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Béke G, Lendvai A, Hollósi E, Braun N, Theek C, Kállai J, Lányi Á, Becker M, Völker JM, Schulze Zur Wiesche E, Bácsi A, Bíró T, Mihály J. Topically Applied N,N-Dimethylglycine Sodium Salt Enhances Human Skin Blood Flow by Inducing Endothelial Nitric Oxide Release. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00383-X. [PMID: 38797323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Béke
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Lendvai
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erika Hollósi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nicole Braun
- Eurofins DermaTronnier GmbH, Institute for Experimental Dermatology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | | | - Judit Kállai
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Árpád Lányi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Maike Becker
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Erik Schulze Zur Wiesche
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany; Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; HUN-REN-UD Allergology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Johanna Mihály
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Zouboulis CC, Coenye T, He L, Kabashima K, Kobayashi T, Niemann C, Nomura T, Oláh A, Picardo M, Quist SR, Sasano H, Schneider MR, Törőcsik D, Wong SY. Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029818. [PMID: 36439142 PMCID: PMC9686445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents several aspects of the innovative concept of sebaceous immunobiology, which summarizes the numerous activities of the sebaceous gland including its classical physiological and pathophysiological tasks, namely sebum production and the development of seborrhea and acne. Sebaceous lipids, which represent 90% of the skin surface lipids in adolescents and adults, are markedly involved in the skin barrier function and perifollicular and dermal innate immune processes, leading to inflammatory skin diseases. Innovative experimental techniques using stem cell and sebocyte models have clarified the roles of distinct stem cells in sebaceous gland physiology and sebocyte function control mechanisms. The sebaceous gland represents an integral part of the pilosebaceous unit and its status is connected to hair follicle morphogenesis. Interestingly, professional inflammatory cells contribute to sebocyte differentiation and homeostasis, whereas the regulation of sebaceous gland function by immune cells is antigen-independent. Inflammation is involved in the very earliest differentiation changes of the pilosebaceous unit in acne. Sebocytes behave as potent immune regulators, integrating into the innate immune responses of the skin. Expressing inflammatory mediators, sebocytes also contribute to the polarization of cutaneous T cells towards the Th17 phenotype. In addition, the immune response of the perifollicular infiltrate depends on factors produced by the sebaceous glands, mostly sebaceous lipids. Human sebocytes in vitro express functional pattern recognition receptors, which are likely to interact with bacteria in acne pathogenesis. Sex steroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, neuropeptides, endocannabinoids and a selective apoptotic process contribute to a complex regulation of sebocyte-induced immunological reaction in numerous acquired and congenital skin diseases, including hair diseases and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC Research Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven R. Quist
- Department of Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen and ELKH-DE Allergology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sunny Y. Wong
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Ahmed NS, Foote JB, Singh KK. Impaired Mitochondria Promote Aging-Associated Sebaceous Gland Dysfunction and Pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1546-1558. [PMID: 35948081 PMCID: PMC9667715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of aging. Changes in sebaceous gland (SG) function and sebum production have been reported during aging. This study shows the direct effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on SG morphology and function. A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depleter mouse was used as a model for introducing mitochondrial dysfunction in the whole animal. The effects on skin SGs and modified SGs of the eyelid, lip, clitoral, and preputial glands were characterized. The mtDNA depleter mice showed gross morphologic and histopathologic changes in SGs associated with increased infiltration by mast cells, neutrophils, and polarized macrophages. Consistently, there was increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory changes were associated with abnormal sebocyte accumulation of lipid, defective sebum delivery at the skin surface, and the up-regulation of key lipogenesis-regulating genes and androgen receptor. The mtDNA depleter mice expressed aging-associated senescent marker. Increased sebocyte proliferation and aberrant expression of stem cell markers were observed. These studies provide, for the first time, a causal link between mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal sebocyte function within sebaceous and modified SGs throughout the whole body of the animal. They suggest that mtDNA depleter mouse may serve as a novel tool to develop targeted therapeutics to address SG disorders in aging humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha S Ahmed
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Dermatology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Animal Resources Program, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Rathi A, Kumar V, Sundar D. Insights into the potential of withanolides as Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4D) inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2108-2117. [PMID: 35060432 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2028679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal herbs have been used as traditional medicines for centuries. The molecular mechanism of action of their bioactive molecules against various diseases or therapeutic targets is still being explored. Here, the active compounds (withanolides) of a well-known Indian medicinal herb, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), have been studied for their most potential therapeutic targets and their mechanism of action using ligand-based screening and receptor-based approaches. Ligand-based screening predicted the six top therapeutic targets, namely, Protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), Protein kinase C delta (PRKCD), Protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE), Androgenic Receptor (AR), Cycloxygenase-2 (PTGS-2) and Phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D). Further, when these predictions were validated using receptor-based studies, i.e. molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculations, it was found that PDE4D was the most potent target for four withanolides, namely, Withaferin-A, 17-Hydroxywithaferin-A, 27-Hydroxywithanone and Withanolide-R. These compounds had a better binding affinity and similar interactions as that of an already known inhibitor (Zardaverine) of PDE4D. These results warrant further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations to examine their therapeutic potential as an inhibitor of PDE4D.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rathi
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Vipul Kumar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- DAILAB, Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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Zouboulis CC, Angres S. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulate the inflammatory signalling in human sebocytes through activation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and fatty acid desaturase 2. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 35:493-501. [PMID: 33131141 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) activates cells carrying a functional Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2/6. Human sebocytes express functional TLR-2, TLR-4 and CD14. Upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid desaturase-2 (FADS2) expression induces pro-inflammatory sebaceous activity. On the other hand, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is likely to serve as an autocrine stress hormone in human sebocytes. In addition to its antiproliferative, lipogenetic and androgen-activating functions, CRH exhibits a pro-inflammatory action and its expression is upregulated in acne-involved sebaceous glands. OBJECTIVE Determination of the pro-inflammatory function of MALP-2 and CRH and clarification of the option that MALP-2 and/or CRH activity on human sebocytes might be mediated through SCD and/or FADS2. METHODS SZ95 sebocytes were treated with MALP-2, CRH and the SCD inhibitor/ligand FPCA. SCD, FADS2, TLR-2 mRNA and protein levels and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion were investigated. Intracellular CRH levels were assessed under treatment with CRH, MALP-2, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and dexamethasone served as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS MALP-2 upregulated SCD, FADS2, TLR-2 mRNA and protein levels and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion from SZ95 sebocytes. Co-incubation of SZ95 sebocytes with MALP-2/FPCA did not affect the MALP-2-induced SCD mRNA upregulation but reduced FADS2 mRNA levels and inhibited IL-8 secretion. CRH induced an early, low-level SCD and FADS2 upregulation and TLR-2 and IL-8 secretion. High intracellular CRH concentrations could be detected early after CRH treatment and persisted up to 24 h. MALP-2 stimulated intracellular CRH levels. CONCLUSIONS MALP-2 stimulates the inflammatory signalling in human sebocytes through SCD and FADS2 activation. Inhibition of FADS2 mRNA levels and IL-8 secretion through MALP-2/FCPA co-incubation and diminution of fatty acid unsaturation might lead to a reduction of pro-inflammatory sebaceous lipids. CRH upregulates inflammatory signalling via the SCD/FADS2 pathway, and MALP-2 selectively enhances CRH levels in human sebocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - S Angres
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
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6
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Markovics A, Angyal Á, Tóth KF, Ádám D, Pénzes Z, Magi J, Pór Á, Kovács I, Törőcsik D, Zouboulis CC, Bíró T, Oláh A. GPR119 Is a Potent Regulator of Human Sebocyte Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1909-1918.e8. [PMID: 32142797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that endocannabinoids promote sebaceous lipogenesis, and sebocytes are involved in the metabolism of the endocannabinoid-like substance oleoylethanolamide (OEA). OEA is an endogenous activator of GPR119, a recently deorphanized receptor, which currently is being investigated as a promising antidiabetic drug target. In this study, we investigated the effects of OEA as well as the expression and role of GPR119 in human sebocytes. We found that OEA promoted differentiation of human SZ95 sebocytes (elevated lipogenesis, enhanced granulation, and the induction of early apoptotic events), and it switched the cells to a proinflammatory phenotype (increased expression and release of several proinflammatory cytokines). Moreover, we could also demonstrate that GPR119 was expressed in human sebocytes, and its small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing suppressed OEA-induced sebaceous lipogenesis, which was mediated via c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, protein kinase B, and CRE-binding protein activation. Finally, our pilot data demonstrated that GPR119 was downregulated in the sebaceous glands of patients with acne, arguing that GPR119 signaling may indeed be disturbed in acne. Collectively, our findings introduce the OEA/GPR119 signaling as a positive regulator of sebocyte differentiation and highlight the possibility that dysregulation of this pathway may contribute to the development of seborrhea and acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Markovics
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Angyal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fanni Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Ádám
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pénzes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Magi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Pór
- Department of Pathology, Gyula Kenézy University Hospital, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of Pathology, Gyula Kenézy University Hospital, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA Lendület Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Markovics A, Tóth KF, Sós KE, Magi J, Gyöngyösi A, Benyó Z, Zouboulis CC, Bíró T, Oláh A. Nicotinic acid suppresses sebaceous lipogenesis of human sebocytes via activating hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA 2 ). J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6203-6214. [PMID: 31273921 PMCID: PMC6714165 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acid (NA) activates hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), and it is widely used in treating dyslipidaemias. Since its side effects include skin dryness, whereas its deficiency can be accompanied by dyssebacia, characterized by sebaceous gland enlargement, we asked if HCA2 is expressed on human sebocytes, and if NA influences sebocyte functions. By using human immortalized SZ95 sebocytes, we found that non‐cytotoxic (≤100 μmol/L; MTT‐assay) concentrations of NA had no effect on the homeostatic sebaceous lipogenesis (SLG; Nile Red), but normalized excessive, acne‐mimicking SLG induced by several lipogenic agents (arachidonic acid, anandamide, linoleic acid + testosterone; Nile Red; 48‐hr treatments). Moreover, it exerted significant anti‐proliferative actions (CyQUANT‐assay), and increased [Ca2+]IC (Fluo‐4 AM‐based Ca2+‐measurement). Although NA did not prevent the lipopolysaccharide‐induced pro‐inflammatory response (up‐regulation [Q‐PCR] and release [ELISA] of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines) of the sebocytes, collectively, these data support the concept that NA may be effective in suppressing sebum production in vivo. While exploring the mechanism of the sebostatic actions, we found that sebocytes express HCA2 (Q‐PCR, immunofluorescent labelling), siRNA‐mediated silencing of which prevented the NA‐induced Ca2+‐signal and the lipostatic action. Collectively, our data introduce NA, and HCA2 activators in general, as novel, potent and most likely safe sebostatic agents, with possible anti‐acne potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Markovics
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fanni Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Eszter Sós
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Magi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Gyöngyösi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,HCEMM Ltd., Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Zákány N, Oláh A, Markovics A, Takács E, Aranyász A, Nicolussi S, Piscitelli F, Allarà M, Pór Á, Kovács I, Zouboulis CC, Gertsch J, Di Marzo V, Bíró T, Szabó T. Endocannabinoid Tone Regulates Human Sebocyte Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1699-1706. [PMID: 29501385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that endocannabinoids (eCBs) (e.g., anandamide) are involved in the maintenance of homeostatic sebaceous lipid production in human sebaceous glands and that eCB treatment dramatically increases sebaceous lipid production. Here, we aimed to investigate the expression of the major eCB synthesizing and degrading enzymes and to study the effects of eCB uptake inhibitors on human SZ95 sebocytes, thus exploring the role of the putative eCB membrane transporter, which has been hypothesized to facilitate the cellular uptake and subsequent degradation of eCBs. We found that the major eCB synthesizing (N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D, and diacylglycerol lipase-α and -β) and degrading (fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase) enzymes are expressed in SZ95 sebocytes and also in sebaceous glands (except for diacylglycerol lipase-α, the staining of which was dubious in histological preparations). eCB uptake-inhibition with VDM11 induced a moderate increase in sebaceous lipid production and also elevated the levels of various eCBs and related acylethanolamides. Finally, we found that VDM11 was able to interfere with the proinflammatory action of the TLR4 activator lipopolysaccharide. Collectively, our data suggest that inhibition of eCB uptake exerts anti-inflammatory actions and elevates both sebaceous lipid production and eCB levels; thus, these inhibitors might be beneficial in cutaneous inflammatory conditions accompanied by dry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Zákány
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arnold Markovics
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erika Takács
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Aranyász
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Simon Nicolussi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Centre of Competence in Research TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Ágnes Pór
- Department of Pathology, Gyula Kenézy University Hospital, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of Pathology, Gyula Kenézy University Hospital, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Centre of Competence in Research TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Lovászi M, Mattii M, Eyerich K, Gácsi A, Csányi E, Kovács D, Rühl R, Szegedi A, Kemény L, Ståhle M, Zouboulis CC, Eyerich S, Törőcsik D. Sebum lipids influence macrophage polarization and activation. Br J Dermatol 2017. [PMID: 28646583 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As lipids are known to regulate macrophage functions, it is reasonable to suppose that a sebocyte-macrophage axis mediated by sebum lipids may exist. OBJECTIVES To investigate if sebocytes could contribute to the differentiation, polarization and function of macrophages with their secreted lipids. METHODS Oil Red O lipid staining and Raman spectroscopy were used to assess the dermal lipid content and penetration. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyse the macrophage subsets. Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated in the presence of either supernatant from human SZ95 sebocytes or major sebum lipid components and activated with Propionibacterium acnes. Macrophage surface markers and their capacity to uptake fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated P. acnes were detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting measurements. Cytokine protein levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Sebaceous gland-rich skin had an increased dermal lipid content vs. sebaceous gland-poor skin to which all the tested sebum component lipids could contribute by penetrating the dermoepidermal barrier. Of the lipids, oleic acid and linoleic acid promoted monocyte differentiation into alternatively activated macrophages. Moreover, linoleic acid also had an anti-inflammatory effect in P. acnes-activated macrophages, inhibiting the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Squalene, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid augmented the secretion of IL-1β, even in the absence of P. acnes, whereas oleic acid had a selective effect of inducing IL-1β but downregulating IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a role for sebaceous glands in modulating innate immune responses via their secreted lipids that are of possible pathological and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lovászi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - M Mattii
- ZAUM - Centre for Allergy and Environment, Technische Universität and Helmholtz Centre Munich, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - K Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Gácsi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - E Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - D Kovács
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R Rühl
- MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A Szegedi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Division of Dermatological Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - L Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Ståhle
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Centre, Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - S Eyerich
- ZAUM - Centre for Allergy and Environment, Technische Universität and Helmholtz Centre Munich, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - D Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Lovászi M, Szegedi A, Zouboulis CC, Törőcsik D. Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2017; 9:e1375636. [PMID: 29484100 PMCID: PMC5821166 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2017.1375636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The major role of sebaceous glands in mammals is to produce sebum, which coats the epidermis and the hair providing waterproofing, thermoregulation and photoprotection. However, as the need for these functions decreased along the evolutionary changes in humans, a relevant question has been raised: are sebaceous glands and sebum the remnants of our mammalian heritage or do they have overtaken a far more complex role in human skin biology? Trying to provide answers to this question, this review introduces the evolving field of sebaceous immunobiology and puts into the focus the pathways that sebum lipids use to influence the immune milieu of the skin. By introducing possible modifiers of sebaceous lipogenesis and discussing the – human-specific – alterations in composition and amount of sebum, the attribute of sebum as a sensitive tool, which is capable of translating multiple signalling pathways into the dermal micro environment is presented. Further their interaction with macrophages and keratinocytes involves sebum lipid fractions into disease pathogenesis, which could lead – on the other side – to the development of novel sebum-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Lovászi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Division of Dermatological Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Zouboulis CC. Further Evidence of Sebaceous Differentiation Uniqueness: Holocrine Secretion of Sebocytes Is a Multistep, Cell-Specific Lysosomal DNase2-Mediated Mode of Programmed Cell Death. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:537-539. [PMID: 28235441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Holocrine secretion by sebocytes does not occur via increased cell volume, but rather from programmed DNA fragmentation and death, which differs from apoptosis. Moreover, it can be enhanced with increased rates of induced terminal sebocyte differentiation. Fischer et al. address the mode of holocrine sebocyte secretion, and they demonstrate that its mechanism differs from that of apoptosis, necroptosis, and cornification, being a multistep, cell-specific lysosomal DNase2-mediated mode of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany.
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12
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Deka SJ, Mamdi N, Manna D, Trivedi V. Alkyl Cinnamates Induce Protein Kinase C Translocation and Anticancer Activity against Breast Cancer Cells through Induction of the Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis. J Breast Cancer 2016; 19:358-371. [PMID: 28053624 PMCID: PMC5204042 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2016.19.4.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine-threonine kinases plays an important role in cancer cell progression. Thus, molecules that target PKC have potential as anticancer agents. The current study aims to understand the treatment of breast cancer cells with alkyl cinnamates. We have also explored the mechanistic details of their anticancer action and the underlying molecular signaling. Methods 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to measure the viability of MDAMB-231 breast cancer cells to assess the anticancer activity of these compounds. In addition, flow cytometry was performed to study the effect of alkyl cinnamates on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence techniques were performed to study PKC translocation, cytochrome c release, and modulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential in breast cancer cells targeted with alkyl cinnamates. Results The PKC agonist DM-2-8 translocated 16.6%±1.7% PKCα from cytosol to the plasma membrane and showed excellent anticancer activity with an half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.13±0.27 µg/mL against cancer cells. The treated cells had an abnormal morphology and exhibited cell cycle defects with G2/M arrest and reduced S phase. Cancer cells treated with DM-2-3, DM-2-4, or DM-2-8 underwent apoptosis as the major pathway of cell death, further confirmed by genomic DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential was perturbed, indicating involvement of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Immunolocalization studies revealed cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol. Cancer cells treated with DM-2-8 and curcumin showed activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 as downstream molecular components of the apoptotic pathway. Alkyl cinnamates also caused oxidative stress, which regulates the apoptotic machinery (DNA fragmentation), cell death, and morphological abnormalities in cancer cells. Conclusion Alkyl cinnamates specifically target cancer cells through induction of PKC translocation and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, and could be promising anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jyoti Deka
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Narsimha Mamdi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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13
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Antollini SS, Barrantes FJ. Fatty Acid Regulation of Voltage- and Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Function. Front Physiol 2016; 7:573. [PMID: 27965583 PMCID: PMC5124694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFA) are essential components of the cell, where they play a key role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and most particularly in cell membranes, where they are central actors in shaping the physicochemical properties of the lipid bilayer and the cellular adaptation to the environment. FFA are continuously being produced and degraded, and a feedback regulatory function has been attributed to their turnover. The massive increase observed under some pathological conditions, especially in brain, has been interpreted as a protective mechanism possibly operative on ion channels, which in some cases is of stimulatory nature and in other cases inhibitory. Here we discuss the correlation between the structure of FFA and their ability to modulate protein function, evaluating the influence of saturation/unsaturation, number of double bonds, and cis vs. trans isomerism. We further focus on the mechanisms of FFA modulation operating on voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channel function, contrasting the still conflicting evidence on direct vs. indirect mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Antollini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS)Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del SurBahía Blanca, Argentina
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14
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Oláh A, Markovics A, Szabó-Papp J, Szabó PT, Stott C, Zouboulis CC, Bíró T. Differential effectiveness of selected non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids on human sebocyte functions implicates their introduction in dry/seborrhoeic skin and acne treatment. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:701-7. [PMID: 27094344 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a common skin disease characterized by elevated sebum production and inflammation of the sebaceous glands. We have previously shown that a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid ((-)-cannabidiol [CBD]) exerted complex anti-acne effects by normalizing 'pro-acne agents'-induced excessive sebaceous lipid production, reducing proliferation and alleviating inflammation in human SZ95 sebocytes. Therefore, in this study we aimed to explore the putative anti-acne effects of further non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids ((-)-cannabichromene [CBC], (-)-cannabidivarin [CBDV], (-)-cannabigerol [CBG], (-)-cannabigerovarin [CBGV] and (-)-Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV]). Viability and proliferation of human SZ95 sebocytes were investigated by MTT and CyQUANT assays; cell death and lipid synthesis were monitored by DilC1 (5)-SYTOX Green labelling and Nile Red staining, respectively. Inflammatory responses were investigated by monitoring expressions of selected cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide treatment (RT-qPCR, ELISA). Up to 10 μm, the phytocannabinoids only negligibly altered the viability of the sebocytes, whereas high doses (≥50 μm) induced apoptosis. Interestingly, basal sebaceous lipid synthesis was differentially modulated by the substances: CBC and THCV suppressed it, and CBDV had only minor effects, whereas CBG and CBGV increased it. Importantly, CBC, CBDV and THCV significantly reduced arachidonic acid (AA)-induced 'acne-like' lipogenesis. Moreover, THCV suppressed proliferation, and all phytocannabinoids exerted remarkable anti-inflammatory actions. Our data suggest that CBG and CBGV may have potential in the treatment of dry-skin syndrome, whereas CBC, CBDV and especially THCV show promise to become highly efficient, novel anti-acne agents. Moreover, based on their remarkable anti-inflammatory actions, phytocannabinoids could be efficient, yet safe novel tools in the management of cutaneous inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Oláh
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arnold Markovics
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó-Papp
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Tímea Szabó
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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15
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Ambrus L, Oláh A, Oláh T, Balla G, Saleem MA, Orosz P, Zsuga J, Bíró K, Csernoch L, Bíró T, Szabó T. Inhibition of TRPC6 by protein kinase C isoforms in cultured human podocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2771-9. [PMID: 26404773 PMCID: PMC4687697 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical‐6 (TRPC6) ion channels, expressed at high levels in podocytes of the filtration barrier, are recently implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of proteinuric kidney diseases. Indeed, inherited or acquired up‐regulation of TRPC6 activities are suggested to play a role in podocytopathies. Yet, we possess limited information about the regulation of TRPC6 in human podocytes. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at defining how the protein kinase C (PKC) system, one of the key intracellular signalling pathways, regulates TRPC6 function and expression. On human differentiated podocytes, we identified the molecular expressions of both TRPC6 and several PKC isoforms. We also showed that TRPC6 channels are functional since the TRPC6 activator 1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol (OAG) induced Ca2+‐influx to the cells. By assessing the regulatory roles of the PKCs, we found that inhibitors of the endogenous activities of classical and novel PKC isoforms markedly augmented TRPC6 activities. In contrast, activation of the PKC system by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) exerted inhibitory actions on TRPC6 and suppressed its expression. Importantly, PMA treatment markedly down‐regulated the expression levels of PKCα, PKCβ, and PKCη reflecting their activation. Taken together, these results indicate that the PKC system exhibits a ‘tonic’ inhibition on TRPC6 activity in human podocytes suggesting that pathological conditions altering the expression and/or activation patterns of podocyte‐expressed PKCs may influence TRPC6 activity and hence podocyte functions. Therefore, it is proposed that targeted manipulation of certain PKC isoforms might be beneficial in certain proteinuric kidney diseases with altered TRPC6 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Ambrus
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Balla
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Renal Academic Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Petronella Orosz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Zsuga
- Department of Health Systems Management and Quality Management for Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Klára Bíró
- Department of Health Systems Management and Quality Management for Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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16
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Dozsa A, Dezso B, Toth BI, Bacsi A, Poliska S, Camera E, Picardo M, Zouboulis CC, Bíró T, Schmitz G, Liebisch G, Rühl R, Remenyik E, Nagy L. PPARγ-mediated and arachidonic acid-dependent signaling is involved in differentiation and lipid production of human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:910-920. [PMID: 24129064 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional basis of sebocyte differentiation and lipid production is mostly unclear. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a lipid-activated transcription factor, has been implicated in differentiation and lipid metabolism of various cell types. Here, we show that PPARγ is differentially expressed in normal and pathological human sebocytes and appears to have roles in their differentiation and lipid production. We used laser-microdissected normal and pathological human sebaceous glands (SGs) and SZ95 cells (immortalized sebocyte cell line) analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Lipids were analyzed by quantitative fluorimetry- and mass spectrometry-based approaches. We have observed that PPARγ and its target genes, ADRP (adipose differentiation-related protein) and PGAR (PPARγ angiopoietin-related protein), are expressed in sebocytes and show association with their level of differentiation. Also, PPARγ is present in normal and hyperplastic SG, whereas its expression levels are decreased in SG adenoma and SG carcinoma cells, reflecting a maturation-linked expression pattern. Furthermore, in SZ95 sebocytes, naturally occurring lipids, including arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid keto-metabolites (e.g., 5-KETE (5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid), 12-KETE (12-oxo-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid)), appear to regulate PPARγ signaling pathways, which in turn modulate phospholipid biosynthesis and induce neutral lipid synthesis. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of endogenous ligand-activated PPARγ signaling in human sebocyte biology and suggest that PPARγ might be a promising candidate for the clinical management of SG disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Dozsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Health Care Center, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dezso
- Department of Pathology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balazs I Toth
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilard Poliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, Institute of Dermatology San Gallicano (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, Institute of Dermatology San Gallicano (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; DE-MTA "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary.
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17
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Hinde E, Haslam IS, Schneider MR, Langan EA, Kloepper JE, Schramm C, Zouboulis CC, Paus R. A practical guide for the study of human and murine sebaceous glandsin situ. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:631-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hinde
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | - Iain S. Haslam
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology; Gene Center; LMU Munich; Munich; Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau; Germany
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