1
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Ågren MS, Litman T, Eriksen JO, Schjerling P, Bzorek M, Gjerdrum LMR. Gene Expression Linked to Reepithelialization of Human Skin Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415746. [PMID: 36555389 PMCID: PMC9779194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the regulatory processes of reepithelialization during wound healing is incomplete. In an attempt to map the genes involved in epidermal regeneration and differentiation, we measured gene expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded standardized epidermal wounds induced by the suction-blister technique with associated nonwounded skin using NanoString technology. The transcripts of 139 selected genes involved in clotting, immune response to tissue injury, signaling pathways, cell adhesion and proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, zinc transport and keratinocyte differentiation were evaluated. We identified 22 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in descending order of fold change (MMP1, MMP3, IL6, CXCL8, SERPINE1, IL1B, PTGS2, HBEGF, CXCL5, CXCL2, TIMP1, CYR61, CXCL1, MMP12, MMP9, HGF, CTGF, ITGB3, MT2A, FGF7, COL4A1 and PLAUR). The expression of the most upregulated gene, MMP1, correlated strongly with MMP3 followed by IL6 and IL1B. rhIL-1β, but not rhIL-6, exposure of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes and normal human dermal fibroblasts increased both MMP1 mRNA and MMP-1 protein levels, as well as TIMP1 mRNA levels. The increased TIMP1 in wounds was validated by immunohistochemistry. The six downregulated DEGs (COL7A1, MMP28, SLC39A2, FLG1, KRT10 and FLG2) were associated with epidermal maturation. KLK8 showed the strongest correlation with MKI67 mRNA levels and is a potential biomarker for keratinocyte proliferation. The observed gene expression changes correlate well with the current knowledge of physiological reepithelialization. Thus, the gene expression panel described in this paper could be used in patients with impaired healing to identify possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus S. Ågren
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Litman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Ole Eriksen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Bzorek
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lise Mette Rahbek Gjerdrum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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2
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Menon GK, Elias PM, Wakefield JS, Crumrine D. Cetacean epidermal specialization: A review. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:563-575. [PMID: 35758554 PMCID: PMC9464690 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cetacean skin continues to be the investigative focus of researchers from several different scientific disciplines. Yet, most research on the basic functions of lipo-keratinocytes, which constitute most of the cetacean epidermis, providing the first layer of protection against various environmental aggressors (including an ever-increasing level of pollutants), is restricted to specialized literature on the permeability barrier only. In this review, we have attempted to bring together much of the recent research on the functional biology of cetacean skin, including special adaptations at the cellular, genetic and molecular level. We have correlated these data with the cetacean permeability barrier's unique structural and metabolic adaptations to fully aquatic life, including the development of secondary barriers to ward off challenges such as biofouling as well as exposure to extreme cold for the epidermis, which is outside of the insulation provided by blubber. An apparent contradiction exists between some of the reported gene loss for lipogenic enzymes in cetacean skin and the high degree of cetacean epidermal lipogenesis, as well as loss of desmocollin 1 and desmoplakin genes [while immunolocalization of these proteins is reported (Journal of Anatomy, 234, 201)] warrants a re-evaluation of the gene loss data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan K. Menon
- Department of Birds & Mammals, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Birds & Mammals, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Joan S. Wakefield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California USA
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3
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Matus CE, Ehrenfeld P, Figueroa CD. The family of kallikrein-related peptidases and kinin peptides as modulators of epidermal homeostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1070-C1087. [PMID: 35993513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outermost skin layer and is part of one of the largest organs in the body; it is supported by the dermis, a network of fibrils, blood vessels, pilosebaceous units, sweat glands, nerves, and cells. The skin as a whole is a protective shield against numerous noxious agents, including microorganisms and chemical and physical factors. These functions rely on the activity of multiple growth factors, peptide hormones, proteases, and specific signaling pathways that are triggered by the activation of distinct types of receptors sited in the cell membranes of the various cell types present in the skin. The human kallikrein family comprises a large group of 15 serine proteases synthesized and secreted by different types of epithelial cells throughout the body, including the skin. At this site, they initiate a proteolytic cascade that generates the active forms of the proteases, some of which regulate skin desquamation, activation of cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Kinin peptides are formed by the action of plasma and tissue kallikreins on kininogens, two plasma proteins produced in the liver and other organs. Although kinins are well known for their proinflammatory abilities, in the skin they are also considered important modulators of keratinocyte differentiation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of the kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases family and those of kinins and their receptors in skin homeostasis, with special emphasis on their pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola E Matus
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Biomedical and Morphofunctional Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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4
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Mukai K, Horike SI, Meguro-Horike M, Nakajima Y, Iswara A, Nakatani T. Topical estrogen application promotes cutaneous wound healing in db/db female mice with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264572. [PMID: 35271602 PMCID: PMC8912242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Female sex hormones are beneficial effects for wound healing. However, till date, whether topical estrogen application can promote cutaneous wound healing in diabetes remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to validate the effect of topical estrogen application on cutaneous wound healing in a type 2 diabetes db/db mice model. In total, 22 db/db female mice with type 2 diabetes and eight C57BL/6J female mice were subjected to two full-thickness wound injuries. The mice were divided into the db/db, db/db + estrogen, db/db + vehicle, and wild type (WT) groups. Wound healing was assessed until day 14. The db/db group had a significantly high wound area ratio (wound area/initial wound area) on days 3–14 and a significantly low re-epithelialization ratio on days 7 and 14. Moreover, their angiogenesis ratio was significantly low on day 7 and high on day 14. In contrast, compared with the db/db group, the db/db + estrogen group had a significantly lower wound area ratio on days 1–14 and angiogenesis ratio on day 14, thereby indicating early withdrawal of new blood vessels, as well as a significantly higher re-epithelialization ratio on days 7 and 14 and Ym1+ M2 macrophage/macrophage ratio on day 7. Moreover, microarray analysis showed that the top 10 upregulated or downregulated genes in the db/db group were reversed by estrogen treatment, particularly on day 14, in comparison with the WT group. Thus, topical estrogen application reduced the wound area, promoted re-epithelialization and angiogenesis, and increased the number of M2 macrophages in mice with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it improved the differential regulation of genes in db/db mice. Therefore, such treatment can enhance cutaneous wound healing in female mice with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Mukai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shin-ichi Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yukari Nakajima
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Arya Iswara
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Nursing, Graduate Course of Nursing Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakatani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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5
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Zani MB, Sant'Ana AM, Tognato RC, Chagas JR, Puzer L. Human Tissue Kallikreins-Related Peptidases Are Targets for the Treatment of Skin Desquamation Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:777619. [PMID: 35356049 PMCID: PMC8959125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.777619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases (hKLKs) are serine proteases distributed in several tissues that are involved in several biological processes. In skin, many are responsible for skin desquamation in the Stratum Corneum (SC) of the epidermis, specially hKLK5, hKLK7, hKLK6, hKLK8, and hKLK14. In SC, hKLKs cleave proteins of corneodesmosomes, an important structure responsible to maintain corneocytes attached. As part of skin desquamation, hKLKs are also involved in skin diseases with abnormal desquamation and inflammation, such as Atopic Dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and the rare disease Netherton Syndrome (NS). Many studies point to hKLK overexpression or overactive in skin diseases, and they are also part of the natural skin inflammation process, through the PAR2 cleavage pathway. Therefore, the control of hKLK activity may offer successful treatments for skin diseases, improving the quality of life in patients. Diseases like AD, Psoriasis, and NS have an impact on social life, causing pain, itchy and mental disorders. In this review, we address the molecular mechanisms of skin desquamation, emphasizing the roles of human tissue Kallikrein-related peptidases, and the promising therapies targeting the inhibition of hKLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Zani
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Aquiles M. Sant'Ana
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Tognato
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Jair R. Chagas
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luciano Puzer
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6
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Reconstructing the epidermal proteolytic cascades in health and disease. J Pathol 2022; 257:545-560. [PMID: 35218558 DOI: 10.1002/path.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outer stratified epithelium of the skin, forming the physical barrier that is indispensable for homeostasis. Epidermal proteolysis, mainly but not exclusively executed by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), is tightly regulated to ensure maintenance of physiological skin renewal and an intact skin barrier. Perturbation of epidermal proteolytic networks is implicated in a wide array of rare and common skin pathologies of diverse genetic backgrounds. Recent studies of monogenic human skin diseases and newly developed animal models have revealed new mechanisms of regulation of proteolytic pathways in epidermal physiology and in disease states. These new data have challenged some accepted views, for example the role of matriptase in epidermal desquamation, which turned out to be restricted to mouse skin. The significance of PAR2 signaling in skin inflammation should also be reconsidered in the face of recent findings. Cumulatively, recent studies necessitate a sophisticated redefinition of the proteolytic and signaling pathways that operate in human skin. We elaborate how epidermal proteolysis is finely regulated at multiple levels, and in a spatial manner that was not taken into consideration so far, in which specific proteases are confined to distinct epidermal sublayers. Of interest, transglutaminases have emerged as regulators of epidermal proteolysis and desquamation by spatially fixing endogenous protease inhibitors, constituting regulatory factors that were not recognized before. Furthermore, new evidence suggests a link between proteolysis and lipid metabolism. By synthesis of established notions and recent discoveries, we provide an up-to-date critical parathesis of current knowledge and the extended complexity of proteolysis regulation and signaling pathways in skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Greece
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7
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Evrard C, Faway E, De Vuyst E, Svensek O, De Glas V, Bergerat D, Salmon M, De Backer O, Flamion B, Le-Buanec H, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Poumay Y. Deletion of TNFAIP6 Gene in Human Keratinocytes Demonstrates a Role for TSG-6 to Retain Hyaluronan Inside Epidermis. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100054. [PMID: 34909750 PMCID: PMC8659394 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 is a soluble protein secreted in the extracellular matrix by various cell types in response to inflammatory stimuli. TSG-6 interacts with extracellular matrix molecules, particularly hyaluronan (HA), and promotes cutaneous wound closure in mice. Between epidermal cells, the discrete extracellular matrix contains HA and a tiny amount of TSG-6. However, challenges imposed to keratinocytes in reconstructed human epidermis revealed strong induction of TSG-6 expression, after exposure to T helper type 2 cytokines to recapitulate the atopic dermatitis phenotype or after fungal infection that causes secretion of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. After both types of challenge, enhanced release of TSG-6 happens simultaneously with increased HA production. TSG-6 deficiency in N/TERT keratinocytes was created by inactivating TNFAIP6 using CRISPR/Cas9. Some TSG-6 -/- keratinocytes analyzed through scratch assays tend to migrate more slowly but produce reconstructed human epidermis that exhibits normal morphology and differentiation. Few significant alterations were noticed by transcriptomic analysis. Nevertheless, reduced HA content in TSG-6 -/- reconstructed human epidermis was observed, along with enhanced HA release into the culture medium, and this phenotype was even more pronounced after the challenging conditions. Reintroduction of cells producing TSG-6 in reconstructed human epidermis reduced HA leakage. Our results show a role for TSG-6 in sequestering HA between epidermal cells in response to inflammation.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS, hyaluronan synthase
- KC, keratinocyte
- KLK, kallikrein
- RHE, reconstructed human epidermis
- RNA-seq, RNA sequencing
- Th, T helper type
- crRNA, CRISPR RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Evrard
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Emilie Faway
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Evelyne De Vuyst
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Olivier Svensek
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie De Glas
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | - Olivier De Backer
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Bruno Flamion
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Hélène Le-Buanec
- Laboratory of Oncodermatology, Immunology, and Cutaneous Stem Cells, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U976, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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8
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Nauroy P, Zingkou E, Sotiropoulou G, Kiritsi D. Forschen für die Praxis: Die Rolle epidermaler Proteasen in der Progression der rezessiven dystrophen Epidermolysis bullosa. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:828-832. [PMID: 34139072 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14396_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nauroy
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg.,Klinik für Pharmazie, Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Klinik für Pharmazie, Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
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9
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Nauroy P, Zingkou E, Sotiropoulou G, Kiritsi D. Research in practice: Towards deciphering the role of epidermal proteases in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa progression. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:828-832. [PMID: 33768660 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is an incurable severe skin disease caused by loss of collagen VII, an extracellular protein that ensures skin cohesion. It manifests in skin blistering and unresolved cycles of wounding and healing that progressively lead to dermal stiffening and early development of aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Inflammation and subsequent tissue fibrosis highly contribute to RDEB pathogenicity and targeting them could provide new therapeutic options. Kallikreins (KLKs) are epidermal secreted proteases, which contribute to skin desquamation and inflammation. Kallikreins are involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory skin disorders, but interestingly also in the initiation and progression of different cancers. Our project aims at deciphering the role of KLKs in inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor development in RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nauroy
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Aluminum Chloride–Induced Apoptosis Leads to Keratinization Arrest and Granular Parakeratosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2020; 42:756-761. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Di Paolo CT, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. The role of kallikreins in inflammatory skin disorders and their potential as therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:1-16. [PMID: 32568598 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1775171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a vital organ of the human body, serving numerous protective and functional roles that are essential for survival. Residing in the epidermis are various epidermal proteases responsible for the establishment and regulation of barrier function. The human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase family conserves homeostasis of the skin barrier through their roles in desquamation, antimicrobial defense, innate immune response, and barrier maintenance. The activity of kallikreins is tightly regulated and dysregulation of kallikrein activity is seen to contribute to the formation of several inflammatory skin disorders. This review highlights the roles of kallikreins in skin homeostasis and pathologies. Due to their part in these skin disorders, inhibitors of the skin kallikreins have become attractive therapeutics. Over the past few years, both natural and synthetic inhibitors of several kallikreins have been identified and are undergoing further development as treatments to restore compromised barrier function. This review summarizes the kallikrein inhibitors under development for this purpose. These inhibitors remain promising therapeutics in cases of severe skin inflammation not well managed by current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Nanospheres Loaded with Curcumin Improve the Bioactivity of Umbilical Cord Blood-Mesenchymal Stem Cells via c-Src Activation During the Skin Wound Healing Process. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061467. [PMID: 32549381 PMCID: PMC7348987 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from turmeric, has been used a food additive and as a herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases, but the clinical application of curcumin is restricted by its poor aqueous solubility and its low permeability and bioavailability levels. In the present study, we investigate the functional role of a nanosphere loaded with curcumin (CN) in the promotion of the motility of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during the skin wound healing process. CN significantly increased the motility of umbilical cord blood (UCB)-MSCs and showed 10,000-fold greater migration efficacy than curcumin. CN stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Src and protein kinase C which are responsible for the distinctive activation of the MAPKs. Interestingly, CN significantly induced the expression levels of α-actinin-1, profilin-1 and filamentous-actin, as regulated by the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B during its promotion of cell migration. In a mouse skin excisional wound model, we found that transplantation of UCB-MSCs pre-treated with CN enhanced wound closure, granulation, and re-epithelialization at mouse skin wound sites. These results indicate that CN is a functional agent that promotes the mobilization of UCB-MSCs for cutaneous wound repair.
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13
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Inhibition of excessive kallikrein-8 improves neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Exp Neurol 2020; 324:113115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Nauroy P, Nyström A. Kallikreins: Essential epidermal messengers for regulation of the skin microenvironment during homeostasis, repair and disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 6-7:100019. [PMID: 33543017 PMCID: PMC7852331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis is playing a major role in organism homeostasis providing the first barrier against external aggressions. Although considered as an extracellular matrix (ECM)-poor subtissue, the epidermal microenvironment is a key regulator of skin homeostasis and functionality. Among the proteins essential for upholding the epidermal microenvironment are the members of the kallikrein (KLK) family composed of 15 secreted serine proteases. Most of the members of these epithelial-specific proteins are present in skin and regulate skin desquamation and inflammation. However, although epidermal products, the consequences of KLK activities are not confined to the epidermis but widespread in the skin. In this review starting with the location and proteolytic activation cascade of KLKs, we present KLKs involvement in skin homeostasis, regeneration and pathology. KLKs have a large variety of substrates including ECM proteins, and evidence suggests that they are involved in the different steps of skin wound healing as discussed here. KLKs are also used as prognosis/diagnosis markers for many cancer types and we are focusing later on KLKs in cutaneous cancers, although their pathogenicity remains to be fully elucidated. Dysregulation of the KLK cascade is directly responsible for skin diseases with heavy inflammatory aspects, highlighting their involvement in skin immune homeostasis. Future studies will be needed to support the therapeutic potential of adjusting KLK activities for treatment of inflammatory skin diseases and wound healing pathologies. Regulation of the microenvironment even in an extracellular matrix-poor tissue can heavily impact organ function. Extracellular activities of kallikreins maintain skin homeostasis by regulating desquamation and inflammation. The activation of skin epidermal-specific kallikrein family of proteases is regulated by an intricate proteolytic cascade. Kallikreins are emerging as players during skin wound healing. Dysregulated kallikrein expression and activity occur in cancers and inflammatory skin diseases.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CDSN, corneodesmosin
- DSC1, desmocollin 1
- DSG1, desmoglein 1
- Diseases
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- Epidermal microenvironment
- Epidermis
- Inflammation
- KLKs, kallikreins
- Kallikrein
- LEKTI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor
- NS, Netherton syndrome
- PAR1/2, protease activated-receptor 1/2
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- Wound healing
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nauroy
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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16
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Kishibe M. Physiological and pathological roles of kallikrein-related peptidases in the epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 95:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Structural determinants of specificity and regulation of activity in the allosteric loop network of human KLK8/neuropsin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10705. [PMID: 30013126 PMCID: PMC6048020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human KLK8/neuropsin, a kallikrein-related serine peptidase, is mostly expressed in skin and the hippocampus regions of the brain, where it regulates memory formation by synaptic remodeling. Substrate profiles of recombinant KLK8 were analyzed with positional scanning using fluorogenic tetrapeptides and the proteomic PICS approach, which revealed the prime side specificity. Enzyme kinetics with optimized substrates showed stimulation by Ca2+ and inhibition by Zn2+, which are physiological regulators. Crystal structures of KLK8 with a ligand-free active site and with the inhibitor leupeptin explain the subsite specificity and display Ca2+ bound to the 75-loop. The variants D70K and H99A confirmed the antagonistic role of the cation binding sites. Molecular docking and dynamics calculations provided insights in substrate binding and the dual regulation of activity by Ca2+ and Zn2+, which are important in neuron and skin physiology. Both cations participate in the allosteric surface loop network present in related serine proteases. A comparison of the positional scanning data with substrates from brain suggests an adaptive recognition by KLK8, based on the tertiary structures of its targets. These combined findings provide a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the enzyme activity of KLK8.
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18
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Kishibe M, Baida G, Bhalla P, Lavker RM, Schlosser B, Iinuma S, Yoshida S, Dudley JT, Budunova I. Important role of kallikrein 6 for the development of keratinocyte proliferative resistance to topical glucocorticoids. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69479-69488. [PMID: 27283773 PMCID: PMC5342492 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major adverse effects of topical glucocorticoids is cutaneous atrophy often followed by development of resistance to steroids (tachyphylaxis). Previously we showed that after two weeks, interfollicular mouse keratinocytes acquired resistance to anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA). One of the top genes activated by FA during tachyphylaxis was Klk6 encoding kallikrein-related peptidase 6, known to enhance keratinocyte proliferation. KLK6 was also strongly induced by chronic glucocorticoids in human skin. Double immunostaining showed that KLK6+ keratinocytes, localized in suprabasal layer of mouse skin, were frequently adjacent to proliferating 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive basal keratinocytes. We used KLK6 knockout (KO) mice to evaluate KLK6 role in skin regeneration after steroid-induced atrophy. KLK6 KOs had thinner epidermis and decreased keratinocyte proliferation. The keratinocytes in wild type and KLK6 KO epidermis were equally sensitive to acute anti-proliferative effect of FA. However, the development of proliferative resistance during chronic treatment was reduced in KO epidermis. This was not due to the changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression or function as GR protein level and induction of GR-target genes were similar in wild type and KLK6 KO skin. Overall, these results suggest a novel mechanism of epidermal regeneration after glucocorticoid-induced atrophy via KLK6 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kishibe
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sin Iinuma
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Ahmed N, Dorn J, Napieralski R, Drecoll E, Kotzsch M, Goettig P, Zein E, Avril S, Kiechle M, Diamandis EP, Schmitt M, Magdolen V. Clinical relevance of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) and 8 (KLK8) mRNA expression in advanced serous ovarian cancer. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1265-1276. [PMID: 27483364 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most members of the kallikrein-related peptidase family have been demonstrated to be dysregulated in ovarian cancer and modulate tumor growth, migration, invasion, and resistance to chemotherapy. In the present study, we assessed the mRNA expression levels of KLK6 and KLK8 by quantitative PCR in 100 patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer FIGO stage III/IV. A pronounced correlation between KLK6 and KLK8 mRNA expression (rs = 0.636, p < 0.001) was observed, indicating coordinate expression of both peptidases. No significant associations of clinical parameters with KLK6, KLK8, and a combined score KLK6+KLK8 were found. In univariate Cox regression analysis, elevated mRNA levels of KLK6 were significantly linked with shortened overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.07, p = 0.007). While KLK8 values were not associated with patients' outcome, high KLK6+KLK8 values were significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival (HR = 1.82, p = 0.047) and showed a trend towards significance in the case of OS (HR = 1.82, p = 0.053). Strikingly, in multivariable analysis, elevated KLK6 mRNA values, apart from residual tumor mass, remained an independent predictive marker for poor OS (HR = 2.33, p = 0.005). As KLK6 mRNA and protein levels correlate, KLK6 may represent an attractive therapeutic target for potent and specific inhibitors of its enzymatic activity.
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20
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Hosur V, Burzenski LM, Stearns TM, Farley ML, Sundberg JP, Wiles MV, Shultz LD. Early induction of NRF2 antioxidant pathway by RHBDF2 mediates rapid cutaneous wound healing. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:337-346. [PMID: 28268192 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid family protein RHBDF2, an upstream regulator of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling, has been implicated in cutaneous wound healing. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still emerging. In humans, a gain-of-function mutation in the RHBDF2 gene accelerates cutaneous wound healing in an EGFR-dependent manner. Likewise, a gain-of-function mutation in the mouse Rhbdf2 gene (Rhbdf2cub/cub) shows a regenerative phenotype (rapid ear-hole closure) resulting from constitutive activation of the EGFR pathway. Because the RHBDF2-regulated EGFR pathway is relevant to cutaneous wound healing in humans, we used Rhbdf2cub/cub mice to investigate the biological networks and pathways leading to accelerated ear-hole closure, with the goal of identifying therapeutic targets potentially effective in promoting wound healing in humans. Comparative transcriptome analysis of ear pinna tissue from Rhbdf2cub/cub and Rhbdf2+/+ mice at 0h, 15min, 2h, and 24h post-wounding revealed an early induction of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated anti-oxidative pathway (0h and 15min), followed by the integrin-receptor aggregation pathway (2h) as early-stage events immediately and shortly after wounding in Rhbdf2cub/cub mice. Additionally, we observed genes enriched for the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor IIIa (FCGR3A)-mediated phagocytosis pathway 24h post-wounding. Although cutaneous wound repair in healthy individuals is generally non-problematic, it can be severely impaired due to aging, diabetes, and chronic inflammation. This study suggests that activation of the NRF2-antioxidant pathway by rhomboid protein RHBDF2 might be beneficial in treating chronic non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Hosur
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States.
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21
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Kolumam G, Wu X, Lee WP, Hackney JA, Zavala-Solorio J, Gandham V, Danilenko DM, Arora P, Wang X, Ouyang W. IL-22R Ligands IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 Promote Wound Healing in Diabetic db/db Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170639. [PMID: 28125663 PMCID: PMC5268431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the major complications in type II diabetes patients and can result in amputation and morbidity. Although multiple approaches are used clinically to help wound closure, many patients still lack adequate treatment. Here we show that IL-20 subfamily cytokines are upregulated during normal wound healing. While there is a redundant role for each individual cytokine in this subfamily in wound healing, mice deficient in IL-22R, the common receptor chain for IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24, display a significant delay in wound healing. Furthermore, IL-20, IL-22 and IL-24 are all able to promote wound healing in type II diabetic db/db mice. Mechanistically, when compared to other growth factors such as VEGF and PDGF that accelerate wound healing in this model, IL-22 uniquely induced genes involved in reepithelialization, tissue remodeling and innate host defense mechanisms from wounded skin. Interestingly, IL-22 treatment showed superior efficacy compared to PDGF or VEGF in an infectious diabetic wound model. Taken together, our data suggest that IL-20 subfamily cytokines, particularly IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24, might provide therapeutic benefit for patients with DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kolumam
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wyne P. Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jose Zavala-Solorio
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vineela Gandham
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dimitry M. Danilenko
- Department of Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Puneet Arora
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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22
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Kur-Piotrowska A, Kopcewicz M, Kozak LP, Sachadyn P, Grabowska A, Gawronska-Kozak B. Neotenic phenomenon in gene expression in the skin of Foxn1- deficient (nude) mice - a projection for regenerative skin wound healing. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:56. [PMID: 28068897 PMCID: PMC5223329 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse fetuses up to 16 day of embryonic development and nude (Foxn1- deficient) mice are examples of animals that undergo regenerative (scar-free) skin healing. The expression of transcription factor Foxn1 in the epidermis of mouse fetuses begins at embryonic day 16.5 which coincides with the transition point from scar-free to scar-forming skin wound healing. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Foxn1 expression in the skin is an essential condition to establish the adult skin phenotype and that Foxn1 inactivity in nude mice keeps skin in the immature stage resembling the phenomena of neoteny. Results Uninjured skin of adult C57BL/6J (B6) mice, mouse fetuses at days 14 (E14) and 18 (E18) of embryonic development and B6.Cg-Foxn1 nu (nude) mice were characterized for their gene expression profiles by RNA sequencing that was validated through qRT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. Differentially regulated genes indicated that nude mice were more similar to E14 (model of regenerative healing) and B6 were more similar to E18 (model of reparative healing). The up-regulated genes in nude and E14 mice were associated with tissue remodeling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, wound healing and immune response, whereas the down-regulated genes were associated with differentiation. E14 and nude mice exhibit prominent up-regulation of keratin (Krt23, -73, -82, -16, -17), involucrin (Ivl) and filaggrin (Flg2) genes. The transcription factors associated with the Hox genes known to specify cell fate during embryonic development and promote embryonic stem cells differentiation were down-regulated in both nude and E14. Among the genes enriched in the nude skin but not shared with E14 fetuses were members of the Wnt and matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps) families whereas Bmp and Notch related genes were down-regulated. Conclusions In summary, Foxn1 appears to be a pivotal control element of the developmental program and skin maturation. Nude mice may be considered as a model of neoteny among mammals. The resemblance of gene expression profiles in the skin of both nude and E14 mice are direct or indirect consequences of the Foxn1 deficiency. Foxn1 appears to regulate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation and its inactivity creates a pro-regenerative environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3401-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kur-Piotrowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Pawel Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Lee SS, Lee SJ, Lee SH, Ryu JM, Lim HS, Kim JS, Song EJ, Jung YH, Lee HJ, Kim CH, Han HJ. Netrin-1-Induced Stem Cell Bioactivity Contributes to the Regeneration of Injured Tissues via the Lipid Raft-Dependent Integrin α6β4 Signaling Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37526. [PMID: 27881869 PMCID: PMC5121594 DOI: 10.1038/srep37526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 (Ntn-1) is a multifunctional neuronal signaling molecule; however, its physiological significance, which improves the tissue-regeneration capacity of stem cells, has not been characterized. In the present study, we investigate the mechanism by which Ntn-1 promotes the proliferation of hUCB-MSCs with regard to the regeneration of injured tissues. We found that Ntn-1 induces the proliferation of hUCB-MSCs mainly via Inα6β4 coupled with c-Src. Ntn-1 induced the recruitment of NADPH oxidases and Rac1 into membrane lipid rafts to facilitate ROS production. The Inα6β4 signaling of Ntn-1 through ROS production is uniquely mediated by the activation of SP1 for cell cycle progression and the transcriptional occupancy of SP1 on the VEGF promoter. Moreover, Ntn-1 has the ability to induce the F-actin reorganization of hUCB-MSCs via the Inα6β4 signaling pathway. In an in vivo model, transplantation of hUCB-MSCs pre-treated with Ntn-1 enhanced the skin wound healing process, where relatively more angiogenesis was detected. The potential effect of Ntn-1 on angiogenesis is further verified by the mouse hindlimb ischemia model, where the pre-activation of hUCB-MSCs with Ntn-1 significantly improved vascular regeneration. These results demonstrate that Ntn-1 plays an important role in the tissue regeneration process of hUCB-MSC via the lipid raft-mediated Inα6β4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Sang Lee
- Department of plastic and reconstructive surgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,SKY plastic surgery clinic, 4F, 826-23, Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Su Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Song
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chung Hun Kim
- Department of plastic and reconstructive surgery, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Lee NR, Yoon NY, Jung M, Kim JY, Seo SJ, Wang HY, Lee H, Sohn YB, Choi EH. Skin Barrier Function Is Not Impaired and Kallikrein 7 Gene Polymorphism Is Frequently Observed in Korean X-linked Ichthyosis Patients Diagnosed by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization and Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:1307-18. [PMID: 27478344 PMCID: PMC4951563 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.8.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is a recessively inherited ichthyosis. Skin barrier function of XLI patients reported in Western countries presented minimally abnormal or normal. Here, we evaluated the skin barrier properties and a skin barrier-related gene mutation in 16 Korean XLI patients who were diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Skin barrier properties were measured, cytokine expression levels in the stratum corneum (SC) were evaluated with the tape stripped specimen from skin surface, and a genetic test was done on blood. XLI patients showed significantly lower SC hydration, but normal basal trans-epidermal water loss and skin surface pH as compared to a healthy control group. Histopathology of ichthyosis epidermis showed no acanthosis, and levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the corneal layer did not differ between control and lesional/non-lesional skin of XLI patients. Among the mutations in filaggrin (FLG), kallikrein 7 (KLK7), and SPINK5 genes, the prevalence of KLK7 gene mutations was significantly higher in XLI patients (50%) than in controls (0%), whereas FLG and SPINK5 prevalence was comparable. Korean XLI patients exhibited unimpaired skin barrier function and frequent association with the KLK7 gene polymorphism, which may differentiate them from Western XLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Na Young Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Institute of Atopic Dermatitis, Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Institute of Atopic Dermatitis, Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-young Wang
- M&D, Inc. Wonju Eco Environmental Technology Center, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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25
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Liu Y, Liu J, Li M, Dai S, Liang J, Ji W. The effect of kinin B1 receptor on chronic itching sensitization. Mol Pain 2015; 11:70. [PMID: 26576537 PMCID: PMC4650839 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Altered kallikrein-related peptidase activity and bradykinin are associated with skin disorders in humans and mice under chronic inflammation conditions. The bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R), also known as one of the G-protein-coupled receptor family and usually absent in intact tissues and upregulated during tissue injury, is responsible for vasodilation, capillary permeability, nociceptor sensitization, and pain; it is indispensable for physiopathological progress in chronic inflammation conditions, but its roles and effectors in the itching sensation of the allergic contact dermatitis model are poorly defined. Results We focused on incurable itching in a diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) chronic inflammation experimental model. Preventive treatment with the B1R antagonist R892 significantly suppressed spontaneous scratching, while the B2R selective antagonist did not. B1R expression in the skin tissues of this model was detected using a quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry; B1R mRNA and protein levels were increased compared with a sham-treated control group. A higher B1R IHC staining signal was observed in the keratinocytes in DCP-treated mice compared with a vehicle-treated group, so we studied the B1R function when superimposed on a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) background, establishing B1R as a pivotal mediator of PAR2 function in HaCaT cell lines. Conclusion Our data provide evidence that B1R facilitates the chronic itching sensation related to keratinocytes in a DCP-treated chronic inflammation experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- Postgraduate Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510015, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChuan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Postgraduate Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510015, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChuan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengran Li
- Postgraduate Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510015, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChun Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sailin Dai
- Postgraduate Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510015, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChun Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiexian Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChun Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjin Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChuan Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Kallikrein-8 Proteolytically Processes Human Papillomaviruses in the Extracellular Space To Facilitate Entry into Host Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:7038-52. [PMID: 25926655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00234-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The entry of human papillomaviruses into host cells is a complex process. It involves conformational changes at the cell surface, receptor switching, internalization by a novel endocytic mechanism, uncoating in endosomes, trafficking of a subviral complex to the Golgi complex, and nuclear entry during mitosis. Here, we addressed how the stabilizing contacts in the capsid of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) may be reversed to allow uncoating of the viral genome. Using biochemical and cell-biological analyses, we determined that the major capsid protein L1 underwent proteolytic cleavage during entry. In addition to a dispensable cathepsin-mediated proteolysis that occurred likely after removal of capsomers from the subviral complex in endosomes, at least two further proteolytic cleavages of L1 were observed, one of which was independent of the low-pH environment of endosomes. This cleavage occurred extracellularly. Further analysis showed that the responsible protease was the secreted trypsin-like serine protease kallikrein-8 (KLK8) involved in epidermal homeostasis and wound healing. Required for infection, the cleavage was facilitated by prior interaction of viral particles with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. KLK8-mediated cleavage was crucial for further conformational changes exposing an important epitope of the minor capsid protein L2. Occurring independently of cyclophilins and of furin that mediate L2 exposure, KLK8-mediated cleavage of L1 likely facilitated access to L2, located in the capsid lumen, and potentially uncoating. Since HPV6 and HPV18 also required KLK8 for entry, we propose that the KLK8-dependent entry step is conserved. IMPORTANCE Our analysis of the proteolytic processing of incoming HPV16, an etiological agent of cervical cancer, demonstrated that the capsid is cleaved extracellularly by a serine protease active during wound healing and that this cleavage was crucial for infection. The cleavage of L1 is one of at least four structural alterations that prime the virus extracellularly for receptor switching, internalization, and possibly uncoating. This step was also important for HPV6 and HPV18, which may suggest that it is conserved among the papillomaviruses. This study advances the understanding of how HPV16 initially infects cells, strengthens the notion that wounding facilitates infection of epidermal tissue, and may help the development of antiviral measures.
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Prassas I, Eissa A, Poda G, Diamandis EP. Unleashing the therapeutic potential of human kallikrein-related serine proteases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:183-202. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yun SP, Lee SJ, Oh SY, Jung YH, Ryu JM, Suh HN, Kim MO, Oh KB, Han HJ. Reactive oxygen species induce MMP12-dependent degradation of collagen 5 and fibronectin to promote the motility of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3283-97. [PMID: 24627968 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potent regulators of stem cell behaviour; however, their physiological significance as regards MMP-mediated regulation of the motility of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) has not been characterized. In the present study, we investigated the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) and associated signalling pathways in promoting UCB-MSCs motility. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The regulatory effects of H2O2 on the activation of PKC, MAPKs, NF-κB and β-catenin were determined. The expressions of MMP and extracellular matrix proteins were examined. Pharmacological inhibitors and gene-specific siRNA were used to identify the signalling pathways of H2O2 that affect UCB-MSCs motility. An experimental skin wound-healing model was used to confirm the functional role of UCB-MSCs treated with H2O2 in ICR mice. KEY RESULTS H2O2 increased the motility of UCB-MSCs by activating PKCα via a calcium influx mechanism. H2O2 activated ERK and p38 MAPK, which are responsible for the distinct activation of transcription factors NF-κB and β-catenin. UCB-MSCs expressed eight MMP genes, but only MMP12 expression was uniquely regulated by NF-κB and β-catenin activation. H2O2 increased the MMP12-dependent degradation of collagen 5 (COL-5) and fibronectin (FN) associated with UCB-MSCs motility. Finally, topical transplantation of UCB-MSCs treated with H2O2 enhanced skin wound healing in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS H2O2 stimulated UCB-MSCs motility by increasing MMP12-dependent degradation of COL-5 and FN through the activation of NF-κB and glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin, which is critical for providing a suitable microenvironment for MSCs transplantation and re-epithelialization of skin wounds in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee SJ, Jung YH, Oh SY, Yun SP, Han HJ. Melatonin enhances the human mesenchymal stem cells motility via melatonin receptor 2 coupling with Gαq in skin wound healing. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:393-407. [PMID: 25250716 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, a circadian rhythm-promoting molecule, has a variety of biological functions, but the functional role of melatonin in the motility of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has yet to be studied. In a mouse skin excisional wound model, we found that transplantation of umbilical cord blood (UCB)-MSCs pretreated with melatonin enhanced wound closure, granulation, and re-epithelialization at mouse skin wound sites, where relatively more UCB-MSCs which were engrafted onto the wound site were detected. Thus, we identified the signaling pathway of melatonin, which affects the motility of UCB-MSCs. Melatonin (1 μm) significantly increased the motility of UCB-MSCs, which had been inhibited by the knockdown of melatonin receptor 2 (MT2). We found that Gαq coupled with MT2 and that the binding of Gαq to MT2 uniquely stimulated an atypical PKC isoform, PKCζ. Melatonin induced the phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, which were concurrently downregulated by blocking of the PKC activity. Melatonin increased the levels of active Cdc42 and Arp2/3, and it has the ability to stimulate cytoskeletal reorganization-related proteins such as profilin-1, cofilin-1, and F-actin in UCB-MSCs. Finally, a lack of MT2 expression in UCB-MSCs during a mouse skin transplantation experiment resulted in impaired wound healing and less engraftment of stem cells at the wound site. These results demonstrate that melatonin signaling via MT2 triggers FAK/paxillin phosphorylation to stimulate reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is responsible for Cdc42/Arp2/3 activation to promote UCB-MSCs motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; BK21 PLUS Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lundberg KC, Fritz Y, Johnston A, Foster AM, Baliwag J, Gudjonsson JE, Schlatzer D, Gokulrangan G, McCormick TS, Chance MR, Ward NL. Proteomics of skin proteins in psoriasis: from discovery and verification in a mouse model to confirmation in humans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:109-19. [PMID: 25351201 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.042242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of an unbiased proteomics screening approach for studying protein expression changes in the KC-Tie2 psoriasis mouse model, identifying multiple protein expression changes in the mouse and validating these changes in human psoriasis. KC-Tie2 mouse skin samples (n = 3) were compared with littermate controls (n = 3) using gel-based fractionation followed by label-free protein expression analysis. 5482 peptides mapping to 1281 proteins were identified and quantitated: 105 proteins exhibited fold-changes ≥2.0 including: stefin A1 (average fold change of 342.4 and an average p = 0.0082; cystatin A, human ortholog); slc25a5 (average fold change of 46.2 and an average p = 0.0318); serpinb3b (average fold change of 35.6 and an average p = 0.0345; serpinB1, human ortholog); and kallikrein related peptidase 6 (average fold change of 4.7 and an average p = 0.2474; KLK6). We independently confirmed mouse gene expression-based increases of selected genes including serpinb3b (17.4-fold, p < 0.0001), KLK6 (9-fold, p = 0.002), stefin A1 (7.3-fold; p < 0.001), and slc25A5 (1.5-fold; p = 0.05) using qRT-PCR on a second cohort of animals (n = 8). Parallel LC/MS/MS analyses on these same samples verified protein-level increases of 1.3-fold (slc25a5; p < 0.05), 29,000-fold (stefinA1; p < 0.01), 322-fold (KLK6; p < 0.0001) between KC-Tie2 and control mice. To underscore the utility and translatability of our combined approach, we analyzed gene and protein expression levels in psoriasis patient skin and primary keratinocytes versus healthy controls. Increases in gene expression for slc25a5 (1.8-fold), cystatin A (3-fold), KLK6 (5.8-fold), and serpinB1 (76-fold; all p < 0.05) were observed between healthy controls and involved lesional psoriasis skin and primary psoriasis keratinocytes. Moreover, slc25a5, cystatin A, KLK6, and serpinB1 protein were all increased in lesional psoriasis skin compared with normal skin. These results highlight the usefulness of preclinical disease models using readily-available mouse skin and demonstrate the utility of proteomic approaches for identifying novel peptides/proteins that are differentially regulated in psoriasis that could serve as sources of auto-antigens or provide novel therapeutic targets for the development of new anti-psoriatic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Fritz
- §Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Andrew Johnston
- ¶Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Jaymie Baliwag
- ¶Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | | | | | - Thomas S McCormick
- §Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Nicole L Ward
- §Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106;
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de Veer SJ, Furio L, Harris JM, Hovnanian A. Proteases: common culprits in human skin disorders. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:166-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chung BY, Noh TK, Yang SH, Kim IH, Lee MW, Yoon TJ, Chang SE. Gene Expression Profiling in Melasma in Korean Women. Dermatology 2014; 229:333-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000365080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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