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Eftimie R, Rolin G, Adebayo OE, Urcun S, Chouly F, Bordas SPA. Modelling Keloids Dynamics: A Brief Review and New Mathematical Perspectives. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:117. [PMID: 37855947 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative disorders described by excessive growth of fibrotic tissue, which also invades adjacent areas (beyond the original wound borders). Since these disorders are specific to humans (no other animal species naturally develop keloid-like tissue), experimental in vivo/in vitro research has not led to significant advances in this field. One possible approach could be to combine in vitro human models with calibrated in silico mathematical approaches (i.e., models and simulations) to generate new testable biological hypotheses related to biological mechanisms and improved treatments. Because these combined approaches do not really exist for keloid disorders, in this brief review we start by summarising the biology of these disorders, then present various types of mathematical and computational approaches used for related disorders (i.e., wound healing and solid tumours), followed by a discussion of the very few mathematical and computational models published so far to study various inflammatory and mechanical aspects of keloids. We conclude this review by discussing some open problems and mathematical opportunities offered in the context of keloid disorders by such combined in vitro/in silico approaches, and the need for multi-disciplinary research to enable clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eftimie
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - G Rolin
- INSERM CIC-1431, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France
- EFS, INSERM, UMR 1098 RIGHT, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - O E Adebayo
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - S Urcun
- Institute for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - F Chouly
- Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, Université de Franche-Comté, 21078, Dijon, France
- Center for Mathematical Modelling and Department of Mathematical Engineering, University of Chile and IRL 2807 - CNRS, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, CI2MA, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - S P A Bordas
- Institute for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Widiatmoko A, Fitri LE, Endharti AT, Murlistyarini S, Brahmanti H, Yuniaswan AP, Ekasari DP, Rasyidi F, Nahlia NL, Safitri PR. Inhibition Effect of Physalis angulata Leaf Extract on Viability, Collagen Type I, and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) but Not Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) of Keloid Fibroblast Culture. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2365-2373. [PMID: 37667736 PMCID: PMC10475283 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s425036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Keloids are excessive fibroproliferative diseases that are caused by abnormal wound healing. The anti-proliferative activity of Physalis angulata compounds has potential as a keloid therapeutic agent. This study aimed to observe the effects of P. angulata on fibroblast viability and collagen type I, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels in human keloid fibroblasts. Methods We conducted an experimental study of P. angulata ethanol extract on three primary human keloid fibroblast 3 passage cultures with four replications. Fibroblast viability was measured using the MTT assay after incubation with 3, 5, and 10 µg/mL P. angulata. Concentrations of P. angulata used to observe effects on TIMP-1, PAI-1, and collagen type I levels were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50). The levels of collagen type I, TIMP-1, and PAI-1 were measured by ELISA. Mean comparisons between multiple treatment groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis. Results The 10 µg/mL P. angulata group had significantly lower fibroblast viability than the control group (p<0.05) with an IC50 6.3 µg/mL. The collagen type I level of 10% IC50 (0.63 µg/mL) P. angulata group was lower than control (12.910 vs 47.866 ng/mL) (p=0.042). Level of TIMP-1 in 40% IC50 (2.51 µg/mL) P. angulata group was lower than control (5.350 vs 9.972 ng/mL) (p=0.043). There was no significant difference in the PAI-1 levels. Conclusion This study showed the inhibitory effect of 10 µg/mL P. angulata extract on keloid fibroblast viability, with an IC50 of 6.3 µg/mL. This study also showed collagen type-1 and TIMP-1 inhibition, but not PAI-1 inhibition, after P. angulate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Widiatmoko
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Loeki Enggar Fitri
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Agustina Tri Endharti
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sinta Murlistyarini
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Herwinda Brahmanti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Anggun Putri Yuniaswan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dhany Prafita Ekasari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Faradiani Rasyidi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Laili Nahlia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Putri Rachma Safitri
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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Zhu L, Liu L, Wang A, Liu J, Huang X, Zan T. Positive feedback loops between fibroblasts and the mechanical environment contribute to dermal fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2023; 121:1-21. [PMID: 37164179 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dermal fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the dermis and affects millions of people worldwide and causes limited movement, disfigurement and psychological distress in patients. Fibroblast dysfunction of plays a central role in the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis and is controlled by distinct factors. Recent studies support the hypothesis that fibroblasts can drive matrix deposition and stiffening, which in turn can exacerbate the functional dysregulation of fibroblasts. Ultimately, through a positive feedback loop, uncontrolled pathological fibrosis develops. This review aims to summarize the phenomenon and mechanism of the positive feedback loop in dermal fibrosis, and discuss potential therapeutic targets to help further elucidate the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis and develop therapeutic strategies. In this review, fibroblast-derived compositional and structural changes in the ECM that lead to altered mechanical properties are briefly discussed. We focus on the mechanisms by which mechanical cues participate in dermal fibrosis progression. The mechanosensors discussed in the review include integrins, DDRs, proteoglycans, and mechanosensitive ion channels. The FAK, ERK, Akt, and Rho pathways, as well as transcription factors, including MRTF and YAP/TAZ, are also discussed. In addition, we describe stiffness-induced biological changes in the ECM on fibroblasts that contribute to the formation of a positive feedback loop. Finally, we discuss therapeutic strategies to treat the vicious cycle and present important suggestions for researchers conducting in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lechen Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aoli Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwen Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tao Zan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Hernández-Bule ML, Toledano-Macías E, Pérez-González LA, Martínez-Pascual MA, Fernández-Guarino M. Anti-Fibrotic Effects of RF Electric Currents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10986. [PMID: 37446165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars and keloids are two different manifestations of excessive dermal fibrosis and are caused by an alteration in the normal wound-healing process. Treatment with radiofrequency (RF)-based therapies has proven to be useful in reducing hypertrophic scars. In this study, the effect of one of these radiofrequency therapies, Capacitive Resistive Electrical Transfer Therapy (CRET) on biomarkers of skin fibrosis was investigated. For this, in cultures of human myofibroblasts treated with CRET therapy or sham-treated, proliferation (XTT Assay), apoptosis (TUNEL Assay), and cell migration (Wound Closure Assay) were analyzed. Furthermore, in these cultures the expression and/or localization of extracellular matrix proteins such as α-SMA, Col I, Col III (immunofluorescence), metalloproteinases MMP1 and MMP9, MAP kinase ERK1/2, and the transcription factor NFκB were also investigated (immunoblot). The results have revealed that CRET decreases the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, modifies the expression of the metalloproteinase MMP9, and reduces the activation of NFκB with respect to controls, suggesting that this therapy could be useful for the treatment of fibrotic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Hernández-Bule
- Bioelectromagnetic Laboratory, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (Irycis), Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km. 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Toledano-Macías
- Bioelectromagnetic Laboratory, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (Irycis), Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km. 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Pérez-González
- Dermatology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (Irycis), Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km. 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Antonia Martínez-Pascual
- Bioelectromagnetic Laboratory, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (Irycis), Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km. 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fernández-Guarino
- Dermatology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (Irycis), Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, km. 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Fang W, Yang M, Liu M, Jin Y, Wang Y, Yang R, Wang Y, Zhang K, Fu Q. Review on Additives in Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting of Regenerative Medicine: From Mechanism to Methodology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1700. [PMID: 37376148 PMCID: PMC10302687 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of biological tissues in medicine is challenging, and 3D bioprinting offers an innovative way to create functional multicellular tissues. One common way in bioprinting is bioink, which is one type of the cell-loaded hydrogel. For clinical application, however, the bioprinting still suffers from satisfactory performance, e.g., in vascularization, effective antibacterial, immunomodulation, and regulation of collagen deposition. Many studies incorporated different bioactive materials into the 3D-printed scaffolds to optimize the bioprinting. Here, we reviewed a variety of additives added to the 3D bioprinting hydrogel. The underlying mechanisms and methodology for biological regeneration are important and will provide a useful basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kaile Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; (W.F.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; (W.F.); (M.Y.)
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Chernikov IV, Staroseletz YY, Tatarnikova IS, Sen’kova AV, Savin IA, Markov AV, Logashenko EB, Chernolovskaya EL, Zenkova MA, Vlassov VV. siRNA-Mediated Timp1 Silencing Inhibited the Inflammatory Phenotype during Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021641. [PMID: 36675165 PMCID: PMC9865963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury is a complex cascade process that develops in response to various damaging factors, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Within this study, based on bioinformatics reanalysis of available full-transcriptome data of acute lung injury induced in mice and humans by various factors, we selected a set of genes that could serve as good targets for suppressing inflammation in the lung tissue, evaluated their expression in the cells of different origins during LPS-induced inflammation, and chose the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase Timp1 as a promising target for suppressing inflammation. We designed an effective chemically modified anti-TIMP1 siRNA and showed that Timp1 silencing correlates with a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 secretion in cultured macrophage cells and reduces the severity of LPS-induced acute lung injury in a mouse model.
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SPARC promotes fibroblast proliferation, migration, and collagen production in keloids by inactivation of p53. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 109:2-11. [PMID: 36642579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keloid, an aggressive fibroproliferative disease of the skin, is usually caused by infectious skin diseases, burns, and trauma. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effect of SPARC on the keloid pathogenesis. METHODS In normal skin and keloid scar tissues, changes in SPARC expression were analysed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Keloid fibroblasts were isolated from human keloid tissue. GSEA was performed to investigate the signalling pathways related to SPARC. Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, transwell assay, and scratching assays were used to assess fibroblast proliferation and migration. Changes in α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I, and collagen III levels were examined in fibroblasts by western blotting. RESULTS SPARC expression was upregulated in keloid scar tissues. In fibroblasts, cell proliferation, migration, collagen production, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis were promoted by SPARC overexpression, whereas SPARC knockdown resulted a converse result. GSEA showed that SPARC regulates the p53 pathway. In keloid scar tissues, there was a negative correlation between SPARC and p53 expression. p53 expression was decreased by SPARC overexpression, whereas SPARC knockdown increased p53 expression. Furthermore, the effects of SPARC on the fibroblast phenotype were reversed by p53 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblast proliferation, migration, and ECM synthesis were promoted by SPARC overexpression, which was achieved by regulating the p53 pathway. Our findings provide new therapeutic targets for keloids.
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Wu T, Wang M, Ning F, Zhou S, Hu X, Xin H, Reilly S, Zhang X. Emerging role for branched-chain amino acids metabolism in fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106604. [PMID: 36503000 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological feature of organ diseases resulting from excessive production of extracellular matrix, which accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. However, there is currently no effective treatment targeting fibrogenesis. Recently, metabolic alterations are increasingly considered as essential factors underlying fibrogenesis, and especially research on metabolic regulation of amino acids is flourishing. Among them, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are the most abundant essential amino acids, including leucine, isoleucine and valine, which play significant roles in the substance and energy metabolism and their regulation. Dysregulation of BCAAs metabolism has been proven to contribute to numerous diseases. In this review, we summarize the metabolic regulation of fibrosis and the changes in BCAAs metabolism secondary to fibrosis. We also review the effects and mechanisms of the BCAAs intervention, and its therapeutic targeting in hepatic, renal and cardiac fibrosis, with a focus on the fibrosis in liver and associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengling Ning
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shilin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuetao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Svetlana Reilly
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Breast Cancer Treatment Decreases Serum Levels of TGF-β1, VEGFR2, and TIMP-2 Compared to Healthy Volunteers: Significance for Therapeutic Outcomes? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:537-554. [PMID: 36136069 PMCID: PMC9500649 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various complications from a breast cancer treatment, in the pathogenesis of which excessive tissue fibrosis plays a leading role, are a common pathology. In this study, the levels of TGF-β1, VEGFR-2, and TIMP-2 were determined by the immuno-enzyme serum analysis for patients during the long-term period after breast cancer treatment as potential markers of fibrosis. The single-center study enrolled 92 participants, which were divided into two age-matched groups: (1) 67 patients following breast cancer treatment, and (2) 25 healthy female volunteers. The intergroup analysis demonstrated that the patients after breast cancer treatment showed a decrease in the serum levels of TGF-β1 (U = 666, p < 0.001) and TIMP-2 (U = 637, p < 0.001) as compared to the group of healthy volunteers. The levels of VEGFR-2 in these groups were comparable (U = 1345, p = 0.082). It was also found that the type of treatment, the presence of lymphedema, shoulder joint contracture, and changes in lymphoscintigraphy did not affect the levels of TGF-β1, VEGFR-2, and TIMP-2 within the group of patients after breast cancer treatment. These results may indicate that these biomarkers do not play a leading role in the maintenance and progression of fibrosis in the long-term period after breast cancer treatment. The reduced levels of TGF-β1 and TIMP-2 may reflect endothelial dysfunction caused by the antitumor therapy.
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Chen L, Su Y, Yin B, Li S, Cheng X, He Y, Jia C. LARP6 Regulates Keloid Fibroblast Proliferation, Invasion, and Ability to Synthesize Collagen. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2395-2405.e7. [PMID: 35176288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Keloid is a skin fibroproliferative disease currently having no uniformly successful treatment. The lesion is composed of actively proliferating and collagen-overproducing fibroblasts. LARP6 is an RNA-binding protein able to regulate collagen synthesis in fibroblasts and to promote proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. To explore LARP6's likely functions in keloid pathogenesis, we performed immunohistochemistry staining on human keloid tissues and discovered markedly upregulated LARP6 expression in lesion fibroblasts compared with that of normal skin and hypertrophic scar tissues. In addition, the keloid tissue‒derived fibroblasts showed constitutive upregulation of LARP6 expression as well as significantly upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of type I collagen and enhanced cell proliferation and invasive behavior in cell culture system. Intriguingly, LARP6 knockdown by targeting with small interfering RNAs significantly inhibited type I collagen expression, proliferation, and invasion capability of keloid tissue‒derived fibroblasts relative to that of normal skin‒ and hypertrophic scar‒derived fibroblasts and control keloid tissue‒derived fibroblasts that were transfected with a scrambled small interfering RNA. In conclusion, the abnormally upregulated expression of LARP6 in fibroblasts may play an important role in the growth and invasive behavior of keloid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Plastic Surgery Hospital, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xialin Cheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chiyu Jia
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids for skin wound healing. Ther Deliv 2022; 13:339-358. [PMID: 35975470 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Though wound care has advanced, treating chronic wounds remains a challenge and there are many clinical issues that must be addressed. Gene therapy is a recent approach to treating chronic wounds that remains in its developmental stage. The limited reports available describe the therapeutic applications of various forms of nucleic acid delivery for treating chronic wounds, including DNA, mRNA, siRNA, miRNA and so on. Though these bioactive molecules represent great therapeutic potential, sustaining their bioactivity in the wound bed is a challenge. To overcome this hurdle, delivery systems are also being widely investigated. In this review, nucleic acid-based therapy and its delivery for treating chronic wounds is discussed in detail.
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Feng F, Liu M, Pan L, Wu J, Wang C, Yang L, Liu W, Xu W, Lei M. Biomechanical Regulatory Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Keloid Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906212. [PMID: 35614943 PMCID: PMC9124765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative skin disorder caused by abnormal healing of injured or irritated skin and are characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition, which results in excessive collagen disorders and calcinosis, increasing the remodeling and stiffness of keloid matrix. The pathogenesis of keloid is very complex, and may include changes in cell function, genetics, inflammation, and other factors. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of biomechanical factors in keloid formation. Mechanical stimulation can lead to excessive proliferation of wound fibroblasts, deposition of ECM, secretion of more pro-fibrosis factors, and continuous increase of keloid matrix stiffness. Matrix mechanics resulting from increased matrix stiffness further activates the fibrotic phenotype of keloid fibroblasts, thus forming a loop that continuously invades the surrounding normal tissue. In this process, mechanical force is one of the initial factors of keloid formation, and matrix mechanics leads to further keloid development. Next, we summarized the mechanotransduction pathways involved in the formation of keloids, such as TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, integrin signaling pathway, YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, and calcium ion pathway. Finally, some potential biomechanics-based therapeutic concepts and strategies are described in detail. Taken together, these findings underscore the importance of biomechanical factors in the formation and progression of keloids and highlight their regulatory value. These findings may help facilitate the development of pharmacological interventions that can ultimately prevent and reduce keloid formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingying Liu
- School of Comprehensive Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianhong Pan
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqin Wu
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
| | - Wei Xu
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
| | - Mingxing Lei
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
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13
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Vanderstichele S, Vranckx JJ. Anti-fibrotic effect of adipose-derived stem cells on fibrotic scars. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:200-213. [PMID: 35432731 PMCID: PMC8963379 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained injury, through radiotherapy, burns or surgical trauma, can result in fibrosis, displaying an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), persisting inflammatory reaction, and reduced vascularization. The increasing recognition of fibrosis as a cause for disease and mortality, and increasing use of radiotherapy causing fibrosis, stresses the importance of a decent anti-fibrotic treatment.
AIM To obtain an in-depth understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying fibrosis, and more specifically, the potential mechanisms-of-action of adipose-derived stomal cells (ADSCs) in realizing their anti-fibrotic effect.
METHODS A systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Embase and Web of Science was performed by two independent reviewers.
RESULTS The injection of fat grafts into fibrotic tissue, releases ADSC into the environment. ADSCs’ capacity to directly differentiate into key cell types (e.g., ECs, fibroblasts), as well as to secrete multiple paracrine factors (e.g., hepatocyte growth factor, basis fibroblast growth factor, IL-10), allows them to alter different mechanisms underlying fibrosis in a combined approach. ADSCs favor ECM degradation by impacting the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, favoring matrix metalloproteinases over tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, positively influencing collagen organization, and inhibiting the pro-fibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β1. Furthermore, they impact elements of both the innate and adaptive immune response system, and stimulate angiogenesis on the site of injury (through secretion of pro-angiogenic cytokines like stromal cell-derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor).
CONCLUSION This review shows that understanding the complex interactions of ECM accumulation, immune response and vascularization, is vital to fibrosis treatments’ effectiveness like fat grafting. It details how ADSCs intelligently steer this complex system in an anti-fibrotic or pro-angiogenic direction, without falling into extreme dilation or stimulation of a single aspect. Detailing this combined approach, has brought fat grafting one step closer to unlocking its full potential as a non-anecdotal treatment for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Jeroen Vranckx
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery, KU-Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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14
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Norouzi-Barough L, Bayat A. Validation strategies for identifying drug targets in dermal fibrotic disorders. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2474-2485. [PMID: 34229083 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic skin disorders, such as keloid disease (KD), are common clinically challenging disorders with unknown etiopathogenesis and ill-defined treatment strategies that affect millions of people worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutics. The validation of potential drug targets is an obligatory step in discovering and developing new therapeutic agents for the successful treatment of dermal fibrotic conditions, such as KD. The integration of multi-omics data with traditional and modern technological approaches, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and genome-editing tools, would provide unique opportunities to identify and validate novel targets in KD during early drug development. Thus, in this review, we summarize the current and emerging drug discovery process with a focus on validation strategies of potential drug targets identified in dermal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Norouzi-Barough
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Medical Research Council-Wound Healing Unit, Division of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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15
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Austin E, Koo E, Merleev A, Torre D, Marusina A, Luxardi G, Mamalis A, Isseroff RR, Ma'ayan A, Maverakis E, Jagdeo J. Transcriptome analysis of human dermal fibroblasts following red light phototherapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7315. [PMID: 33795767 PMCID: PMC8017006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs when collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation replace healthy tissue. Red light (RL) may improve skin fibrosis via photobiomodulation, the process by which photosensitive chromophores in cells absorb visible or near-infrared light and undergo photophysical reactions. Our previous research demonstrated that high fluence RL reduces fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and migration. Despite the identification of several cellular mechanisms underpinning RL phototherapy, little is known about the transcriptional changes that lead to anti-fibrotic cellular responses. Herein, RNA sequencing was performed on human dermal fibroblasts treated with RL phototherapy. Pathway enrichment and transcription factor analysis revealed regulation of extracellular matrices, proliferation, and cellular responses to oxygen-containing compounds following RL phototherapy. Specifically, RL phototherapy increased the expression of MMP1, which codes for matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and is responsible for remodeling extracellular collagen. Differential regulation of MMP1 was confirmed with RT-qPCR and ELISA. Additionally, RL upregulated PRSS35, which has not been previously associated with skin activity, but has known anti-fibrotic functions. Our results suggest that RL may benefit patients by altering fibrotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Austin
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Eugene Koo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Merleev
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Denis Torre
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alina Marusina
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume Luxardi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Roslyn Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA.
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16
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Memariani H, Memariani M, Moravvej H, Shahidi-Dadras M. Emerging and Novel Therapies for Keloids: A compendious review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2021; 21:e22-e33. [PMID: 33777420 PMCID: PMC7968901 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2021.21.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are abnormal fibroproliferative scars with aggressive dermal growth expanding beyond the borders of the original injury. Different therapeutic modalities, such as corticosteroids, surgical excision, topical silicone gel sheeting, laser therapy, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy, have been used to treat keloids; however, none of these modalities has proven completely effective. Recently, researchers have devised several promising anti-keloid therapies including anti-hypertensive pharmaceuticals, calcineurin inhibitors, electrical stimulation, mesenchymal stem cell therapy, microneedle physical contact and ribonucleic acid-based therapies. The present review summarises emerging and novel treatments for keloids. PubMed® (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA), EMBASE (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands) and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) were searched for relevant literature published between January 1987 to June 2020. A total of 118 articles were included in this review. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying keloid scarring pathogenesis would open further avenues for developing innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Moravvej
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Marty P, Chatelain B, Lihoreau T, Tissot M, Dirand Z, Humbert P, Senez C, Secomandi E, Isidoro C, Rolin G. Halofuginone regulates keloid fibroblast fibrotic response to TGF-β induction. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111182. [PMID: 33433355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are characterized by increased deposition of fibrous tissue in the skin and subcutaneous tissue following an abnormal wound healing process. Although keloid etiology is yet to be fully understood, fibroblasts are known to be key players in its development. Here we analyze the antifibrotic mechanisms of Halofuginone (HF), a drug reportedly able to inhibit the TGF-β1-Smad3 pathway and to attenuate collagen synthesis, in an in-vitro keloid model using patient-derived Keloid Fibroblasts (KFs) isolated from fibrotic tissue collected during the "Scar Wars" clinical study (NCT NCT03312166). TGF-β1 was used as a pro-fibrotic agent to stimulate fibroblasts response under HF treatment. The fibrotic related properties of KFs, including survival, migration, proliferation, myofibroblasts conversion, ECM synthesis and remodeling, were investigated in 2D and 3D cultures. HF at 50 nM concentration impaired KFs proliferation, and decreased TGF-β1-induced expression of α-SMA and type I procollagen production. HF treatment also reduced KFs migration, prevented matrix contraction and increased the metallo-proteases/inhibitors (MMP/TIMP) ratio. Overall, HF elicits an anti-fibrotic contrasting the TGF-β1 stimulation of KFs, thus supporting its therapeutic use for keloid prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marty
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France; Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Stomatologie et Odontologie Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Brice Chatelain
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Stomatologie et Odontologie Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Marion Tissot
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Zélie Dirand
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Humbert
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Clémence Senez
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy.
| | - Gwenaël Rolin
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France; INSERM CIC-1431, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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18
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Aoki M, Matsumoto NM, Dohi T, Kuwahawa H, Akaishi S, Okubo Y, Ogawa R, Yamamoto H, Takabe K. Direct Delivery of Apatite Nanoparticle-Encapsulated siRNA Targeting TIMP-1 for Intractable Abnormal Scars. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:50-61. [PMID: 32911344 PMCID: PMC7486579 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HSs) and keloids are histologically characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. ECM deposition depends on the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). TIMP-1 has been linked to ECM degradation and is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we generated super carbonate apatite (sCA) nanoparticle-encapsulated TIMP-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) (siTIMP1) preparations and examined the effect of local injections on mouse HSs and on ex vivo-cultured keloids. The sCA-siTIMP1 injections significantly reduced scar formation, scar cross-sectional areas, collagen densities, and collagen types I and III levels in the lesions. None of the mice died or exhibited abnormal endpoints. Apatite accumulation was not detected in the other organs. In an ex vivo keloid tissue culture system, sCA-siTIMP1 injections reduced the thickness and complexity of collagen bundles. Our results showed that topical sCA-siTIMP1 injections during mechanical stress-induced HS development reduced scar size. When keloids were injected three times with sCA-siTIMP1 during 6 days, keloidal collagen levels decreased substantially. Accordingly, sCA-siRNA delivery may be an effective approach for keloid treatment, and further investigations are needed to enable its practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Aoki
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Noriko M Matsumoto
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Dohi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kuwahawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Akaishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Okubo
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | | | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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19
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Si L, Zhang M, Guan E, Han Q, Liu Y, Long X, Long F, Zhao RCH, Huang J, Liu Z, Zhao R, Zhang H, Wang X. Resveratrol inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts by targeting HIF-1α. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2020; 54:290-296. [PMID: 32493094 DOI: 10.1080/2000656x.2020.1771719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A keloid is characterized by red, tickling, hard, and irregular raised tissues, and it tends to outgrow its origin. It frequently occurs in young adults and appears to be refractory to prevailing therapies. Resveratrol is a new drug that has anti-proliferative effect. In this study, keloid-derived fibroblasts were cultured under hypoxia environment and was treated by resveratrol. CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC were used to evaluate cell activity and apoptosis level. Western blot and RT-qPCR were also used to assess the expression of HIF-α, Collagen I and Collagen III. Besides, siRNA was also used to explore the mechanisms of resveratrol's effect. In this study, hypoxia promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts. These findings highlight the potential obstacle in treating keloids. Furthermore, we demonstrated that resveratrol could reverse the effect of hypoxia on keloids through down-regulation of HIF-1α. Moreover, collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts was also inhibited by resveratrol, which corresponded with HIF-1α suppression. These results provide evidence for resveratrol's treatment effect against keloids through inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis, while, HIF-1α may play the key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubin Si
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Enling Guan
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, Qingdao Huangdao District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Han
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, Qingdao Huangdao District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Yifang Liu
- International Education College, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Chun-Hua Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuzuo Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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20
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Hyperbranched lipoid-based lipid nanoparticles for bidirectional regulation of collagen accumulation in liver fibrosis. J Control Release 2020; 321:629-640. [PMID: 32135224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis leads to over one million deaths annually worldwide. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been identified as the main executors of liver fibrosis. Unfortunately, no drug has yet been approved for clinical use against liver fibrosis, largely because the tested drugs have been unable to access HSCs and efficiently remove the collagen accumulation involved in fibrogenesis. Here, we designed an efficient HSC-targeting lipid delivery system that carried dual siRNAs intended to both inhibit collagen synthesis and promote collagen degradation, with the goal of realizing enhanced anti-liver fibrosis by bidirectional regulation of collagen accumulation. The delivery system was constructed by using amphiphilic cationic hyperbranched lipoids (C15-PA) for siRNA complexation and helper lipoids (cholesterol-polyethylene glycol-vitamin A, Chol-PEG-VA) for HSCs targeting. The generated vitamin A-decorated and hyperbranched lipoid-based lipid nanoparticles (VLNPs) showed excellent gene-binding ability and transfection efficiency, and enhanced the delivery of siRNAs to HSCs. Fibrotic mice treated with dual siRNA-loaded VLNPs showed a great reduction in the collagen accumulation seen in this model; the enhanced effect of bidirectional regulation reduced the collagen accumulation level in treated mice to almost that seen in normal mice. There was no notable sign of toxicity or tissue inflammation in mice exposed to repeated intravenous administration of the dual siRNA-loaded VLNPs. In conclusion, our results indicate that biocompatible VLNPs designed to exploit precise targeting and an effective bidirectional regulation strategy hold promise for treating liver fibrosis.
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21
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The Immunosuppressant Fingolimod (FTY720) for the Treatment of Mechanical Force-Induced Abnormal Scars. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7057195. [PMID: 32377536 PMCID: PMC7199562 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7057195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Abnormal scars such as hypertrophic scars (HSs) and keloids are excessively growing scars that exhibit chronic inflammation and capillary vasculogenesis. The lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is important in inflammatory cell recruitment and angiogenesis. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an analog of S1P and thus functionally antagonizes S1P receptors and inhibits the enzyme that produces S1P. We examined the effects of topical FTY720 injections on mechanical force-induced HS progression. Methods Mechanical force-induced HSs were generated in C57BL6/J mice by suturing a dorsal incision and applying a stretching device on Days 6, 8, 10, and 12. On Days 8, 10, and 12, intracutaneous FTY720 (10 μM) or control vehicle injections were performed. On Day 14, scar tissues and blood were procured and subjected to histology and flow cytometry. Results Flow cytometry showed that FTY720 decreased the frequencies of macrophages with M2 predominance in the scars but had no effect on total, CD4+, or CD8a+ T cell frequencies. FTY720 also decreased the vascular endothelial cell frequencies in the scar along with the microvessels, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Compared to the vehicles, FTY720 treatment significantly reduced the gross scar area and the cross-sectional scar area on histology. On the other hand, FTY720 tended to reduce white blood cells and significantly reduced the lymphocyte frequencies in the blood. Conclusion Topical FTY720 induces M2 predominance and impairs angiogenesis. Therefore, its local immunosuppressive mechanisms differ from those of conventional immunosuppressive agents. Topical FTY720 can be a novel therapeutic option for abnormal scars that are difficult to control with corticosteroids. Its lymphocytopenic effects may be limited by careful optimization of the treatment regimen.
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22
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Huang SM, Wu CS, Chiu MH, Wu CH, Chang YT, Chen GS, Lan CCE. High glucose environment induces M1 macrophage polarization that impairs keratinocyte migration via TNF-α: An important mechanism to delay the diabetic wound healing. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:159-167. [PMID: 31761388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play important roles during wound healing, and delayed healing in diabetics is associated with sustained inflammation. M1 type macrophage is recognized to secrete excessive amount of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as compared to its M2 counterpart. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that macrophage polarization is different between diabetic and normal rats during skin wounding and has direct impact on keratinocyte function in the context of re-epithelialization. METHODS Skin wounds were created in diabetic and control rats. The phenotypes of infiltrating macrophages, the levels of TNF-α, and the rate of wound closure were determined. Using cell model, the effects of M1 type macrophage on keratinocyte migration were evaluated, and the potential regulatory pathways were determined. RESULTS The percentage of M1 macrophages and the levels of TNF-α expression were significantly higher in the perilesional area of diabetic rats as compared to control. The condition media (CM) from M1 type macrophage upregulated tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 expression in keratinocytes and significantly reduced keratinocyte migratory capacity. Addition of neutralizing TNF-α antibody to the CM or gene-silencing of TIMP1 in keratinocytes restored the keratinocyte migratory capacity. Treating wounds of diabetic rats with TNF-α antagonist improved the wound healing process. CONCLUSIONS In summary, high glucose wound environment harbored more M1 macrophages infiltration, an event that created excess TNF-α micro-environment. TNF-α upregulated TIMP1 expression in keratinocytes and resulted in impaired keratinocyte migration. Taken together, these events contributed to impaired wound healing during diabetic condition, and targeting TNF-α is a potential therapeutic option to improve diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shuang Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Han Wu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Chang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Shing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Che E Lan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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23
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The Interplay of Mechanical Stress, Strain, and Stiffness at the Keloid Periphery Correlates with Increased Caveolin-1/ROCK Signaling and Scar Progression. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:58e-67e. [PMID: 31246819 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroproliferative disorders result in excessive scar formation, are associated with high morbidity, and cost billions of dollars every year. Of these, keloid disease presents a particularly challenging clinical problem because the cutaneous scars progress beyond the original site of injury. Altered mechanotransduction has been implicated in keloid development, but the mechanisms governing scar progression into the surrounding tissue remain unknown. The role of mechanotransduction in keloids is further complicated by the differential mechanical properties of keloids and the surrounding skin. METHODS The authors used human mechanical testing, finite element modeling, and immunohistologic analyses of human specimens to clarify the complex interplay of mechanical stress, strain, and stiffness in keloid scar progression. RESULTS Changes in human position (i.e., standing, sitting, and supine) are correlated to dynamic changes in local stress/strain distribution, particularly in regions with a predilection for keloids. Keloids are composed of stiff tissue, which displays a fibrotic phenotype with relatively low proliferation. In contrast, the soft skin surrounding keloids is exposed to high mechanical strain that correlates with increased expression of the caveolin-1/rho signaling via rho kinase mechanotransduction pathway and elevated inflammation and proliferation, which may lead to keloid progression. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that changes in human position are strongly correlated with mechanical loading of the predilection sites, which leads to increased mechanical strain in the peripheral tissue surrounding keloids. Furthermore, increased mechanical strain in the peripheral tissue, which is the site of keloid progression, was correlated with aberrant expression of caveolin-1/ROCK signaling pathway. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for keloid progression.
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Tsuge T, Aoki M, Akaishi S, Dohi T, Yamamoto H, Ogawa R. Geometric modeling and a retrospective cohort study on the usefulness of fascial tensile reductions in severe keloid surgery. Surgery 2019; 167:504-509. [PMID: 31561991 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe keloids are currently treated with surgical resection followed by radiation. Radiotherapy is essential for preventing recurrences. Fascia tensile reduction suturing may also prevent recurrence. We asked whether superficial fascia tensile reduction with or without deep fascia tensile reduction reduced skin mechanical tension and yielded good outcomes. METHODS Geometric modeling on 3-dimensional anatomic shapes assessed the effect of superficial fascia tensile reduction with or without deep fascia tensile reduction on skin tension. A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients with severe anterior-chest keloids with Japan Scar Workshop-scar scale classification score ≥ 16 who underwent resection plus fascia tensile reduction plus radiotherapy between 2011 and 2016 and were followed for >18 months. Patient characteristics and 18-month postoperative outcomes were examined. Postoperative outcome was defined as rates of keloid disappearance, improvement, and obvious recurrence. RESULTS Maximal mechanical forces placed on the dermis by dermal sutures, dermal sutures plus superficial fascia tensile reduction, and dermal sutures plus superficial fascia tensile reduction plus deep fascia tensile reduction were 4,700, 573, and 697 Pa, respectively. Adding deep fascia tensile reduction to superficial fascia tensile reduction decreased the force on the superficial fascia. Of 77 cohort patients, 27 and 50 underwent superficial fascia tensile reduction and superficial fascia tensile reduction plus deep fascia tensile reduction, respectively. Superficial fascia tensile reduction plus deep fascia tensile reduction patients underwent complete excision more often (60.0% vs 37.0%, P = .046). The groups did not differ in 18-month surgical outcome, including recurrence rate (P = .670). CONCLUSION Our 2003 study showed that in anterior-chest keloids, resection plus non-fascial suturing plus radiotherapy led to a 43.1% recurrence. Thus, fascia tensile reduction suturing helps reduce anterior-chest keloid recurrence to ∼5.2%. Superficial fascia tensile reduction plus deep fascia tensile reduction is suitable for relatively large keloids that require total resection. Deep fascia tensile reduction may facilitate superficial fascia tensile reduction but may only be useful when it is technically difficult to achieve reduction with superficial fascia tensile reduction alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tsuge
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Aoki
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Akaishi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Dohi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Fibrosis is the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix, which can lead to organ dysfunction, morbidity, and death. The disease burden caused by fibrosis is substantial, and there are currently no therapies that can prevent or reverse fibrosis. Metabolic alterations are increasingly recognized as an important pathogenic process that underlies fibrosis across many organ types. As a result, metabolically targeted therapies could become important strategies for fibrosis reduction. Indeed, some of the pathways targeted by antifibrotic drugs in development - such as the activation of transforming growth factor-β and the deposition of extracellular matrix - have metabolic implications. This Review summarizes the evidence to date and describes novel opportunities for the discovery and development of drugs for metabolic reprogramming, their associated challenges, and their utility in reducing fibrosis. Fibrotic therapies are potentially relevant to numerous common diseases such as cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic renal disease, heart failure, diabetes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and scleroderma.
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Fan C, Lim LKP, Loh SQ, Ying Lim KY, Upton Z, Leavesley D. Application of “macromolecular crowding” in vitro to investigate the naphthoquinones shikonin, naphthazarin and related analogues for the treatment of dermal scars. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pederzoli F, Joice G, Salonia A, Bivalacqua TJ, Sopko NA. Regenerative and engineered options for urethroplasty. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:453-464. [PMID: 31171866 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surgical correction of urethral strictures by substitution urethroplasty - the use of grafts or flaps to correct the urethral narrowing - remains one of the most challenging procedures in urology and is frequently associated with complications, restenosis and poor quality of life for the affected individual. Tissue engineering using different cell types and tissue scaffolds offers a promising alternative for tissue repair and replacement. The past 30 years of tissue engineering has resulted in the development of several therapies that are now in use in the clinic, especially in treating cutaneous, bone and cartilage defects. Advances in tissue engineering for urethral replacement have resulted in several clinical applications that have shown promise but have not yet become the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pederzoli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregory Joice
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikolai A Sopko
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lago JC, Puzzi MB. The effect of aging in primary human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219165. [PMID: 31269075 PMCID: PMC6608952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process, and alterations in human skin due to aging have distinct characteristic as compared to other organs. The aging of dermal cells and the biological mechanisms involved in this process are key areas to understand skin aging. A large number of biological mechanisms, such as decreasing of protein synthesis of extracellular matrix or increasing of degradation, are known to be altered through skin aging. However, environmental influence can accelerate this characteristic phenotype. In this study, we analyzed primary human dermal fibroblasts in three different in-vitro aging models—UVB irradiation and accelerated proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts from young donors as well as from elderly donors—for the gene expression of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL7A1, MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP10, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, TIMP4, IL1B, IL1A, IL6, IL8, IL10, PTGS2, TP53, CASP3, LMNA, SIRT1. We compared the gene expression levels with young control. Furthermore, the behavior of skin fibroblasts was also evaluated using cell growth rate. The findings reveal that the gene expression levels in skin fibroblasts was altered in the process of aging in all three in-vitro aging models, and the cell growth rate was reduced, suggesting that these methods can be employed to understand skin aging mechanisms as well as drug discovery screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carvalhães Lago
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Skin Cell Cultures-Pediatric Research Center, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Beatriz Puzzi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Skin Cell Cultures-Pediatric Research Center, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shi K, Qiu X, Zheng W, Yan D, Peng W. MiR-203 regulates keloid fibroblast proliferation, invasion, and extracellular matrix expression by targeting EGR1 and FGF2. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1282-1288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Chao L, Hua-Yu Z, Wen-Dong B, Mei S, Bin X, Da-Hai H, Yi L. miR-96 promotes collagen deposition in keloids by targeting Smad7. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:773-781. [PMID: 30651862 PMCID: PMC6307430 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal upregulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has been demonstrated to initiate keloid formation and progression. Keloid is a type of benign skin tumor that may occur following sustaining skin injury. microRNA-96 (miR-96) serves an important role in the progression of various malignant diseases. Using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the present study demonstrated that miR-96 was overexpressed in keloid-derived fibroblasts (KFs). Luciferase reporter assay revealed mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)7, which is one of the important inhibitory factors in the TGF-β pathway, as a direct target of miR-96. miR-96 was initially observed to be correlated with the deposition of type I collagen in KFs in vitro. The miR-96 antagomir, was directly added into the keloid organ culture (OC) to find its significant antifibrotic potential, such as keloid OC shrinkage, exhibited by its dry weight loss and improved dermis architecture, exhibited by Masson's staining. Following miR-96 antagomir treatment, a reduction in the mRNA and protein expression levels of collagen type I α 1 chain and collagen type 3 α 1 chain within keloid OC tissues was observed. The present study revealed that miR-96 serves an important role in pathogenic keloid formation, suggesting that miR-96 antagomir has the potential to prevent keloid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chao
- Burns and Plastic Surgery Center of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Hua-Yu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bai Wen-Dong
- Department of Hematology, Urumqi General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Song Mei
- Burns and Plastic Surgery Center of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Bin
- Burns and Plastic Surgery Center of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Hu Da-Hai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yi
- Burns and Plastic Surgery Center of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
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Wang X, Liu K, Ruan M, Yang J, Gao Z. Gallic acid inhibits fibroblast growth and migration in keloids through the AKT/ERK signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1114-1120. [PMID: 30265275 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are a fibroproliferative disorder of the skin resulted from abnormal healing of injured or irritated skin and are characterized by the ability to spread beyond the original boundary of the wound. Here, we tested the effect of gallic acid (GA), a plant polyphenol with selective growth inhibitory effects in cancer, on the proliferation and invasion of keloid fibroblasts (KFs) isolated from patients undergoing surgery. GA inhibited KF proliferation, migration, and invasion in parallel with the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 and upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1. Flow cytometric analysis showed that GA inhibited cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis. The effects of GA on KFs occurred in parallel with the inhibition of AKT and ERK1/2, suggesting that GA acts by suppressing the AKT/ERK signaling pathway. In ex vivo explant cultures of keloid tissues, GA inhibited the migration of KFs to the wound area and suppressed the expression of angiogenic markers concomitant with the inhibition of collagen deposition. These results identify GA as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of keloids and suggest a potential mechanism underlying its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengying Ruan
- Department of Nephrology, Tongshan County People's Hospital, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wang X, Ma Y, Gao Z, Yang J. Human adipose-derived stem cells inhibit bioactivity of keloid fibroblasts. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:40. [PMID: 29467010 PMCID: PMC5822616 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A keloid is a fibroproliferative disorder occurring in wounds characterized by an exaggerated response to injury. To date, no effective cure has been identified. As multipotent stem cells, human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) may show the possibility for curing diseases such as fibrosis. This study sought to explore the potential role of human ADSCs in curing keloids. Methods After culture in conditioned medium, gene and protein expression of keloid fibroblasts was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, while analysis of the cell cycle was used to measure the proliferative properties of the cells. Furthermore, ex vivo explant cultures were used to test the effects of ADSC-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) on CD31+ and CD34+ expression in keloid tissue. Results Our experimental results show that ADSC-CM was able to attenuate extracellular matrix-related gene expression as well as decrease protein expression. Cell proliferation was significantly suppressed in our study. CD31+ and CD34+ vessels in ex vivo explants were reduced by 55% and 57% in treatment groups compared with control groups. Conclusions Human ADSC-CM significantly inhibited keloid fibroblast-related bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Xinjiang Korla Bazhou People's Hospital, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Zhou J, Zhao Y, Simonenko V, Xu JJ, Liu K, Wang D, Shi J, Zhong T, Zhang L, Zeng L, Huang B, Tang S, Lu AY, Mixson AJ, Sun Y, Lu PY, Li Q. Simultaneous silencing of TGF-β1 and COX-2 reduces human skin hypertrophic scar through activation of fibroblast apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80651-80665. [PMID: 29113333 PMCID: PMC5655228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive skin scars due to elective operations or trauma represent a challenging clinical problem. Pathophysiology of hypertrophic scars entails a prolonged inflammatory and proliferative phase of wound healing. Over expression of TGF-β1 and COX-2 play key regulatory roles of the aberrant fibrogenic responses and proinflammatory mediators. When we silenced TGF-β1 and COX-2 expression simultaneously in primary human fibroblasts, a marked increase in the apoptotic cell population occurred in contrast to those only treated with either TGF-β1 or COX-2 siRNA alone. Furthermore, using human hypertrophic scar and skin graft implant models in mice, we observed significant size reductions of the implanted tissues following intra-scar administration of TGF-β1/COX-2 specific siRNA combination packaged with Histidine Lysine Polymer (HKP). Gene expression analyses of those treated tissues revealed silencing of the target gene along with down regulations of pro-fibrotic factors such as α-SMA, hydroxyproline acid, Collagen 1 and Collagen 3. Using TUNEL assay detection, we found that the human fibroblasts in the implanted tissues treated with the TGF-β1/COX-2siRNAs combination exhibited significant apoptotic activity. Therefore we conclude that a synergistic effect of the TGF-β1/COX-2siRNAs combination contributed to the size reductions of the hypertrophic scar implants, through activation of fibroblast apoptosis and re-balancing between scar tissue deposition and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - John J Xu
- Suzhou Sirnaomics Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Biobay, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Deling Wang
- Suzhou Sirnaomics Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Biobay, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingli Shi
- Suzhou Sirnaomics Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Biobay, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Zhong
- Suzhou Sirnaomics Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Biobay, Suzhou, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Suzhou Sirnaomics Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Biobay, Suzhou, China
| | - Lun Zeng
- Guangzhou Xiangxue Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Guangzhou Xiangxue Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenggao Tang
- Guangzhou Nanotides Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Alan Y Lu
- Guangzhou Nanotides Pharmaceuticals, Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - A James Mixson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yangbai Sun
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Qingfeng Li
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Periauricular Keloids on Face-Lift Scars in a Patient with Facial Nerve Paralysis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1417. [PMID: 28831357 PMCID: PMC5548580 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are caused by excessive scar formation that leads to scar growth beyond the initial scar boundaries. Keloid formation and progression is promoted by mechanical stress such as skin stretch force. Consequently, keloids rarely occur in paralyzed areas and areas with little skin tension, such as the periauricular region. Therefore, periauricular incision is commonly performed for face lifts. We report a rare case of keloids that arose from face-lift scars in a patient with bilateral facial nerve paralysis. A 51-year-old Japanese man presented with abnormal proliferative skin masses in bilateral periauricular scars. Seventeen years before, he had a cerebral infarction that resulted in permanent bilateral facial nerve paralysis. Three years before presentation, the patient underwent face-lift surgery with periauricular incisions. We diagnosed multiple keloids. We removed the masses surgically, closed the wounds with sutures in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system layer to reduce tension on the wound edges, reconstructed the earlobes with local skin flaps, and provided 2 consecutive days of radiotherapy. The wounds/scars were managed with steroid plasters and injections. Histology confirmed that the lesions were keloids. Ten months after surgery, the lesions did not exhibit marked regrowth. The keloids appeared to be caused by the patient's helmet, worn during his 3-hour daily motorcycle rides, which placed repeated tension on the periauricular area. This rare case illustrates how physical force contributes to auricular and periauricular keloid development and progression. It also shows that when performing surgery with periauricular incisions, care should be taken to eliminate wound/scar stretching.
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Ryu AR, Lee MY. Chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy promotes collagen production and suppresses MMPs expression via modulating AP-1 signaling in P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:71-77. [PMID: 28807774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic for cancers and non-neoplastic diseases, based on the use of a photosensitizer activated by light. The feasibility of PDT depends on several factors, such as PDT dose, photosensitizer efficacy, type of light source, and target tissue irradiated. METHODS In this study, the second generation photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and halogen light were used to investigate their PDT effect on the collagen production and MMPs expression of heat killed P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. The mRNA levels of COL1A1, c-Jun, and c-Fos were detected by RT-PCR. The protein levels of MMPs, ERK and JNK were detected by western blot. The transactivation of AP-1 was detected by luciferase assay. RESULTS Ce6-based PDT markedly upregulated the mRNA level of COL1A1 and type I procollagen level; and at the same time downregulated the expression of MMPs in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells. Moreover, Ce6-mediated PDT, in a dose dependent manner, inhibited P. acnes-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, as wells as the phosphorylation of their downstream targets c-Jun and c-Fos. P. acnes-induced mRNA expression of c-Jun and c-Fos were also suppressed by Ce6-mediated PDT. The transactivation of AP-1 induced by P. acnes infection was also downregulated. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light enhanced collagen production, but inhibited the expression of MMPs in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells, by regulating AP-1 signals. This investigation provided the first molecular basis for the increase in collagen production by Ce6-mediated PDT, suggesting its potential use for scar amelioration and skin rejuvenation in acne treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Ryu
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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Yanaga H, Udoh Y, Yamamoto M, Yoshii S, Mori S, Yamauchi T, Kiyokawa K, Koga M, Yanaga K. Cryopreserved cultured epithelial allografts for pediatric deep partial dermal burns: Early wound closure and suppression of scarring. Regen Ther 2017; 6:74-82. [PMID: 30271841 PMCID: PMC6134912 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In deep partial thickness dermal burns (DDB) where greater than 50% of the dermis is lost, severe pain, scarring and contractures occur. Therefore, skin grafting may be required. In children, scar contracture occurs because scarred skin does not stretch with growth creating the need for additional scar-releasing or skin-grafting surgeries. In order to resolve this problem, we used cryopreserved cultured epithelial allograft (cryopreserved allo-CEG), which can be grafted shortly after sustaining a wound. We reevaluated the promotion of early wound closure of burns and suppression of scarring by this treatment. METHODS Cryopreserved allo-CEGs were used to treat 50 cases of pediatric DDB from 1992 to 2000. These cases were reviewed with regard to the time until epithelialization, take percentage, and pain level. Also, in order to examine why cryopreserved allo-CEG promotes healing of burns and suppresses scarring, growth factors and cytokines in the cryopreserved allo-CEG were measured. Cryopreserved allo-CEG sheets were solubilized and concentrations of TGF-α, TGF-β1, IL-1α, IL-1β, PDGF-AA, VEGF, KGF, IL-6, b-FGF, as well as metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1) and HGF, which are noted to have scarring suppression effects, were measured before grafting. RESULTS Grafting of cryopreserved allo-CEGs in 50 cases of childhood DDB resulted in early epithelialization (9.32 ± 3.63 days on the average) and an almost 100% take rate. Also, pain relief (pain reduction or elimination, reduced need for anesthetics) was seen in all cases. Although 15-23 years have now elapsed, adverse events have not been observed. Cryopreserved allo-CEG contains IL-1α, IL-1β, PDGF-AA, TGF-α, TGF-β1, VEGF, and IL-6 have wound healing effects. The concentration of IL-1α was higher than the concentrations of other components, and this was followed by TGF-α, TGF-β1, b-FGF and VEGF. Although the concentration of MMP-1, which has a scarring suppression effect, was high, HGF was not detected. CONCLUSION Cryopreserved allo-CEG contains growth factors that promote wound healing and factors that suppress scarring. Three effects, namely (1) early wound closure, (2) scarring suppression, and (3) pain relief were seen with grafts of cryopreserved allo-CEG in cases of childhood DDB. These observations show that cryopreserved allo-CEG is clinically useful and effective for the treatment of childhood DDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yanaga
- Yanaga Clinic and Tissue Culture Laboratory, 1-2-12 Tenjin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0001, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Udoh
- Kurume University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Misa Yamamoto
- Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, 1-1-1 Minami-Ogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshii
- Kurume University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Mori
- Kurume University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yamauchi
- Kurume University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kiyokawa
- Kurume University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Mika Koga
- Yanaga Clinic and Tissue Culture Laboratory, 1-2-12 Tenjin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0001, Japan
| | - Katsu Yanaga
- Yanaga Clinic and Tissue Culture Laboratory, 1-2-12 Tenjin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0001, Japan
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Jiao H, Dong P, Yan L, Yang Z, Lv X, Li Q, Zong X, Fan J, Fu X, Liu X, Xiao R. TGF-β1 Induces Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein to Alter Fibroblasts Proliferation and Fibronectin Deposition in Keloid. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38033. [PMID: 27897224 PMCID: PMC5126665 DOI: 10.1038/srep38033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dermal fibrotic disease keloid has been a clinical challenge because of its tumour-like growth and the lack of effective therapy. Dysregulated alternative splicing events have been demonstrated in tumours and fibrosis. In the current study, for the first time, it was demonstrated that the splicing regulator polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), which plays a pivotal role in tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis, is overexpressed in keloid tissues and fibroblasts. Additionally, TGF-β1 upregulated the expressions of PTB and its upstream regulator, C-MYC, in keloid fibroblasts. Furthermore, we suppressed PTB using siRNA in keloid fibroblasts and in a keloid xenograft nude mouse model. PTB knockdown significantly slowed the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts and accelerated the regression of transplanted keloid tissues, which was accompanied by a shift in the alternative splicing of USP5 and RTN4. Moreover, when PTB was suppressed, there was a reduction in excessive deposition of FN1 and COL3A1 in transplanted keloid tissues. However, only FN1 was downregulated in keloid fibroblasts that were cultured in media supplemented with TGF-β1. Our study provides evidence for the role of PTB in keloid pathophysiology and offers a novel therapeutic target for keloids. Most importantly, the role TGF-β1 regulation of PTB may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying inflammatory cytokine-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Jiao
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ping Dong
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li Yan
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Lv
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qiuchen Li
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xianlei Zong
- Scar Plastic Department of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jincai Fan
- Scar Plastic Department of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Fu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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Li Y, Zhang W, Gao J, Liu J, Wang H, Li J, Yang X, He T, Guan H, Zheng Z, Han S, Dong M, Han J, Shi J, Hu D. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells suppress hypertrophic scar fibrosis via the p38/MAPK signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:102. [PMID: 27484727 PMCID: PMC4970202 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scars (HS) generally occur after injury to the deep layers of the dermis, resulting in functional deficiency for patients. Growing evidence has been identified that the supernatant of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) significantly ameliorates fibrosis of different tissues, but limited attention has been paid to its efficacy on attenuating skin fibrosis. In this study, we explored the effect and possible mechanism of ADSC-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) on HS. METHOD Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of collagen I (Col1), collagen III (Col3), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) after fibroblasts and cultured HS tissues were stimulated with ADSC-CM and p38 inhibitor/activator. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to test the expression of α-SMA. Masson's trichrome staining, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and immunohistochemistry staining were carried out to assess the histological and pathological change of collagen in the BALB/c mouse excisional model. All data were analyzed by using SPSS17.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t tests. RESULTS The in vitro and ex vivo study revealed ADSC-CM decreased the expression of Col1, Col3, and α-SMA. Together, thinner and orderly arranged collagen was manifested in HS tissues cultured with ADSC-CM. Dramatically, the assessed morphology showed an accelerated healing rate, less collagen deposition, and col1- and col3-positive cells in the ADSC-CM treated group. Importantly, the protein level of p-p38 was downregulated in a concentration-dependent manner in HS-derived fibroblasts with ADSC-CM treatment, which further decreased the expression of p-p38 after the application of its inhibitor, SB203580. SB203580 led to an obvious decline in the expression of Col1, Col3, and α-SMA in fibroblasts and cultured HS tissues and presented more ordered arrangement and thinner collagen fibers in BALB/c mice. Lastly, anisomycin, an agonist of p38, upregulated the expression of fibrotic proteins and revealed more disordered structure and denser collagen fibers. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that ADSC-CM could decrease collagen deposition and scar formation in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments. The regulation of the p38/MAPK signaling pathway played an important role in the process. The application of ADSC-CM may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for HS treatment, and the anti-scarring effect can be achieved by inhibition of the p38/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianxin Gao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Maolong Dong
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Juntao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Effects of Medical Chitosan on Capsular Formation Following Silicone Implant Insertion in a Rabbit Model. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2016; 40:613-24. [PMID: 27302415 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-016-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsular contracture is a serious complication that occurs after breast implant surgery. This study was performed to confirm that medical chitosan (MC) affects capsule formation and elucidates a possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we used 18 female adult New Zealand White rabbits. In each rabbit, two silicone implants were placed under the pectoralis muscle layer on both sides (one side was included in the experimental group and the other side was included in the control group). MC was applied around the silicone implant of the experiment group, while the control group received no treatment. The capsular thickness was calculated by Masson's trichrome stain. The expression of MMPs and TIMPs were determined by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the capsular thickness of the MC group was significantly reduced at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the operation (4 week: 229.3 ± 72.2 vs 76.1 ± 12.6 µm, p < 0.05; 8 week: 326.0 ± 53.8 vs 155.4 ± 61.7 µm, p < 0.0.5; 12 week: 151.2 ± 52.5 vs 60.0 ± 22.0 µm, p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the MC group had significantly lower expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 (p < 0.05). However, compared to the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the experiment group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION MC reduced the risk of developing capsular contracture around silicone implants, possibly by blocking the signaling pathway of TIMPs. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Wang P, Jiang LZ, Xue B. Recombinant human endostatin reduces hypertrophic scar formation in rabbit ear model through down-regulation of VEGF and TIMP-1. Afr Health Sci 2016; 16:542-53. [PMID: 27605970 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human endostatin (Endostar) has been widely used to suppress angiogenesis in carcinoma patients. Hypertrophic scar (HS) tissue, much like a carcinoma, is often associated with angiogenesis. However, there have been few studies conducted on the effects of Endostar on HS or its mechanism. OBJECTIVE This paper investigated the effects Endostar on the HS of rabbit ears and studied the effects of Endostar on VEGF and TIMP-1 expression. METHODS Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits were used to establish HS models. Then, rabbit ears containing HS were randomly assigned to either the Endostar group or the control group. The changes of appearance and histology were evaluated using the naked eye, hematoxylin eosin staining, and a scar elevation index. The VEGF and TIMP-1 expressions were detected by immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR, and western blot. RESULTS The thickness of the connective tissue in the Endostar group were thinner, the numbers of micro vessels and fibroblasts were fewer, and the collagen fibers were smoother. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF and TIMP-1 in the Endostar group were significantly lower than those in the control group. CONCLUSION The results suggested that Endostar reduced the formation of HS by down-regulation of VEGF and TIMP-1 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China;
| | - Li-Zhu Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China;
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China;
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Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 Knockdown Suppresses the Proliferation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4761507. [PMID: 27239203 PMCID: PMC4863124 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4761507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is a multifunctional matrix metalloproteinase, and it is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in various cell types. However, little is known about the effect of TIMP-1 expression on the proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Therefore, TIMP-1 expression in the ADSCs was firstly detected by western blotting, and TIMP-1 gene was knocked down by lentivirus-mediated shRNA. Cell proliferation was then evaluated by MTT assay and Ki67 staining, respectively. Cell cycle progression was determined by flow cytometry. The changes of p51, p21, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), and P-CDK2 caused by TIMP-1 knockdown were detected by western blotting. The results indicated that ADSCs highly expressed TIMP-1 protein, and the knockdown of TIMP-1 inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression at G1 phase in the ADSCs possibly through the upregulation of p53, p21, and P-CDK2 protein levels and concurrent downregulation of cyclin E and CDK2 protein levels. These findings suggest that TIMP-1 works as a positive regulator of cell proliferation in ADSCs.
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Retamal IN, Hernández R, González-Rivas C, Cáceres M, Arancibia R, Romero A, Martínez C, Tobar N, Martínez J, Smith PC. Methylglyoxal and methylglyoxal-modified collagen as inducers of cellular injury in gingival connective tissue cells. J Periodontal Res 2016; 51:812-821. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. N. Retamal
- Dentistry Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - R. Hernández
- Dentistry Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - C. González-Rivas
- Dentistry Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - M. Cáceres
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - R. Arancibia
- Dentistry Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - A. Romero
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - C. Martínez
- Dentistry Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - N. Tobar
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology; Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - J. Martínez
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology; Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - P. C. Smith
- Dentistry Faculty of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
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Zhang Y, Shan S, Wang J, Cheng X, Yi B, Zhou J, Li Q. Galangin inhibits hypertrophic scar formation via ALK5/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 413:109-18. [PMID: 26728998 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) is characterized by excessive fibrosis associated with aberrant function of fibroblasts. Currently, no satisfactory drug has been developed to treat the disease. Here we found that a flavonoid natural product, galangin, could significantly attenuate hypertrophic scar formation in a mechanical load-induced mouse model. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that galangin remarkably inhibited collagen production, proliferation, and activation of fibroblasts. Besides, galangin suppressed the contractile ability of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Further Western blot analysis revealed that galangin dose-dependently down-regulated Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation. Such bioactivity of galangin resulted from its selective targeting to the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) was demonstrated by ALK5 knockdown and over-expression experiments. Taken together, this compound could simultaneously inhibit both the accumulation of collagen and abnormal activation/proliferation of fibroblasts, which were the two pivotal factors for hypertrophic scar formation, thus suggesting that galangin serves as a potential agent for treatment of HS or other fibroproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shengzhou Shan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yi
- Clinical College of General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Guo H, Sa Y, Huang J, Wang Z, Wang L, Xie M, Lv X. Urethral Reconstruction with Small Intestinal Submucosa Seeded with Oral Keratinocytes and TIMP-1 siRNA Transfected Fibroblasts in a Rabbit Model. Urol Int 2015; 96:223-30. [PMID: 26474072 DOI: 10.1159/000440667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effect of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 small interfering RNA (TIMP-1 siRNA) transfected fibroblasts (FB) for urethral reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A ventral urethral mucosal defect was created. Substitution urethroplasty was performed with small intestinal submucosa (SIS) alone (8 rabbits, group 1), autogenic oral keratinocytes (OK)-seeded SIS (8 rabbits, group 2) or autogenic OK and TIMP-1 siRNA transfected FB-seeded SIS (8 rabbits, group 3). At 1 and 6 months after surgery (4 rabbits at each time point), retrograde urethrogram and histologic analysis were performed to evaluate the outcomes of urethroplasty. RESULTS TIMP-1 siRNA transfected FB decreased the secretion of type I collagen. Under retrograde urethrography, 5 rabbits in group 1, 6 in group 2 and 7 in group 3 maintained a wide urethral caliber. Histologically, inflammation and fibrosis were observed at 6 months in group 1. The speed of urothelium, smooth muscle and vessel regeneration in group 3 was faster than that in group 2. Comparison of smooth muscle-to-collagen ratio, epithelial layers, smooth muscle content and microvessel density among three groups revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TIMP-1 siRNA transfected FB could be used as a source of seed cell for urethral tissue engineering and could prevent the proliferation of urethral scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Guo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Suppresses Collagen Synthesis in Cultured Keloid Fibroblasts. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2015; 3:e520. [PMID: 26495233 PMCID: PMC4596445 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keloids are defined as a kind of dermal fibroproliferative disorder resulting from the accumulation of collagen. In the remodeling of extracellular matrix, the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is as critical as the proper production of extracellular matrix. We investigate the role of TIMPs and MMPs in the pathogenesis of keloids and examine the therapeutic potential of TIMP-2. METHODS The expression of TIMPs and MMPs in most inflamed parts of cultured keloid fibroblasts (KFs) and peripheral normal skin fibroblasts (PNFs) in the same individuals and the reactivity of KFs to cyclic mechanical stretch were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (n = 7). To evaluate the effect of treating KFs with TIMP-2, collagen synthesis was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and microscopic analysis was used to examine the treatment effects of TIMP-2 on ex vivo cultures of keloid tissue (n = 6). RESULTS TIMP-2 was downregulated in cultured KFs compared with PNFs in the same individuals, and the reduction in TIMP-2 was exacerbated by cyclic mechanical stretch. Administration of TIMP-2 (200 or 300 ng/mL) significantly suppressed expression of Col1A2 and Col3A1 mRNA and collagen type I protein in KFs. TIMP-2 also significantly reduced the skin dermal and collagen bundle thickness in ex vivo cultures of keloid tissue. CONCLUSION These results indicated that downregulation of TIMP-2 in KFs is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of keloids, and the TIMP-2 would be a promising candidate for the treatment of keloids.
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Remst DFG, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM. Unravelling osteoarthritis-related synovial fibrosis: a step closer to solving joint stiffness. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:1954-63. [PMID: 26175472 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial fibrosis is often found in OA, contributing heavily to joint pain and joint stiffness, the main symptoms of OA. At this moment the underlying mechanism of OA-related synovial fibrosis is not known and there is no cure available. In this review we discuss factors that have been reported to be involved in synovial fibrosis. The aim of the study was to gain insight into how these factors contribute to the fibrotic process and to determine the best targets for therapy in synovial fibrosis. In this regard, the following factors are discussed: TGF-β, connective tissue growth factor, procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12, urotensin-II, prostaglandin F2α and hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F G Remst
- Radboud University Medical Center, Experimental Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Radboud University Medical Center, Experimental Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Arpino V, Brock M, Gill SE. The role of TIMPs in regulation of extracellular matrix proteolysis. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:247-54. [PMID: 25805621 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as the closely related, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and ADAMs with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs), were traditionally thought to control extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis through direct inhibition of MMP-dependent ECM proteolysis. This classical role for TIMPs suggests that increased TIMP levels results in ECM accumulation (or fibrosis), whereas loss of TIMPs leads to enhanced matrix proteolysis. Mice lacking TIMP family members have provided support for such a role; however, studies with these TIMP deficient mice have also demonstrated that loss of TIMPs can often be associated with an accumulation of ECM. Collectively, these studies suggest that the divergent roles of TIMPs in matrix accumulation and proteolysis, which together can be referred to as ECM turnover, are dependent on the TIMP, specific tissue, and local tissue environment (i.e. health vs. injury/disease). Ultimately, these combined factors dictate the specific metalloproteinases being regulated by a given TIMP, and it is likely the diversity of metalloproteinases and their physiological substrates that determines whether TIMPs inhibit matrix proteolysis or accumulation. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the dichotomous roles of TIMPs in ECM turnover highlighting some of the common findings between different TIMP family members. Importantly, while we now have a better understanding of the role of TIMPs in regulating ECM turnover, much remains to be determined. Data on the specific metalloproteinases inhibited by different TIMPs in vivo remains limited and must be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Arpino
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brock
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean E Gill
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Matrix remodeling by MMPs during wound repair. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:113-21. [PMID: 25770908 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Repair following injury involves a range of processes - such as re-epithelialization, scar formation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and more - that function, often together, to restore tissue architecture. MMPs carry out diverse roles in all of these activities. In this article, we discuss how specific MMPs act on ECM during two critical repair processes: re-epithelialization and resolution of scar tissue. For wound closure, we discuss how two MMPs - MMP1 in human epidermis and MMP7 in mucosal epithelia - facilitate re-epithelialization by cleaving different ECM or ECM-associated proteins to affect similar integrin:matrix adhesion. In scars and fibrotic tissues, we discuss that a variety of MMPs carry out a diverse range of activities that can either promote or limit ECM deposition. However, few of these MMP-driven activities have been demonstrated to be due a direct action on ECM.
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MiR-10a and miR-181c regulate collagen type I generation in hypertrophic scars by targeting PAI-1 and uPA. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:380-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Al-Ubaidi MR, Naash MI, Conley SM. A perspective on the role of the extracellular matrix in progressive retinal degenerative disorders. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:8119-24. [PMID: 24346621 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive inherited retinal degenerative disorders (PIRDDs) are the leading cause of blindness in developed countries, with AMD and RP constituting the majority of PIRDDs. Currently, over 8 million Americans have PIRDDs, and that number is estimated to drastically increase by the end of this decade. Although a mutant protein is expressed starting early during retinal development in patients with PIRDDs, symptoms of retinal degeneration do not manifest until much later. Historically, research has focused on understanding the role a mutation has in the function of a protein and what role the mutant protein has in the disease process. However, it remains unknown why the disease, irrespective of the mutation, manifests clinically much later in life, while cellular indicators of disease (e.g., accumulation of toxic protein products and cell death) occur throughout early and middle life. Herein, we propose that there exists a time point at which the degenerative process is accelerated, leading to the appearance of clinical symptoms. This point is defined by structural disruptions of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Death of a critical number of ECM-maintaining mutant protein-expressing retinal cells contributes to that break point in the degenerative process. Therefore, it is important to understand the changes occurring at the ECM during PIRDDs and to take that into account when therapeutic approaches are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayyad R Al-Ubaidi
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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