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Sato A, Kondo Y, Ishigami A. The evidence to date: implications of l-ascorbic acid in the pathophysiology of aging. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:29. [PMID: 38730366 PMCID: PMC11088021 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C, has been used not only for disease prevention and in complementary and alternative medicine, but also for anti-aging purposes. However, the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient. Here, we review the physiological functions of vitamin C and its relationship with various pathological conditions, including our previous findings, and discuss the prospects of its application in healthy longevity. In summary, vitamin C levels are associated with lifespan in several animal models. Furthermore, clinical studies have shown that the blood vitamin C levels are lower in middle-aged and older adults than in younger adults. Lower blood vitamin C levels have also been observed in various pathological conditions such as chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly. These observations suggest the implications of vitamin C in age-related pathological mechanisms owing to its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Toyo University, Tokyo, 115-8650, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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Kawashima S, Funakoshi T, Sato Y, Saito N, Ohsawa H, Kurita K, Nagata K, Yoshida M, Ishigami A. Protective effect of pre- and post-vitamin C treatments on UVB-irradiation-induced skin damage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16199. [PMID: 30385817 PMCID: PMC6212420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported the effects of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AA) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cell damage using cultured keratinocytes. However, the epidermis consists of multiple cell layers, and the effect of AA on UVB-induced damage to the human epidermis remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of AA on UVB-induced skin damage using reconstituted human epidermis. The reconstituted human epidermal surface was treated with 100 and 500 mM AA and cultured for 3 h before (pre-AA treatment) or after (post-AA treatment) 120 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation. Pre- and post-AA treatments of the epidermal surface suppressed UVB-induced cell death, apoptosis, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the inflammatory response by downregulating tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression and release. Moreover, the pre-AA treatment was more effective at preventing UVB-induced skin damage than the post-AA treatment. In summary, pre- and post-AA treatments of the epidermis prevent UVB-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Kawashima
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Funakoshi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Bioenvironmental Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, 920-1181, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kisaburo Nagata
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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Suzuki K, Kojina M, Aiba T. Similarities of Water-soluble Vitamin Components among Non-prescription Pharmaceutical Vitamin Products Generally Available on the Domestic Market. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:595-602. [PMID: 28458291 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Similarities among non-prescription pharmaceutical vitamin products generally available in community pharmacies were examined based on their vitamin components, and a chart was constructed to differentiate products to assist in appropriate product choice. In the analysis of the similarities, two hundred and seventy-six data entries on vitamin products were extracted from the database on the package inserts of the pharmaceutical products provided by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, and they were reviewed for the amounts of vitamins they contained, in which the B vitamins, or vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, and niacin, were considered as well as vitamins C and E. Pantothenic acid and L-Cysteine that are frequently used in combination with those vitamins are also taken into consideration. The data entries were then processed by classical multi-dimensional scaling to evaluate the inter-product similarities. As a result, it was shown that the products categorized as pharmaceutical nutrients and tonics containing vitamins (NTcV) are similar to one another, reflecting the fact that they are less characteristic regarding their vitamin components. As for the products in other categories, they were generally found to be featured for their unique content of vitamin components, and thereby, each category includes products with a wide range of variation. It was also indicated that some products categorized as vitamin B1, B2, and C products are less distinguishable from those categorized as NTcV. These findings will assist pharmacists to decide on an appropriate product for a customer following consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moeko Kojina
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Tetsuya Aiba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University
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Sato Y, Uchida E, Aoki H, Hanamura T, Nagamine K, Kato H, Koizumi T, Ishigami A. Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) Juice Intake Suppresses UVB-Induced Skin Pigmentation in SMP30/GNL Knockout Hairless Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170438. [PMID: 28114343 PMCID: PMC5256894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is a fruit that is known to contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (AA) and various phytochemicals. We have previously reported that AA deficiency leads to ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin pigmentation in senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30)/gluconolactonase (GNL) knockout (KO) hairless mice. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of acerola juice (AJ) intake on the skin of UVB-irradiated SMP30/GNL KO mice. RESEARCH DESIGN/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Five-week old hairless mice were given drinking water containing physiologically sufficient AA (1.5 g/L) [AA (+)], no AA [AA (-)] or 1.67% acerola juice [AJ]. All mice were exposed to UVB irradiation for 6 weeks. UVB irradiation was performed three times per week. The dorsal skin color and stratum corneum water content were measured every weekly, and finally, the AA contents of the skin was determined. The skin AA and stratum corneum water content was similar between the AA (+) and AJ groups. The L* value of the AA (+) group was significantly decreased by UVB irradiation, whereas AJ intake suppressed the decrease in the L* value throughout the experiment. Moreover, in the AJ group, there was a significant decrease in the expression level of dopachrome tautomerase, an enzyme that is involved in melanin biosynthesis. CONCLUSION These results indicate that AJ intake is effective in suppressing UVB-induced skin pigmentation by inhibiting melanogenesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Uchida
- Corporate Science Research Division, Nichirei Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Aoki
- Research and Development Division, Nichirei Foods Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hanamura
- Research and Development Division, Nichirei Foods Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagamine
- Research and Development Division, Research and Development Center, Nichirei Bioscience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Corporate Sponsored Research Program 'Food for Life', The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Koizumi
- Corporate Science Research Division, Nichirei Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Kondo Y, Ishigami A. Involvement of senescence marker protein-30 in glucose metabolism disorder and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 16 Suppl 1:4-16. [PMID: 27018279 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) was found to decrease in the liver, kidneys and lungs of mice during aging. SMP30 is a pleiotropic protein that acts to protect cells from apoptosis by enhancing plasma membrane Ca(2+) -pump activity and is bona fide gluconolactonase (EC 3.1.1.17) that participates in the penultimate step of the vitamin C biosynthetic pathway. For the past several years, we have obtained strong evidence showing the close relationship between SMP30, glucose metabolism disorder and non-alchoholic fatty liver disease in experiments with SMP30 knockout mice. Emerging proof links the following abnormalities: (i) the reduction of SMP30 by aging and/or excessive dietary fat or genetic deficiency causes a loss of Ca(2+) pumping activity, which impairs acute insulin release in pancreatic β-cells, initiates inflammatory responses with oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in non-alchoholic steatohepatitis, exacerbates renal tubule damage, and introduces tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy; (ii) vitamin C insufficiency also impairs acute insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells by a mechanism distinct from that of the SMP30 deficiency; and (iii) the increased oxidative stress by concomitant deficiencies of SMP30, superoxide dismutase 1 and vitamin C similarly causes hepatic steatosis. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of SMP30 in glucose metabolism disorder and non-alchoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Nishijima K, Ohno T, Amano A, Kishimoto Y, Kondo Y, Ishigami A, Tanaka S. Bone Degeneration and Its Recovery in SMP30/GNL-Knockout Mice. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:573-578. [PMID: 28448089 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) decreases androgen-independently with aging and is a lactone-hydrolyzing enzyme gluconolactonase (GNL) that is involved in vitamin C biosynthesis. In the present study, bone properties of SMP30/GNL knockout (KO) mice with deficiency in vitamin C synthesis were investigated to reveal the effects of SMP30/GNL and exogenous vitamin C supplementation on bone formation. Mineral content (BMC) and mineral density (BMD) of the mandible and femur of SMP30/GNL KO and wild-type mice at 2 and 3 months of age with or without vitamin C supplementation were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body and bone weight of both age groups decreased and became significantly lower than those of wild-type mice. The bones of SMP30/GNL KO mice were rough and porous, with BMC and BMD significantly below wild-type. Oral supplementation with vitamin C eliminated differences in body weight, bone weight, BMC, and BMD between SMP30/GNL KO and wild-type mice at each age. These results indicate that bone degeneration in SMP30/GNL KO mice was caused by lack of vitamin C, and that this mouse strain is an appropriate model for bone metabolism in humans, which have no ability to synthesize vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishijima
- Kazutoshi Nishijima, Animal Research Laboratory, Bioscience Education-Research Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 101-8543, Japan, E-mail:
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Ishigami A, Masutomi H, Handa S, Maruyama N. Age-associated decrease of senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase in individual mouse liver cells: Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 15:804-10. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirofumi Masutomi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Setsuko Handa
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
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Amano A, Sato Y, Kishimoto Y, Takahashi K, Handa S, Aigaki T, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on protein and lipid oxidation in livers from SMP30/GNL knockout mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 59:489-95. [PMID: 24477244 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) functions as an electron donor and scavenges reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals in vitro. However, little is known about the effect of an AA deficiency on protein and lipid oxidation levels in the liver. Therefore, we measured the levels of protein carbonyl and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in livers from senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30)/gluconolactonase (GNL) knockout (KO) mice. These mice are deficient in AA, because they lack the SMP30/GNL gene, which is essential for the biosynthesis of AA in vivo. To track the effect of an AA deficiency, at 30 d of age, mice were divided into the following four groups: AA (-) SMP30/GNL KO, AA (+) SMP30/GNL KO, AA (-) wild type (WT), and AA (+) WT. The AA (+) groups were given water containing 1.5 g/L AA, whereas the AA (-) groups received water without AA for 57 d. All mice were fed an AA-free diet. Subsequently, protein carbonyl levels in livers from AA (-) SMP30/GNL KO mice were significantly higher than those from the other three groups; however, TBARS levels were not significantly different among the four groups. Therefore, AA must act as an anti-oxidant for proteins but might not directly protect lipid oxidation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Amano
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
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Takahashi K, Kishimoto Y, Konishi T, Fujita Y, Ito M, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Ascorbic acid deficiency affects genes for oxidation–reduction and lipid metabolism in livers from SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2289-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sato Y, Amano A, Kishimoto Y, Takahashi K, Handa S, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Ascorbic acid prevents protein oxidation in livers of senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 14:989-95. [PMID: 24118935 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30)/gluconolactonase (GNL) knockout (KO) mice are incapable of synthesizing L-ascorbic acid (AA) in vivo. As AA is known to be a water-soluble anti-oxidant, we assessed protein oxidation levels in livers from SMP30/GNL KO mice maintained in an AA-insufficient condition. METHODS Livers were collected from male SMP30/GNL KO mice at the ages of 3, 6 and 12 months, and wild-type (WT) mice at the ages of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. To assess protein oxidation, we measured the content of protein carbonyl, which is a major protein oxidation marker. AA levels were measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Livers of SMP30/GNL KO mice had just ∼5% as much AA as those of WT mice from 3 to 12 months-of-age. Protein carbonyl levels in livers from SMP30/GNL KO mice were a significant 1.8- to 2.3-fold higher than those from age-atched WT mice. To establish that the AA-insufficiency caused this difference, we added AA to some drinking water, and examined the effect on AA and protein carbonyl levels in livers from SMP30/GNL KO and WT mice. Livers from SMP30/GNL KO mice given extra AA had a significantly higher content than those from their deprived counterparts. Furthermore, protein carbonyl levels in livers from AA-supplemented SMP30/GNL KO mice were significantly lower than those from the SMP30/GNL KO mice without AA supplementation. However, added AA did not affect the protein carbonyl levels in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that AA plays an important role in preventing protein oxidation in vivo, thus enhancing overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Hyperpigmentation has traditionally been a relatively difficult condition to treat, especially in darker racial ethnic groups. Multiple topical agents available act upon different steps of the pigmentation pathway. We review these topical agents, their mechanisms of action, and their effectiveness as monotherapy and in combination with other compounds. Ultimately, combination therapy is the most efficacious when considering overall depigmentation as well as treatment time required to achieve clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rendon
- The Rendon Center for Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA University of Miami, Florida, USA.
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Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on catecholamine synthesis in adrenal glands of SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:177-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kishimoto Y, Saito N, Kurita K, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Ascorbic acid enhances the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2 in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:579-84. [PMID: 23228664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential for collagen biosynthesis as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase and as a stimulus for collagen gene expression. Many studies have evaluated the relationship between AA and collagen expression in short- and long-term effects on cells after a single administration of AA into the culture medium. However, no such study has monitored in detail the stability of AA in medium or the alterations of intracellular AA levels during a protracted interval. Therefore, we examined here intracellular AA levels and stability throughout its exposure to human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Moreover, we determined the effects on type 1 and type 4 collagen and sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) gene expression when medium containing 100 μM AA was replaced every 24h for 5 days to avoid depletion of AA. Throughout this long-term culture, intracellular AA levels remained constant; the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA was enhanced, and type 1 procollagen synthesis increased. Thus, these results indicate that human skin fibroblasts exposed to AA over time had rising levels of type 1/type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA expression and type 1 procollagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishimoto
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Rendon M, Horwitz S. Traitement topique des hyperpigmentations. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139 Suppl 3:S102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(12)70119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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