scavenged by soluble RAGE bind to receptors other than RAGE. This study identifies CD166/ALCAM (ALCAM) as a close structural and functional homolog of RAGE, and it shows that binding of S100B to CD166/ALCAM induces dose- and time-dependent expression of members of the NF-κB family in wild type (WT) and RAGE(-/-) mouse endothelial cells. Blocking CD166/ALCAM expression using small interfering RNA completely inhibited S100B-induced NF-κB activation in RAGE(-/-), but not in WT cells. The in vivo significance of these observations was demonstrated by attenuation of DTH in WT and RAGE(-/-) animals pretreated with CD166/ALCAM small interfering RNA by 50% and 40%, respectively (p < 0.001). Experiments in ALCAM(-/-) animals displayed an only slight reduction of 16% in DTH, explained by compensatory reciprocal upregulation of RAGE in animals devoid of CD166/ALCAM, and vice versa. Consistently, ALCAM(-/-) mice, but not WT mice treated with RAGE small interfering RNA show a 35% reduction in DTH, and ALCAM(-/-) RAGE(-/-) double-knockout mice show a 27% reduction in DTH reaction. Thus, S100B is a proinflammatory cytokine bridging RAGE and CD166/ALCAM downstream effector mechanisms, both being compensatory upregulated after genetic deletion of its counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger von Bauer
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Botti G, Cerrone M, Scognamiglio G, Anniciello A, Ascierto PA, Cantile M. Microenvironment and tumor progression of melanoma: New therapeutic prospectives. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:235-52. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.723767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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